PD.LUCTURE.pdf

UNIT 1: Getting to Know One’s Self Table of Contents Introduction 2 Lesson 1: Taking a Look at Oneself Jump Start 4 Learn about It! 5 Check You...

UNIT 1: Getting to Know One’s Self Table of Contents Introduction 2 Lesson 1: Taking a Look at Oneself Jump Start 4 Learn about It! 5 Check Your Understanding 15 Explore Your World! 17 Lesson 2: Discovering My Uniqueness Jump Start 21 Learn about It! 22 Check Your Understanding 30 Explore Your World! 32 Real-world Challenge 35 My Reflection 36 Wrap Up 37 Answers to Check Your Understanding 40 Bibliography 45 Glossary 47 1 GRADE 11/12 | Personal Development UNIT 1 Getting to Know One’s Self “No one is you, and that is your power.” - Dave Grohl Adolescence is a stage of self-discovery. It is the time when young people build their identities and learn more about themselves as they go through life’s different changes and challenges. The goal is not only to know oneself, but also to accept who one is. With this acceptance is the power to make things happen and also, the power to build a life that he/she desires. Lulu’s Self-Exploration Lulu is excited about trying out in different clubs this school year. The rules state that each student is allowed to join a maximum of 3 clubs only for the year. She has been thinking about it a lot, listing down a list of her strengths and weaknesses, her likes and dislikes. After much thought, she decided to go for a sports team. Lulu has her eye on the volleyball club since she knows she’s a good player, and she has a lot of experience playing the sport. Her tosses and spikes are to watch out for, and her jumps are pretty impressive. Aside from sports, Lulu also knows that her debate skills are also above average. She believes she must have taken this talent after her father, who happens to be a lawyer. She can easily organize her thoughts and get her point across on almost any topic given. Lulu knows she 2 speaks eloquently and can convey a message through both English and Filipino. Clearly, for her, joining the debate team seems like a natural choice. Lulu’s last choice was the cooking club. Her friends do not know this skill she has, but at home, she can cook like a young master chef. She grew up watching cooking shows, preparing meals for the family and even creating her recipes. She was just about to sign up for all these three clubs when her friends saw her and asked her why she wasn’t signing up for the dance club. Lulu was caught by surprise for she never really thought about it. Apparently, a lot of her friends thought she was a great dancer and would be a wonderful addition to the dance club. She knew she could dance to a beat, but she didn’t really think she had potential to explore when it came to this skill. Suddenly, Lulu was back to square one. She had to re-think her skills list and what interests her. Essential Questions  How does one get to know himself/herself?  What does knowing oneself mean?  How does one keep track of his/her changing strengths and weaknesses?  What are the benefits of knowing oneself? Learning Targets In this unit, you should be able to: explain that knowing oneself can make a person accept his/her strengths and limitations and deal with others better; share his/her unique characteristics, habits, and experiences; and maintain a journal. 3  Lesson 1: Taking A Look At Oneself Everyone has their strengths and weaknesses, a potential for growth, room for improvement, and limitations. As one grows up, the knowledge about one’s self increases. However, not everyone knows what to do with the information you have about yourself. What does one gain when you know yourself? Jump Start Materials: paper, pen Instructions: Have you ever wondered what others thought about you when they first met you? In this activity, you need to have a blank piece of paper tape on your back. Afterwards, you may go around the room and make sure to write on your classmate’s backs about their first impression on you. It can be a simple word or phrase that best describes your classmates during your first day of meeting. You will be given 10 minutes to do the activity. Afterwards, answer the following questions:  What did you discover about yourself from others that you didn’t know before?  Which ones of the impressions were right, and which ones were wrong?  What do you know about yourself that you consider as strengths, and which ones are weaknesses? 4  Learn about It! Ever since you were a baby, you already possessed some knowledge PAUSE FOR A THOUGHT about yourself. You would respond Do you know yourself? How did you to yourself in the mirror, and learn learn these things about yourself? to acknowledge your body. As you Where did the information come from? grow older, there are more Do you like what you know? opportunities available that exist for you to get to know yourself better. As you get to interact with more and more people in your everyday encounters, your knowledge of yourself also becomes more complex. This information you have of yourself can either become an empowering tool or a delimiting one. Self-Concept Everything that you know about yourself is called self-concept. It is your perception of yourself, how you define and understand yourself as a multi-dimensional (physical, spiritual, emotional, social, and moral) human being. It, not only involve the present perception of you, but also take into play one’s past and future self – thereby, making self-concept a vibrant representation of who you are. There are different ways that you can perceive yourself because of cultural differences and environmental factors. However, among all these varying self-concepts lie three essential components: 1) physical characteristics, 2) personality traits, and 3) social identity.  