Perdev Midterms PDF

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT He stressed that an individual could learn more by studying others and that he/she can First Quarter Reviewer Aaliyah Pinzon do this by engaging him...

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT He stressed that an individual could learn more by studying others and that he/she can First Quarter Reviewer Aaliyah Pinzon do this by engaging himself/herself in Charleigh Figueroa reading books. Kimberly Ganancial Jhade Pasaol However, Hobbes emphasized that a Knowing Oneself - Strengths and person learns more by studying oneself. He Limitations further elaborated his views about know Personal development or self-development thyself from which he stated that a man who is a process of discovering oneself by investigates himself/herself and considers realizing one’s potential and capabilities that contemplating on what he/she did or what are shaped over time either by studying or he/she thinks, reasons, hopes and/or fears formal school or through environmental and to what grounds he/she feels all these factors. can consequently learn how to read and learn others' thoughts and passions in similar Along this realization, an individual occasions. encounters gradual changes deep within him/her that may help him/her overcome Self-Concept unacceptable practices or traits which lead Self-concept is one's abstract and general him towards positive change for his growth idea about him/herself particularly toward or self-fulfillment. It is also called personal his/her unique personality and his/her own development. perception about his/her set of values, point of views and behavior. Know Thyself This theory began as Rene Descartes, the According to the philosophical point of Father of Modern Philosophy, proposed view, “An unexamined life is not worth his theory that a person's existence depends living”, this is one of the famous lines once on his/her perception. Rene Descartes stated uttered by one of the greatest philosophers that mind is the seat of consciousness. of Ancient Greek, Socrates. This means that it is in the mind that we Know Thyself is an old maxim or know everything about ourselves like our aphorism which in time has been used in identity, passion, interest, feelings, and/or varied literature and consequently gained intellect, thus everything that we are comes different meanings. One of its meanings is from the mind. recorded in the Greek encyclopedia of Self-concept theory has a lot of knowledge called "The Suda". Thomas suppositions regarding how people learn to Hobbes also discussed his own views about judge themselves. Among these, Sincero the maxim from which he used the phrase named three aspects such as: "read thyself" in his famous work The Leviathan. Self-concept is learned  This explains that no individual is born originating from conflicts in the psyche, with self- concept. A person will soon through dialogue between patient and develop this as he/she grows old. psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of This means that self-concept can only be mind and human agency derived from it. acquired as soon as the person learns how to The psychoanalytic theory says that our mingle with others and so this indicates that childhood experiences and unconscious self-concept is influenced by the person's desires influence behavior. So, this is a key environment and can be a product of the word for this theory, "unconscious." So, our person's socialization. personalities have memories, beliefs, urges, drives, and instincts that we are not always Self-concept is organized aware of and that make up this unconscious. This stresses out that one's perception The id, ego, and superego are names for the towards him/her is firm. three parts of the human personality This means that a person may hear other which are part of Sigmund Freud's people's point of view regarding him/her but psychoanalytic personality theory. will keep on believing that what he/she According to Freud, these three parts thinks of himself/herself is always the right combine to create the complex behavior of one. Change in one's perceptions towards human beings. him/her, however, may also be possible but it takes time. Id : Meeting Basic Needs The id is the most basic part of the Self-concept is dynamic personality. It also represents our most As an individual grows older, he/she animalistic urges, like the desire for food continues to encounter problems or and sex. The id seeks instant gratification challenges that may reveal his/her for our wants and needs. If these needs or self-concept in that particular time or wants are not met, a person can become situation. tense, anxious, or angry. A person will definitely respond to the scenario based on his/her own insights and Examples : how he/she perceives himself/herself in the Sally was thirsty. Rather than waiting for situation. Thus, self-concept undergoes the server to refill her glass of water, she development as the person goes through reached across the table and drank from Mr. different experiences. Smith's water glass, much to his surprise. A hungry baby cried until he was fed. Sigmund Freud A toddler who wanted another dessert whined incessantly until she was given Sigmund Freud was an Austrian another serving. neurologist and the founder of In line at the salad bar, Amy was so hungry psychoanalysis, a clinical method for that she shoved a handful of croutons in her evaluating and treating pathologies seen as mouth as she waited for the line to move.  