Pharmaceutical Science: Ointment Bases PDF

Pharmaceutical Science: Ointment Bases Answers 1. Which of the following options is NOT a characteristic of a suitable levigating agent? A. Non-allergenic B. Minimum amount necessary C. Non-sensitizing D. Volatile Answer: Volatile (D) Volatile levigating agents can evaporate, leavi...

Pharmaceutical Science: Ointment Bases Answers 1. Which of the following options is NOT a characteristic of a suitable levigating agent? A. Non-allergenic B. Minimum amount necessary C. Non-sensitizing D. Volatile Answer: Volatile (D) Volatile levigating agents can evaporate, leaving crystals of the drug behind, making them unsuitable. 2. What type of base is mineral oil typically used with? A. Water-soluble Bases B. Oleaginous Bases C. Absorption Bases D. O/W Emulsion Bases Answer: Oleaginous Bases (B) Mineral oil is compatible with oleaginous bases, while it is not suitable for water-soluble bases. 3. When incorporating a solid that is difficult to grind, which method can be utilized effectively? A. Levigating with excess oil B. Adding the solid directly to the base C. Dissolution in a compatible solvent D. Using a high-shear mixer Answer: Dissolution in a compatible solvent (C) Dissolution allows for difficult solids to be incorporated into the ointment base smoothly. 4. Which levigating agent is NOT suitable for use with a W/O emulsion base? A. Propylene glycol B. Tween 80 C. Mineral oil D. Glycerin Answer: Tween 80 (B) Tween 80 forms O/W emulsions and may cause phase inversion in W/O emulsions. 5. Which of the following solvents can be classified as water-miscible solvents? A. Corn oil B. Castor oil C. Mineral oil D. Glycerin Answer: Glycerin (D) Glycerin is an example of a water-miscible solvent, while the others are lipophilic. 6. Which ingredient could be dissolved for incorporation into an ointment base when dealing with difficult solids? A. Petrolatum B. Lanolin C. Mineral oil D. Camphor Answer: Camphor (D) Camphor is an example of a solid that can be dissolved in a compatible solvent to facilitate incorporation. 7. What is a critical step when selecting a solvent for a formulation? A. Select based on popular brands B. Utilize any solvent regardless of compatibility C. Use a minimum amount of solvent D. Choose the cheapest option available Answer: Use a minimum amount of solvent (C) Using a minimum amount of solvent ensures proper formulation while considering ingredient compatibility. 8. Which emulsion type allows for the incorporation of limited amounts of oil? A. Hydrocarbon bases B. W/O emulsion bases C. Anhydrous ointment bases D. O/W emulsion bases Answer: O/W emulsion bases (D) O/W emulsion bases can incorporate limited amounts of oil while a W/O emulsion base primarily incorporates water. 9. Which statement about hydrocarbon bases is true? A. They do not allow any incorporation of solvents. B. They can incorporate limited amounts of alcohol. C. They need additional emulsifiers for dissolution. D. They can incorporate large amounts of water. Answer: They can incorporate limited amounts of alcohol. (B) Hydrocarbon bases can incorporate limited amounts of alcohol, which is essential for certain formulations. 10. How should the amount of solvent be managed in a formulation? A. Always add as much as needed without measurement. B. Measure carefully and subtract this amount from the ointment base. C. Estimate the amount based on experience. D. Use a fixed ratio of solvent to other ingredients. Answer: Measure carefully and subtract this amount from the ointment base. (B) Accurate measurement and accounting for the solvent amount is important for formulation integrity. 11. Which of the following is an example of a lipophilic solvent? A. Peppermint oil B. Isopropyl alcohol C. Propylene glycol D. Alcohol Answer: Peppermint oil (A) Peppermint oil is a lipophilic solvent, while the others are considered water-miscible. 12. What should be checked for solvent compatibility? A. The region where the product will be used B. Only the solvent's cost C. The compatibility with the ointment base and other ingredients D. Only the solvent's safety profile Answer: The compatibility with the ointment base and other ingredients (C) Ensuring compatibility with the ointment base and other ingredients is crucial for effective formulations. 13. When incorporating an aqueous solution into a hydrophobic base, which type allows for this without significant issues? A. Hydrocarbon base B. O/W emulsion base C. Absorption base D. Fixed oil base Answer: Absorption base (C) An absorption base can accommodate the integration of aqueous solutions into hydrophobic formulations efficiently. 14. Which base type is known to penetrate the skin the least? A. Oleaginous B. Water-soluble C. O/W Emulsion D. Absorption Answer: Oleaginous (A) Oleaginous bases have minimal skin penetration, making them suitable for occlusive effects. 