Physical characteristics are used to describe how you look in either a positive or negative way;  Personality traits are the stable characteristics that determine your behavior; and  Social identity would refer to the social group where you belong. Self-concepts are never simple, given the differences in backgrounds of individuals. 5  Self-complexity, or the different ways in which you think about yourself, can be high or low according to researchers. If you have a lot of social identities, such as a daughter, student, volleyball team captain, friend, sister– you are said to have high complexity. All of these components determine how you are different or unique from others, and how you evaluate yourself against others. EXAMPLE The self-concept regarding its three basic components 1) Physical Characteristics – “I am fair-skinned.” “I am chubby.” 2) Personality Traits - “I am trustworthy.” “I am outgoing.” 3) Social Identity – “I am the daughter of Leni.” “I am a Muslim.” Self-Esteem When you evaluate yourself against others based on your knowledge of yourself, your self-esteem is affected. Self-concept is greatly associated with self-esteem, which is the value that you put on what you know about yourself. It is a positive or negative self-evaluation of the self-concept that could be based on your performance or behavior or your interaction with others. There are moments when you arrive at a distorted or inaccurate evaluation of yourself. This is because of the subjective nature of self-concept, wherein the information you have of yourself is heavily based on perceptions. But in any case, your high or low self- esteem may also affect your self-worth (how much you value yourself) and your self-efficacy (the belief and confidence that you can accomplish tasks and control your environment). 6  REMEMBER ME!  Self-concept: your perception of yourself, how you define and understand yourself as a multi-dimensional (physical, spiritual, emotional, social, and moral) human being  Self-esteem: a positive or negative self-evaluation of the self-concept  Self-worth: how much you value yourself  Self-efficacy: your belief and confidence that you can accomplish tasks and control your environment  Self-Complexity: the different ways in which you think about yourself Self-Concept as a Product of Social Relationships One of the propositions made about self-concept that directly affects self-esteem is that what you know about yourself is primarily a product of your relationships with others. In 1902, American sociologist Charles Horton Cooley popularized the concept of the looking glass self wherein he theorizes that people around you serve as mirrors that reflect how you see yourself. You merely reinforce others’ impressions and build this idea of yourself based on these interactions. And so, based on this, if you think that others have a negative perception of you, this creates a negative self-concept and low self-esteem. 7  EXAMPLE Growing up, John has always been compared to his brother James. James would always get better grades than him. Everyone around John has, at one point or another, made him feel that he was not as smart as James. He felt that his parents would only always praise James, and even his friends admired his brother. He grew up believing that he was not good enough to do well academically and so, in all his years in school, he just lived with what he thought was the expectation of him. He would fail exams, and repeat subjects left and right. There are many social factors that influence your self-concept and self- TIP! esteem. How you come to know who you Factors that influence self- are is influenced by the ways other people concept and self-esteem: react to you. When you receive positive  the ways others react to reactions to your skills and traits, you an individual develop a positive idea of yourself.  the way an individual compares himself to However, when your behavior is ignored or others reacted negatively, your self-concept turns  the extent to which an sour as well and you end up with negative individual identifies with judgments of yourself. Comparing yourself these other people to others also affect what you know and think of yourself. If you perceive others to be more successful than you, it is probable that you do not think highly of yourself and vice versa. However, of course, such comparisons can also be a source of motivation to make the self better and give more value to the self. The extent to which you identify with other people around you is a factor in how you perceive yourself. 