Bart was stuck in traffic. He just wanted his Mary really wanted to borrow her mom's vehicle to move! Enraged at the situation, necklace but knew her mom would be angry Bart pulled his car onto the shoulder and if she took it without asking, so she asked sped forward, not caring that he was her mom if she could wear it. clipping people's side mirrors as he tried to get ahead of the cars in front of him. Superego: Adding Morals Ego: Dealing With Reality The superego develops last and is based on The ego deals with reality, trying to meet morals and judgments about right and the desires of the id in a way that is socially wrong. Even though the superego and the acceptable in the world. This may mean ego may reach the same decision about delaying gratification and helping to get something, the superego's reason for that rid of the tension the id feels if a desire is decision is based more on moral values, not met right away. The ego recognizes while the ego's decision is based more on that other people have needs and wants too, what others will think or what the and being selfish isn't good in the long run. consequences of an action could be on the individual. Examples : Sally was thirsty. However, she knew that Examples : her server would be back soon to refill her Sarah knew she could steal the supplies water glass, so she waited until then to get a from work and no one would know about it. drink, even though she really just wanted to However, she knew that stealing was wrong, drink from Mr. Smith's glass. so she decided not to take anything even In line at the salad bar, Amy really wanted though she would probably never get to shove a handful of croutons into her caught. mouth. However, since her boss was there, Maggie couldn't remember the answer to she decided to wait another minute or two test question #12, even though she had until she sat down to eat. studied. Nate was the smartest kid in the Hillary was so sweaty after her workout class, and from where Maggie sat, she could that she wanted to change her clothes right see his answers if she turned her head there by the car. However, she knew the slightly. When Mrs. Archer turned her back, other people around her would not approve, Maggie almost cheated, but her conscience so she waited until she was in the restroom stopped her because she knew it was wrong. to change. Instead, Maggie took a guess at the answer Tim really wanted to slug Mark for what he and then turned in her paper. had just said. However, Tim knew if he hit The cashier only charged the couple for one Mark, he would be kicked off the baseball meal even though they had eaten two. They team, and since he loved baseball, he could have gotten away with only paying for unclenched his fists and walked away. one, but they pointed out the cashier's mistake and offered to pay for both meals. Although the "Self" is one of the factors of They wanted to be honest and they knew what we think about ourselves, it is also the that the restaurant owner and employees result of what we think and/or do. needed to make a living. On the playground, two kids were making Many people believe that we are the fun of Joseph because he wore glasses. John product of our own experiences. Those was tempted to join in so that he could make experiences shape our unique qualities and himself look good, but when he thought habits that define who we are as a person about how bad Joseph must already feel, he and differ from others. Your features or own knew that he couldn't. qualities that made you unique are Will had worked hard all season to break characteristics; when you do something the school record in cross-country. During repeatedly and regularly it is a habit; and his last race, he had the opportunity to cut a experiences are the skills or knowledge you corner and therefore lower his time, because have gained because you have done it no officials were watching that part of the already from the past. course. As much as he wanted to break the school record, Will knew he wouldn't feel Self-Esteem good about himself if he cheated, so he Self-esteem is your evaluation of your own stuck to the course and ran as fast as he worth. It may be positive or negative. could. Positive self-esteem is the valuation that is pleasing and acceptable according to your Self-awareness is an understanding of standard and that of others, while negative oneself as unique from others. As an self- esteem is the opposite which is feeling individual, we commonly observe, and distraught or down and unaccepted by undeniably, judge other people's manners, others. beliefs, and lifestyle. However, it can be Our self-esteem may change from time to perceived, though, that most people find it time depending on the situation we hard to make good and sound evaluation encounter in our daily life. Since it can be toward their own behavior, traits, and partly a trait that someone can possess, it personality. depends on how you perceive the things coming your way. Adolescence is the period when a young individual develops from a child into an Self-Efficacy adult. There are many changes that can Efficacy has a specific impact on behavior happen to an adolescent like you and some and emotions, allowing people to effectively of those are: how you look, how you take manage problems and achieve desired your role in the community, how other outcomes. people expect you in making decisions on It's self-confidence in your ability to attain your own, and how you perceive yourself. your most significant goal. The greater the likelihood of achieving a positive outcome, (d) Imaginal Performances doing the stronger the belief. well, then it will happen. When you For example, if you want to get a imagine yourself better grade and are secure in your (e) The Affective States & Physical belief, it will happen. Sensations - if your mood or Self-efficacy may sound like self-esteem, emotion (e.g. shame) and physical but they're not the same thing. state (e.g. shaking) come together, it will affect your self-efficacy. If a Self-esteem is the measure of how much negative mood connects with a you like or "esteem" yourself, or how much negative physical sensation, the you believe you are a decent and worthwhile result will be negative. If it is person. positive, most likely the result will Self-efficacy, on the other hand, refers to be positive. your belief in your ability to succeed and perform well in various areas of life, such as Self and Identity education, work, and relationships (Syrett According to William James, a 2020). psychologist, "The Self is what happens when I reflect upon ME". Taylor described You can perform a certain job or achieve a the self as a Reflective Project. How we see specific goal by means of these five (5) ourselves is geared toward improving different ways that influenced self- efficacy, ourselves depending on a lot of factors. from the ideas of Albert Badura, a professor, Dan McAdam, a psychologist, reiterated and a psychologist. that even though there are many ways we (a) Performance Experiences if you reflect to improve ourselves, it brings us are good at achieving your specific back to these three (3) categories: goal, then you probably think that 1. Self as Social Actor- We portray you will achieve it again. When the different roles and behaviors for opposite happens, if you fail, you every type/set of people in front of will often think that you will fail us since we all care about what again. people think about us. It is (b) Vicarious Performances if practically for social acceptance. others achieve their goal or specific 2. Self as Motivated Agent- People task, then you'll come to believe that act based on their purpose. They do you will also achieve your goal. things based on their own dreams, (c) Verbal Persuasion is when desires, and planned goals for the people tell you whether they believe future. This, though, is not easily or not what you can do or cannot do. identifiable since it is The effect of your self-efficacy will self-conceptualized unless it is depend on how that person matters to shared with us. you.  3. Self as Autobiographical 3. Weight the criteria (rank the Author- He/she is the creator of criteria based on its importance to his/her own entire life story. It is you); about how one developed from 4. Generate alternatives (the schools his/her past, up to the present, and that accepted you); what he/she will become in the 5. Rate each alternative on each future. criterion (rate each school on the criteria you have identified); and Judgment and Decision Making 6. Compute the optimal decision ★ As an individual, you are expected to act and decide on your own. Most Developmental Tasks and Challenges of people tend to decide based on their Adolescence intuitions and available information that could be a hindrance in making Adolescence is the period of development a wise decision and that could be a that begins at puberty and ends at emerging habit. adulthood. It is recommended that people think through ❖ During the puberty stage, there are critical judgment or decision. Unfortunately, changes that occur in the body of a we don't always do so. (Jhangiani 2020) child. It is a natural process that Many of us place far more trust in our everyone goes through. instincts than we should. And, even when Puberty - the condition of being or the we try to think logically, the way we enter period of becoming first capable of data into formal decision-making procedures reproducing sexually marked by is frequently biased. maturing of the genital organs, development of secondary sex For instance, you applied for different characteristics, and in humans and the courses in six (6) different universities, and higher primates by the first occurrence of you were able to qualify in all. Now, how menstruation in the female. will you decide? ★ The age at which puberty occurs is often construed legally as 14 in boys To help you, the idea of Bazerman and and 12 in girls. Moore in 2013 reiterated by Jhangiani suggests the Six Steps on How to Make a Adolescence is defined as the period Rational Decision: between the normal onset of puberty 1. Define the Problem (select your and the beginning of adulthood. most desired course); In the Oxford English Dictionary, the 2. Identify the criteria necessary to origin of the word adolescence was judge the multiple options (list things from late Middle English (as a noun) to be considered like location, and was derived via French from the facilities, prestige, etc.);  Latin adolescent, which means ‘coming to maturity’. Other derivation of the word of the same origin is adolescence, from ad- ‘to’ + alescere ‘grow, grow up’, from alere ‘nourish’. Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood - the most rapid stage of human development. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is a period of life with specific health and development needs and rights. It is also a time to develop knowledge and skills, learn to manage emotions and relationships and acquire attributes and abilities that will be important for enjoying the adolescent years and assuming adult roles. According to Erikson, an adolescent’s main Cambridge Dictionary defines task is developing a sense of self. developmental as relating to the process of Adolescents struggle with questions “Who growing or changing into a more advanced, am I?” and “What do I want to do with larger, and stronger form, while challenges my life?” Most adolescents try to explore are defined as something that needs great various roles and ideas and look for a place mental or physical effort in order to be done where they can fit, set goals, and attempt to successfully and therefore tests a person's discover