15. Which solvent is most compatible for improving drug solubility in the stratum corneum? A. Stearic acid B. Sodium lauryl sulfate C. Cetyl alcohol D. Ethanol Answer: Ethanol (D) Ethanol is a suitable solvent that enhances the solubility of drugs in the skin layer. 16. What method is commonly used to dissolve active ingredients in topical formulations? A. Chemical emulsification B. Diphasic mixing C. Ultrasonic treatment D. Mechanical stirring Answer: Mechanical stirring (D) Mechanical stirring is a typical method for dissolving active ingredients in formulations. 17. Which type of emulsion would likely provide a lightweight consistency for topical application? A. Absorption base B. Oil-in-water emulsion C. Hydrocarbon base D. Water-in-oil emulsion Answer: Oil-in-water emulsion (B) Oil-in-water emulsions typically have a lighter consistency suitable for various applications. 18. Which penetration enhancer is characterized as an anionic surfactant? A. Lecithins B. Benzalkonium chloride C. Glycerol D. Sodium lauryl sulfate Answer: Sodium lauryl sulfate (D) Sodium lauryl sulfate is classified as an anionic surfactant enhancing penetration. 19. Which class of bases provides a significant emollient and occlusive effect? A. Absorption bases B. Water-soluble bases C. O/W emulsion bases D. Hydrocarbon bases Answer: Hydrocarbon bases (D) Hydrocarbon bases are highly emollient and provide occlusive properties. 20. What type of base allows for easy removal with water? A. Water-soluble base B. Oleaginous base C. O/W emulsion base D. Absorption base Answer: Water-soluble base (A) Water-soluble bases are designed for easy removal with water. 21. Which fatty acid is primarily used as a penetration enhancer in topical formulations? A. Stearic acid B. Oleic acid C. Palmitic acid D. Myristic acid Answer: Oleic acid (B) Oleic acid is widely recognized for its ability to enhance skin penetration. 22. Which category of surfactants contains no charge and is typically used in emulsions? A. Nonionic surfactants B. Anionic surfactants C. Amphoteric surfactants D. Cationic surfactants Answer: Nonionic surfactants (A) Nonionic surfactants are neutral and commonly employed in emulsion formulations. 23. What is the primary characteristic of endodermic bases? A. They provide a dry application. B. They are easily removable with water. C. They penetrate minimally into the skin. D. They penetrate into the dermis. Answer: They penetrate into the dermis. (D) Endodermic bases are classified by their ability to penetrate the dermis. 24. Which of the following is a characteristic of water- removable bases? A. Contains oleaginous compounds B. Highly emollient C. Can absorb serous discharges D. Highly occlusive Answer: Can absorb serous discharges (C) Water-removable bases can absorb serous discharges due to their emulsifying properties. 25. What is true regarding the emollient properties of water-soluble bases? A. They provide some emollient properties B. They are highly emollient C. They are more emollient than water-removable bases D. They have no emollient properties Answer: They have no emollient properties (D) Water-soluble bases lack emollient properties, making them less lubricating. 26. Which statement correctly describes the formulation of water-removable bases? A. They are primarily formulated using oleaginous compounds. B. They are water-washable with a creamy appearance. C. They evaporate and form a greasy layer on the skin. D. They are designed to retain moisture effectively. Answer: They are water-washable with a creamy appearance. (B) Water-removable bases are characterized by being water-washable and having a creamy appearance. 27. Which of the following factors influences the selection of an appropriate ointment base? A. Cost of the ointment base B. Desired rate of drug release from the base C. Packaging and storage requirements D. Rate of patient compliance Answer: Desired rate of drug release from the base (B) The desired rate of drug release from the base is a crucial criterion in selecting an appropriate ointment base. 28. What is a common characteristic of both water-soluble and water-removable bases? A. Both contain oleaginous compounds. B. Both can be used for incorporation of solids. C. Both provide excellent emollient properties. D. Both are non-greasy and non-occlusive. Answer: Both are non-greasy and non-occlusive. (D) Both water-soluble and water-removable bases are characterized by being non-greasy and non-occlusive. 29. Which type of emulsion is classified as water- removable? A. Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion B. Water-soluble base C. Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion D. Hydrophobic emulsion Answer: Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion (A) Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are classified as water-removable bases. 30. What happens to water-removable bases upon application? A. They form an oily layer on the skin. B. They remain sticky and wet. C. They absorb excess oil from the skin. D. They evaporate and shrink to a thin film. Answer: They evaporate and shrink to a thin film. (D) Water-removable bases evaporate upon application, shrinking to form a thin film. 31. Which of the following bases can consistently incorporate solid active ingredients effectively? A. Water-removable bases B. Gel bases C. Water-soluble bases D. Oleaginous bases Answer: Water-soluble bases (C) Water-soluble bases are typically used for the incorporation of solid active ingredients. 32. Which of the following is a common type of water- removable base? A. Polyethylene Glycol Ointment NF B. Emulsified Oil Cream C. Mineral Oil Ointment D. Hydrophilic ointment USP Answer: Hydrophilic ointment USP (D) Hydrophilic ointment USP is an example of a water-removable base. 33. What is the effect of adding water to a water-soluble base? A. Increases greasy feeling B. Soften the base significantly C. Makes the base more occlusive D. Enhances emollient properties Answer: Soften the base significantly (B) The addition of water to a water-soluble base significantly softens it. 34. What is a characteristic of hydrocarbon (oleaginous) bases? A. They are easily removable from the skin. B. They are soluble in water. C. They provide an emollient effect. D. They can absorb water. Answer: They provide an emollient effect. (C) Hydrocarbon bases are known for their emollient effect and do not absorb water. 35. Which of the following is a reason for selecting a proper ointment base? A. To enhance the drug’s stability and compatibility. B. To increase the drug's pH level. C. To change the color of the resulting preparation. D. To match the flavor of the drug. Answer: To enhance the drug’s stability and compatibility. (A) The selection of the ointment base is crucial for maintaining drug stability and compatibility. 36. What is a common property of water-soluble bases in ointment formulations? A. They are difficult to wash off. B. They are primarily made of hydrophilic substances. C. They are lipid-based and greasy. D. They have a softening point close to body temperature. Answer: They are primarily made of hydrophilic substances. (B) Water-soluble bases are composed mainly of hydrophilic substances, making them easily washable. 37. Which of the following describes the incorporation process in ointment preparation? A. Only liquid ingredients can be incorporated in the base. B. All powders must be added last to the mixture. C. Levigating agents aid in incorporating powdered substances. D. Ointment bases should be completely eliminated for stability. Answer: Levigating agents aid in incorporating powdered substances. (C) Levigating agents, like mineral oil, are used to facilitate the incorporation of powdered substances into the ointment base. 38. Which of the following is not an ideal characteristic of an ointment base? A. Staining. B. Compatible with a variety of drugs. C. Non-irritating. D. Stable. Answer: Staining. (A) An ideal ointment base should be non-irritating and non-staining for patient safety. 39. What type of emulsion bases does NOT include water- in-oil (W/O) emulsions? A. Hydrocarbon bases. B. Water-removable bases. C. Anhydrous bases. D. Absorption bases. Answer: Water-removable bases. (B) Water-removable bases are designed to be easily washed off and do not include W/O emulsions. 40. Which of the following ointment bases is characterized as an effective occlusive dressing? A. Water-soluble bases. B. Water-removable bases. C. Absorption bases. D. Hydrocarbon bases. Answer: Hydrocarbon bases. (D) Hydrocarbon bases provide an effective occlusive dressing, preventing moisture loss. 41. What is a disadvantage of using hydrocarbon bases in ointment formulations? A. They are difficult to wash off. B. They are water-soluble. C. They can be incorporated with aqueous ingredients easily. D. They are easily absorbed by the skin. Answer: They are difficult to wash off. (A) Hydrocarbon bases are difficult to wash off due to their greasy nature. 42. Which of the following statements is true regarding absorption bases? A. They are primarily made from oils and are not effective for ointments. B. They cannot incorporate any water. C. They are always anhydrous. D. They can form water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. Answer: They can form water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. (D) Absorption bases can form water-in-oil emulsions, allowing them to incorporate some water. 