8 Self-Awareness When one can access his knowledge of himself easily, that person is said to be self- aware. Self-awareness is the ability to know yourself extensively, not just regarding traits and characteristics, but also knowing your inner state and how you think. It is a deeper understanding of your emotions, belief systems, and patterns in behavior and thought that should allow us to effectively redirect negative traits into positive ones if needed. Therefore, to be self-aware, you must attempt to be non-judgmental and unbiased in assessing or understanding yourself. In 1972, psychologists Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund first studied self- awareness and stated in the self- awareness theory that when you focus on yourself, there is the tendency to compare what you currently observe to the standards you set for yourself. And when there is a mismatch between your ideal self and your actual self, this becomes a source of distress for you and is much likely to affect your self-esteem. In the same way, if the ideal self is consistent with the actual self, you react positively. This is what the self-discrepancy theory states. In effect, people who are highly self-aware feel more pressure to live up to their ideals as compared to those who do not know themselves well enough. The goal then is to have a clear and defined self-concept. Having high self-concept clarity helps you and your desire to become self-aware by providing a more stable view of your positive traits. This creates higher self-esteem and less vulnerability to the stress caused by inconsistencies between the actual self and ideal self. The more well-defined and stable your self-concept is, the more capable you become in addressing mismatches you will encounter of yourself. 9  REMEMBER ME!  Self-Awareness Theory: When you focus on yourself, there is the tendency to compare what you currently observe to the standards you set for yourself.  Self-Discrepancy Theory: When there is a mismatch between your ideal self and your actual self, this becomes a source of distress for you and is much likely to affect your self-esteem.  Self-Concept Clarity: Having a clear and defined self-concept Self-awareness comes in two types: internal self-awareness and external self- awareness. Internal self-awareness refers to clearly seeing your inner self–your personalities, values, desires, reactions, and impact on other people. External self- awareness involves understanding how others see you. The goal here is to attempt to reach a balance of both types of awareness – to know yourself well and to receive feedback on how others see you. A study made by Dr. Tasha Eurich for the Harvard Business Review shows four types of individuals and how you exhibit internal and external self- awareness. It represents the different categories of your self-awareness with the mixture of its internal and external types. This categorizes your knowledge of yourself and of others. 10  Low External Self- High External Self- Awareness Awareness High Internal INTROSPECTORS AWARE Self-Awareness - you are aware of who you - you understand yourself and are but fail to get feedback seek out opinions others have from others of you Low Internal Self- SEEKERS PLEASERS Awareness - you lack knowledge of - you value others’ perceptions yourself and how others see of yourself with little regard to you what is important to you personally Knowing Yourself and Dealing With Others An individual who is well-aware of his strengths and weaknesses is an empowered individual. If you are highly self-aware individual, you are more capable of being able to accept responsibility for your actions and more capable of being independent of the negative influences of others. Because you are more observant of yourself and your responses to certain situations, you can make smarter choices in life, has more control of your experiences, and can also realize the need to change negative patterns of behavior when needed. 11  EXAMPLE Rica’s friends planned to sneak out of school that day to skip class and go to the mall to watch the latest movie of one of her favorite actors. They tried to convince her to go with them by telling her that there weren’t any exams or quizzes that day for her to miss. However, Rica, who is highly aware of herself, knew that it was wrong and she should not break the rules for a movie. Not only would she be putting herself in danger, but she would also be disappointing her parents who are working hard for her education. As a sister to her younger siblings, she also knew that this going would not be a good example to them. Rica thought of herself as a responsible student, and so she did not sneak out with them. Knowing yourself well also allows you to be able to deal better with others and in the process, create more meaningful relationships. When you know who you are, you can openly communicate yourself and what you want to others. This will create better understanding between yourself and others, and consequently, a more satisfying relationship. Being accepting of your flaws and strengths makes it easier to reach compromises when needed because you are secure about yourself and does not feel that your self-concept is being threatened. Becoming self-aware includes learning to take responsibility for your actions instead of blaming others and the environment, which makes you clearly see other perspectives of an issue as well. Awareness of the self leads to a more conscious way of acting towards others, instead of passively interacting with them. This results in more