themselves. ability. The challenges adolescents face Some years ago, Professor Robert occur during the development of his/her J. Havighurst of the University of biological, cognitive, physiological, Chicago proposed that stages in spiritual, and moral aspects. human development can best be thought of in terms of the developmental tasks that are part of the normal transition. In his developmental tasks theory, he stressed that when people accomplish developmental tasks at a stage, they feel pride and satisfaction. He defines a  developmental task as a task that feeling fat. They typically continue a strict arises at or about a certain period in diet even at very unhealthy weights because life, unsuccessful achievement of they have a distorted image of their body. which leads to an inability to 2. Bulimia Nervosa perform tasks associated with the Teenagers with bulimia nervosa typically next period or stage in life. 'binge and purge' by engaging in uncontrollable episodes of overeating (bingeing) usually followed by compensatory behavior such as" purging through vomiting, use of laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise. Eating binges may occur as often as several times a day but are most common in the evening and night hours. Mental Health Disorders 1. Anxiety Disorders- are a group of mental disorders characterized by significant feelings of anxiety and fear. 2. Mood Disorders- the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to identifiable stressors that occur within 3 months of the onset of the stressors. Here, low mood, tearfulness, or feelings of hopelessness are predominant. Health Issues of Adolescence 3. Major Depressive Disorder - a period of at least 2 weeks during which there is either Eating Disorders depressed mood or the loss of interest or An eating disorder describes an illness that pleasure in nearly all activities. In children is characterized by irregular eating habits and adolescents, the mood may be irritable and severe distress or concern about body rather than sad. weight or shape. Eating disturbances may 4. Bipolar Disorder- a period of abnormally include inadequate or excessive food intake and persistently elevated, expansive, or which can ultimately damage an individual's irritable mood and abnormally and well-being. persistently increased activity or energy, Types of Eating Disorders lasting at least 4 consecutive days and 1. Anorexia Nervosa- teenagers with present most of the day, nearly every day, or anorexia may take extreme measures to that requires hospitalization. avoid eating and to control the quantity and 5. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity quality of the foods they eat. They may Disorder - severe problems with become abnormally thin and still talk about concentration or attention and/or hyperactivity are estimated to affect Stages of Development Theory adolescents. Six times as many boys as girls are affected. Stage 1 6. School Phobia- also called school refusal, Infancy ( 1-2 years old) refers to the persistent and irrational fear of Basic Trust vs. Mistrust going to school. 7. Learning Disabilities - dyslexia and Stage 2 other specific learning problems involving Early Childhood (2-4 years old) reading, writing, reasoning, spelling, and Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt mathematics Stage 3 Social Issues Preschool Age (4-5 years old) Sexual Abuse Initiative vs. Guilt Substance Abuse Influence of Mass Media Stage 4 Influence of Social Media School Age (5-12 years old) Industry vs. Inferiority Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory Stage 5 Adolescence (13-19 years old) Erik Homburger Erikson Identity vs. Role Confusion born Erik Salomonsen; 15 June 1902- 2 May 1994 was an American Stage 6 child psychoanalyst known for his Early Adulthood (20-40 years Old) theory on psychosocial development Intimacy vs. Isolation off human beings. He coined the phrase identity crisis. Stage 7 Despite lacking a university degree, Adulthood (40-65 years old) Erikson served as a professor at Generativity vs. Stagnation prominent institutions, including Harvard, University of California, Stage 8 Berkeley, and Yale. Maturity (65-Death) A Review of General Psychology Integrity vs. Despair survey, published in 2002, ranked Erikson as the 12th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.  ❖ They get involved with your education and are happy to see you achieve and ❖ discover potential. ❖ Parents' advices are far more important than any other people's pieces of advice in terms of making Evaluating One’s development through sound decisions in life the help of others Siblings : ➔ Siblings are friends within a family. ➔ They extend valuable help whenever you are in need of assistance. ➔ They teach you the concept of socialization, mutual understanding, and respect. ➔ Like friendship, your relationship with your sister or brother requires Parents : communication and acceptance. ❖ Parents are the first people who ➔ As you grow older you realize their introduce you to life. significant part in your life and ❖ They provide shelter, protection, and continue to establish close ties a sense of security no matter what among them. happens. ➔ Although disagreements are a ❖ The concept of home is formed normal part among siblings, it is coupled with love and many important to understand that all of sacrifices that either your mother or you have sets of differences. father is willing to give. ➔ Sibling bond is nothing compared ❖ When you want to hear honest to any other bond in the world as opinions about the things you need to long as its foundation is anchored improve, they will never hesitate to with much love and appreciation. tell you exactly what needs to be done. Friends : ❖ Parents play the largest role in a Friends are like extended siblings person's mental, emotional, physical, who come from different families. and social development. They give us a sense of ❖ They teach you the first valuable belongingness for an individual who lessons in life that become an would always want to be part of integral part of your personality as something. you continue to discover ❖ the world.  