43. Which ointment base is classified as an oleaginous base and is known for being non-staining? A. Hydrocortisone cream. B. Aqueous gel formulations. C. Calamine lotion. D. White petrolatum USP. Answer: White petrolatum USP. (D) White petrolatum USP is a hydrocarbon base that is non-staining and commonly used in ointments. 44. What distinguishes a pseudoplastic fluid from a Newtonian fluid? A. Pseudoplastic fluids remain unaffected by applied stress. B. Pseudoplastic fluids have a constant viscosity regardless of shear rate. C. Pseudoplastic fluids maintain a higher viscosity under all conditions. D. Pseudoplastic fluids exhibit a decrease in viscosity with an increase in shear rate. Answer: Pseudoplastic fluids exhibit a decrease in viscosity with an increase in shear rate. (D) Pseudoplastic fluids decrease in viscosity with increasing shear rate, unlike Newtonian fluids which have a constant viscosity. 45. In which scenario is thixotropy particularly beneficial for pharmaceutical formulations? A. When a formulation needs to remain liquid under all conditions. B. When a product needs to maintain a thick consistency indefinitely. C. When a product should not change viscosity regardless of agitation. D. When a product requires easy spreadability upon application. Answer: When a product requires easy spreadability upon application. (D) Thixotropic materials become less viscous when shaken or agitated, allowing for easy application. 46. What is the primary concern regarding *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* in topical preparations? A. It promotes the healing of skin lesions. B. It is a common antiseptic in formulations. C. It enhances the efficacy of other active ingredients. D. It can cause infections and complications in healing. Answer: It can cause infections and complications in healing. (D) *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* is a pathogenic organism that can lead to infections, making it a concern in topical products. 47. Which type of ointment base is known for containing oleaginous components? A. Hydrophilic bases B. Absorption bases C. Water-soluble bases D. Hydrocarbon bases Answer: Hydrocarbon bases (D) Hydrocarbon bases are typically oleaginous, providing significant occlusive properties. 48. What is a characteristic function of humectants in dermatological products? A. They create a barrier against moisture loss. B. They attract and retain moisture in the skin. C. They provide anti-inflammatory effects. D. They promote exfoliation by removing dead skin cells. Answer: They attract and retain moisture in the skin. (B) Humectants draw moisture from the environment into the skin, helping to maintain hydration. 49. Which characteristic differentiates hydrogels from organogels? A. Hydrogels contain no water. B. Hydrogels are formed with aqueous solvents, while organogels use organic solvents. C. Organogels provide less moisture than hydrogels. D. Organogels are typically more viscous than hydrogels. Answer: Hydrogels are formed with aqueous solvents, while organogels use organic solvents. (B) Hydrogels are composed primarily of water, while organogels are formed from organic solvents. 50. Why are composition specifics of ointment bases important when incorporating aqueous materials? A. To verify compatibility with anhydrous ointments. B. To assess the capacity for water retention. C. To determine potential reactions with active ingredients. D. To ensure emulsification occurs in all bases. Answer: To assess the capacity for water retention. (B) The ability of an ointment base to incorporate aqueous materials depends on its water retention capacity. 51. What defines plastic flow in concentrated suspensions with flocculated particles? A. It is reversible and does not change with shear rate. B. It exhibits constant viscosity even under stress. C. It occurs without any external stress applied. D. It requires a minimum yield stress to initiate flow. Answer: It requires a minimum yield stress to initiate flow. (D) Plastic flow occurs when a material requires a certain yield stress to start flowing, common in flocculated suspensions. 52. Which type of semisolid formulation is ideal for applying to moist, weeping lesions? A. Ointments B. Gels C. Stiffening agents D. Pastes Answer: Gels (B) Gels are suitable for moist lesions due to their water content and ability to conform to uneven surfaces. 53. What is a significant effect of dilatant materials during processing? A. They enhance the flow of rheological agents. B. They improve the clarity of solutions. C. They may cause equipment wear and tear due to increased viscosity. D. They help in forming stable emulsions. Answer: They may cause equipment wear and tear due to increased viscosity. (C) Dilatant materials can thicken significantly under shear, potentially leading to damage in mixing equipment.