empathy and compassion, a must in any healthy relationship. Your awareness of your emotional needs, behaviors, interaction patterns, and a better understanding of yourself as a relational being allows you to become more conscious of your interactions with others, as well as make healthy decisions that affect yourself and others around you. 12 Steps to Self-Awareness Self-awareness is important at any stage in your life. Here are some ways to become more self-aware to be able to achieve success in relationships and other aspects of life. Ask yourself why. Before you act or decide on anything, it is always a good idea to know TIP! why you are going to do what you are about Steps to Become More Self- to do. Understanding the intentions behind Aware: your actions lets you to become more aware  Ask yourself why. of your thought processes and will allow you  Delay gratification. to make smarter decisions.  Take feedback constructively. Delay gratification. Being able to control  Let go of biases. yourself by not quickly giving in to  Use tools to know yourself. temptations allows you to practice saying no  Reflect often. to negative influences that may affect you later on. This gives you a chance to strengthen your sense of self. Take feedback constructively. Learn to accept what others say about you and use it to improve yourself. Remember that self-awareness is a healthy balance between understanding yourself and how others see you. Let go of biases. Before you make any auto-pilot reactions to a situation, make sure you stop and think about the different sides of the situation. Question yourself and challenge yourself as to why you believe in such things. Be objective and re-assess your responses to others. Use tools to know yourself. Experts have come up with different ways for individuals to learn about their personality types, which are fortunately readily available to you online. Knowing where you stand in the Myers-Briggs personality exam and introvert-extrovert spectrum, as well as reasonably assessing yourself 13 through a SWOT analysis and Johari’s Window, can give you a better idea of who you are. Reflect often. Taking time to think quietly through meditation or simple reflection will help you become more self-aware. Keep a journal to see how your thoughts and actions progress. Learn from the mistakes you have made, and always keep yourself in check. 14  Check Your Understanding A. Read each statement carefully. Complete the sentence by supplying the correct word. 1. ____________________________ is your perception of yourself, how you define and understand yourself as a multi-dimensional (physical, spiritual, emotional, social, and moral) human being. 2. ____________________________ theorized the looking glass self-concept. 3. Individuals who value others’ perceptions of them with little regard to what is important to them personally are called __________________________. 4. ____________________________refers to the social groups that you belong and is a basic component of your self-concept. 5. Knowing yourself well can lead to better ____________________________ in relationships. B. Answer each statement briefly and concisely. 1. How does feedback help you in becoming self-aware? 2. How does awareness of the self lead to empathy and compassion in a relationship? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 15  3. What factors influence self- concept, and self-esteem? C. Read each situation well. Answer as best as you can. 1. Joel wants to get to know himself better through well-documented and well-constructed test types. What can you suggest to him? 2. Some kids in Pia’s school think that she is a snob, but Pia doesn’t seem to mind. Why do you think this is so? 3. Kevin feels stressed that what he thinks of himself doesn’t match what he is experiencing in real life. Why does he feel this way? 16 Explore Your World! Task 1: Personal SWOT Analysis Materials: pen, paper Instructions: In 10-15 minutes, make your SWOT analysis. List down your Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. Give at least two examples for each. It can be a skill, a talent, a character trait, or anything that you think gives you an edge or puts you a step behind. You will find some guide questions for each quadrant to help you. Write a short explanation of your analysis. Share with the class after. Strengths Weaknesses  What am I good at?  What am I not good at?  What do others think I excel in?  Why do I fail?  What am I better at doing than other  What do I need more practice in? people?  What they don’t like about me?  What skills do I have? Opportunities Threats  What opportunities are there that  What obstacles are in the way of my can help me improve? success?  What traits or skills do I have that I  What is stopping me to be a better feel have a lot of potential for version of myself? growth? 