Friends also teach us the value of ❖ Community leaders provide network love, respect, understanding, and connections and linkages among acceptance. other parts of the community. They help us improve our social ❖ They inspire adolescents to get connection, and emotional stability, involved with community services and inspire our intellectual capacity. through outreach programs, social True friends support only what is activities, and volunteer work. good and reject what is not. They ❖ They model innovation to help refuse to tolerate unacceptable improve the community whom they behavior and seek to correct your serve. shortcomings. ❖ Effective leaders set inspiration to Friends bring out the best in a person other bt setting a good example by and they share mutual interests, following the policies that they try to hobbies, and aspirations. implement. ❖ Using their charisma, they tend to Teachers : persuade others to follow them; thus, Teachers are the second parents in they can generate many programs to school. address the needs of the people. They help you improve your ❖ Adolescents like you can learn from intellectual and emotional capacity to their accomplishments and may get handle difficult situations in life. inspired to become servant-leaders in They guide you to understand the the future. valuable lessons about life that would last for a lifetime. Significant People in Life are Also Agents Their influence does not fade of Socialization. because they provide exceptional impact towards self-realization and self- discovery. Self-improvement comes with an effective Teachers walk along the progress of interaction of the different agencies within the learners; that makes it more the society. The people whom you consider memorable and enduring for life. significant in life are also called agents of Good teachers inspire learners to do socialization. better in making decisions. - These are your family, siblings, Being the role model in class, they peers, teachers, and community set an example to learners who need leaders. They help you discover much guidance in school. more of yourself and join you in exploring what you need to know Community Leaders : about the world. As the person continues to progress, he/she would realize the many potentials that have  been influenced by any of these people. Teachers are also special agents we see in school, a place where many exciting Family, as the most important agent of memories are forged through time, as we socialization, has given you the knowledge collaborate with peers. They mold us in so of self-care. As you learn to take care of many ways. Their role is not only to teach us yourself, this is also done in the way you the concept of socialization but give us deal with other agents in society. Parents opportunities to discover much more about teach the value of relationships. This is socializing. significant because you would develop multiple relationships as you explore further School is the appropriate place to formally the world. They give you their system of learn academic skills like comprehension, belief, traditions, culture, and values that analytical thinking, logical reasoning, you can use for discernment during subject knowledge transfer, and creative difficult decision-making. visualization. All of these are learned through the help of teachers who gave so With the help of your siblings, the early much inspiration to love learning at all costs. concept of cooperation is fostered. With their constant guidance and your Friendship at this point is also established willingness to learn, your future success is and can be nurtured even as you age. secured. Peers will always have a great deal of Community Leaders need to develop influence in your life. It is rightful; selfless future leaders, as well. Since they therefore, for parents to feel worried about have an important role in community the circle of friends they opt to get involved development, they are extending so much with. It is difficult for parents to see if help in addressing the needs of adolescents, adolescents are cast astray from the right particularly in community involvement path of self-realization; therefore, it is and civic responsibility. Because of this necessary to carefully select the right set of selfless service towards other people, young individuals who would contribute to generations like you can also get inspired by bringing out the best in your capabilities. their examples in reaching out to those who are in need. Youth leadership This is a great opportunity to display how opportunities are also provided as a much value you put in a relationship if such means to develop a spirit of volunteerism. friendship would last for the longest time All it takes is to get yourself involved with there is. Peers teach you to develop skills in activities that can improve you more as a organizing tasks, working together with person who has a significant contribution to others, and giving and receiving feedback in any given society. order to evaluate personal learning acquisition.  It is right to express one's gratitude to people who have given you inspiration and growth. This is the chance to tell them how grateful you are for what you have become and the achievements you have achieved all these years. Express your appreciation by writing down your thoughts in the spaces.