17  Criteria for Scoring Points Presence of at least 2 examples in each 3 quadrant Clarity and depth of explanations/analysis 3 Completion of chart 2 Grammatically correct sentences and 2 confidence during presentation Total 10 Task 2: Sell Yourself Materials: any props available to students Instructions: Get a partner for this role-playing activity. Choose which one will “sell” himself/herself to the other person. The two of you must act out a scene where one tries to convince the other to approve of him/her because of his strengths and despite his weaknesses. The scene can be anything from a job interview, or a talk show, or any creative situation. Make sure to mention both strengths and weaknesses in the scene. Criteria for Scoring Points Presence of strengths and weaknesses in 3 dialogue Ability of script to convince/persuade 3 Creativity and uniqueness of the presentation 2 Grammatically correct sentences and 2 confidence during presentation Total 10 18 Task 3: From Weakness to Strength Materials: Manila paper/cartolina, markers Instructions: Form groups of 4-5. Each member will share one weakness they have to the group. The group will now help each other come up with specific plans of action on how this specific weakness can be turned into strength or how that person can change for the better. Write your group discussion on the Manila paper and be ready to share it with the class. Criteria for Scoring Points Presence of one weakness for each member 3 Ability to provide effective way to transform 3 weakness into strength Creativity and uniqueness of the presentation 2 Grammatically correct sentences and 2 confidence during presentation Total 10 19 A study from Brown University that was published in the International Journal of Behavioral Medicine suggests that individuals who are highly self-aware have better heart health. In the study, researchers measured the “mindfulness” of individuals by having them rate different statements. In the results, it was found that those who were more “present” and aware with their thoughts, feelings, and actions had scores that were as high as those indicators for good cardiovascular health in the American Heart Association. Although nothing has been concluded, researchers are hopeful that this can be the beginning of non-invasive, mindfulness interventions for good heart health. 20  Lesson 2: Discovering My Uniqueness “Not all things are created equal.” This is a reflection that people may look similar but they have exceptional qualities that make them different from others. These qualities may be helpful or not, but they add dimension to the personality of a person. The distinctions that a person has contributed to the understanding that human behavior is never exact. In a way, the differences among people have made it possible for new ideas, inventions, and perspectives to take center stage and be used to help people. Jump Start Materials: small pieces of rolled paper, pictures of broken objects Instructions: The class will be divided into several groups with a maximum of 5 members each. Each group is tasked to choose an object and “sell” them by highlighting the alternative uses for this object. They will be given 10 minutes to prepare their sales pitch. Each object has the same price of 10 small pieces of paper. After the sales pitch of each group, all members of the class will walk around the classroom to put their pieces of paper on the objects they would “buy.” The group with the most number of pieces of paper is considered as the group with the best sales pitch. After the activity, you may reflect on this question: “What made you decide to choose an object despite its imperfection?” 21  Learn about It! An essential characteristic among people is their distinctiveness. Every person may share qualities that make them no different from others and yet they also possess qualities that make them stand out among others. Human behavior explores the known, the unknown, the similar, and the different facets of people. While it is considered as a young science, this field has provided a significant number of insights of how the qualities of people contribute to the understanding of their self, the environment around them, and how they can contribute to the development of their societies. PAUSE FOR A THOUGHT It is a fact that people come from one family but remain different from each Imagine a world where every person other. Their individuality is due to looks and thinks the same? How would multiple factors like biological that world look like? attributes, upbringing, and societal influences. These factors are combined to come up with “the self.” Individual differences It refers to the differences and similarities among people in a psychological way. Wilderdom mentioned that Plato once said that “No two persons are born exactly alike, but each differs from the other in natural endowments, one being 22 suited for one occupation and the other for another. The psychology of individual differences rests on the assumption that no two individuals are exactly alike in the manner of thinking, feelings, and behavior. The classification of people have been recognized and practiced throughout the ages. EXAMPLE Examples of how men have been categorized: Gender differences. Men were the hunters while women were the gatherers. Social groups or affiliations. education, caste, and class. Occupations. educators, doctors, IT professionals, businessmen Why is it important to know how different we are from others? The study of individual differences is not just meant to cluster them in different demographics. Demographics. It is the statistical characteristics of people like age, gender, religion or socioeconomic status. This information is meant to provide a quick view of how members of different groups are categorized. However, a person is not just a part of statistics. The people may be categorized together, but there exist their individual preferences, hobbies, attitudes, religious beliefs and affiliations, political perspectives and more. These varying factors, when combined, characterize a unique person. 23  REMEMBER ME! Demographics. It is the statistical characteristics of people like their gender, their religion, their age, their marital status and the like. The categorization and grouping are meant to provide a quick view of how members are grouped. Knowing the characteristics that you have make you more comfortable in your decisions, actions, and attitudes. You become aware that your individuality affects the others as well. This knowledge makes you more attuned to others and makes you aware of the limitations and strengths of the people you mingle with. Your uniqueness make you able to make connections with other people; create innovations and novel solution to problems; make a positive impact and help people by being the source of joy and inspiration. Sharing Experiences Experiences are personal, but there are many things that you can learn by listening to the sharing of personal experiences, characteristics, and habits of others. Learning is considered as a social activity since it involves both the formal and informal methods of gaining knowledge from others. It is not limited to a structured setting like a classroom. Whenever there is interaction among people, there is learning. A simple conversation can serve as a spark into acquiring knowledge. 24  EXAMPLE When a class has a retreat or spiritual gathering and each person is sharing their experiences in dealing with their problems, and how they were solved, there is already a form of learning as to how others can also use these methods to solve their problems. Social Learning Theory Albert Bandura proposed the Social Learning Theory. According to him, people learn from each other. They do this through observation, modeling, and imitation. According to Learning Theories.com Bandura said that “Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions, this coded information serves as a guide for action.” In short, a person learns by observing the behaviors of others, their attitudes, and the outcomes of these behaviors. Conditions for Effective Modeling These conditions affect the speed by which the person, object, action or event is absorbed and modeled. The first condition is by far the most significant since without this, the behavior to be modeled will be rendered useless if it is not given the sufficient amount of focus. 1. Attention. It refers to the active processing of specific information about your surroundings. An increased or decreased level of attention given to a specific person, object, action, or event affects the imitation of behavior. 25 2. Retention. It is described as remembering the person, object, action, or event where attention is given. 3. Reproduction. It is the duplication of the object, action, action, or event. 4. Motivation. It is the push to imitate or duplicate. REMEMBER ME! Four conditions to ensure effective modeling:  Attention.  Retention.  Reproduction.  Motivation. Reciprocal Determinism. Bandura also emphasized that the person’s behavior and the world cause each other. This means that when a certain behavior is imitated by another, this can cause a chain reaction in which other people will begin to imitate this behavior until it becomes a habit or accepted by many. Once this happens, this behavior affects the society as well; in turn, society will start accepting this behavior. EXAMPLE In the Philippines before, people marry even before the age of eighteen. At present, marrying before eighteen years of age is not allowed. The act of sharing experiences, whether unique or common, is considered as a robust strategy for social learning. It creates a learning environment in which the members learn voluntarily. People are interested to learn in this context because they do not have to exert too much work or use background study to learn. A person who shares experiences, achieves a sense of pride especially if the experience provides insights that will help the fellow learners. 26 Different Strategies for Social Learning 1. Discussions 2. Photos 3. Audio 4. Video In light of the significance of sharing experiences, you can also share your characteristics and habits that can help others. The people who have conquered difficulties and lived to tell the tale can provide hope to people who are feeling defeated and hopeless. A person who shares his/her unique habits like creating miniatures, painting landscapes, or teaching street children can be a source of inspiration since he/she makes use of these habits to help other people and let them think about sharing their practices and significant qualities that aid in uplifting their lives and that of others. 27 Journals as Tools of Self-Reflection Twenty-four hours may seem to be too short for some people. With so many things to do, you can have a difficult time keeping track of all the things you have to finish. Keeping a journal is a good habit to develop since it helps in boosting your performance and productivity. A journal serves as a record of how your day was spent. It makes you reflect not only the significant events that happened that day but also on reviewing your thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Keeping a journal is one way of venting safely. Writing in a journal is a good way of expressing emotions instead of venting them out. You can write anything in a journal and can reflect on the passages that you have written. One flip side is the possibility of someone stumbling on the journal and reading all the contents. It enhances creativity. Expressing the emotions is not the only advantage of keeping a journal. It also helps in developing your creativity. Also, the daily experiences written in the journal can help you break down difficult problems, so comprehension is attained and makes a possible solution to the problems. Recording good ideas. A good idea becomes useless if it is not executed. Nevertheless, you tend to forget them once you become preoccupied with something else. The act of writing down serves as a record that can be reviewed at a later time. Habit formation. Journal writing helps in identifying patterns of behaviors that a you have. Mental health tool. A journal keeps secrets. The pent-up resentment, happiness, anger, fear and other extreme emotions can be very tiring. However, writing them 28 down is a good way of expressing and lessening the effects of these emotions. Moreover, it can also help you relive happy times that proved to be satisfying thus, helping you maintain a healthy level of mental health. REMEMBER ME! Benefits of keeping a journal:  A way to vent or express safely.  It enhances creativity.  Recording good ideas.  Habit formation.  Mental health tool. Keeping a journal is a traditional way of recording your thoughts. However, maintaining a journal can be tedious since not all people like to write. These days, it has TIP! taken a turn with the use of unusual Blogging and vlogging are methods. Blogging and more recently vlogging (video blogging) are two methods of both used to keep track of recording the daily activities and expression one’s activities; they can be of personal opinions or preferences of a done by writing or filming a person. These two methods can be shared video and uploading them and seen by other people. One downside is online. Just remember to that they can be subject to bashing since practice responsible they are automatically shared with a great behavior when doing so like number of people who may not share the same views. Moreover, they can be used avoiding plagiarism, using against the person who uploaded them since facts to emphasize an they may contain slanderous or libelous opinion and avoiding claims. Caution is strongly advised. maligning another person or groups. 29  Check Your Understanding A. Read each statement carefully. Supply the correct words to complete the statement. 1. Age, gender, and religion are examples of ___________. 2. The term ______________ refers to the differences and similarities among people. 3. Social Learning Theory was proposed by ______________. 4. The term ______________ refers to the active processing of information. 5. The duplication of the object, action, or event is known as ____________. B. Answer the following questions in a brief but concise manner. 1. Sandra Bierig once said that “To accept ourselves as we are means to value our imperfections as much as our perfections. “How do you explain this quote? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Among the three methods of recording your thoughts, which you are likely to use? Journal writing, blogging, or vlogging? Why? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 30 3. Who among the young celebrities would you like to imitate and why? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Part C. Read each situation carefully and answer the questions for each item. 1. What is the importance of demographics? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why is sharing experiences considered as a tool for learning? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Why is attention an important component of effective modeling? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 31  Explore Your World! Task 1: Does This Make Sense? Materials: paper, pen Instructions: Recall a very unusual experience that happened to you. Draw this experience and explain how it has affected you by writing down the realizations that you had after this experience. Present your output to the class. Criteria for Scoring Points Clarity of ideas 3 Relevance of content 3 Impact and creativity 2 Use of grammatically correct sentences 2 Total 10 Task 2: My Idol Blogger Materials: snapshots of a vlog or blog Instructions: Pick a partner. Choose a blogger or a vlogger. Write down what qualities of this blogger or vlogger that you both admire. Show a snapshot of his/her blog or vlog to the class. What makes the blog/vlog worthy of being read/watched. How do the experiences of this person help you learn? 32  Criteria for Scoring Points Clarity of ideas 3 Creativity and uniqueness of the presentation 2 Relevance of details 3 Grammatically correct sentences and level of 2 confidence Total 10 Task 3: Collage Making Materials: cartolina or Manila paper, pictures of personalities/famous people Instructions: Form a group of five people. Print pictures of people who have made a unique contribution to the world. Paste their pictures on the Manila paper or cartolina together with their contributions. Present the collage and explain why you included these personalities in your collage. Criteria for Scoring Points Observation of the time duration (3 minutes) 5 Clarity of ideas 5 Grammatically correct sentences and level of 5 confidence Creativity and impact of the presentation 5 Total 20 33 Anne Frank was an adolescent girl who became famous because of the diary she had written while hiding. In her diary, she confessed to wanting to become a journalist or a writer. Her diary entitled The Secret Annexe was published on June 25, 1947. 34  Real-world Challenge Task: Magazine Making Materials: pictures, paper, glue, pens Instructions:  Form a group of five people.  Choose the writers and the artists in the group. The writers will be the ones to write articles while the artists will take care of the pictures, design, and layout of the magazine.  The magazine will have a maximum of 4 pages only excluding the front and back covers. The writers will write articles about personalities and their unique qualities that made a difference in the world. The artist will design the covers and take pictures.  Present the magazine to the class. Criteria for Scoring Score Visual impact and creativity 5 Clarity of ideas 5 Relevance of the content 5 Total 15 35  My Reflection Write three characteristics that you like about yourself and three that you do not like. Write a short paragraph about how your positive qualities make you a valuable person and how your shortcomings can be improved. Write two paragraphs with a minimum of 5 sentences each. The following words must appear in your paragraphs: appreciation, acceptance, unique, contribution, improvement, and change. Criteria for Scoring Points Clarity of ideas 3 Accuracy and relevance of details 3 Impact and uniqueness of the presentation 2 Use of grammatically correct sentences 2 Total 10 36  Wrap Up In this unit, the following points were discussed:  The formation of the self-concept is based on the multi-dimensional perception of the self which includes the physical, spiritual, emotional, social and moral aspects.  Self-complexity refers to the different ways in which a person thinks about himself/herself.  Self-concept has three basic components: physical characteristics, personality traits and social identity.  Self-esteem is the value that an individual places on himself/herself. It can either be positive or negative depending on the performance of the person and his/her interactions with others.  Self-concept is a product of our interaction with other people. Charles Cooley coined the term looking glass self which stressed that the people around us could serve as mirrors that reflect how we see ourselves. Their reactions affect the formation of a person’s self-concept.  Self-awareness is the ability to know one’s self extensively including your inner state and how your think. 37 Steps to Self-Awareness Ask yourself why. Delay gratification, Take feedback constructively. Let go of biases. Use tools to know yourself. Reflect often.  Social Learning Theory formulated by Albert Bandura posits that if a behavior is modeled and imitated, this can snowball into being imitated by others that can turn into acceptable behavior. Four conditions for an effective modeling: The more attention The retention is paid, the more happens when the likely is the behavior behavior is to be modeled. remembered. Motivation is the Reproduction is the push to repeat the act of duplicating the behavior until it behavior. becomes a habit.  Reciprocal determination emphasized that the behavior and the world cause each other. This signifies that once the behavior has become a habit and majority of the people are exhibiting the said behavior; becomes acceptable. 38   Journals are tools of self-reflection. There are its advantages: It is a way to express one’s thoughts and emotions safely. It develops creativity. It records good ideas. It helps in developing habits. It also serves as a mental health tool..  Blogging and video blogging are modern techniques that help a person spread his/her message to others. 39  Answers to Check Your Understanding Lesson 1: Taking a Look at Oneself Part A 1. Self-concept 2. Charles Horton Cooley 3. pleasers 4. Social identity 5. communication Part B 1. Accepting what others say about you can be used improve yourself. Remember that self-awareness is a healthy balance between understanding yourself and how others see you. 2. Awareness of the self leads to a more conscious way of acting towards others, instead of passively interacting with them. This results in more empathy and compassion, a must in any healthy relationship. A person’s awareness of his own emotional needs, behaviors, interaction patterns, and a better understanding of the self as a relational being allows one to become more conscious of his interactions with others, as well as make healthy decisions that affect the self and others around him. 3. The following affect self-concept and self-esteem: the ways others react to an individual; the way an individual compares himself to others; and the extent to which an individual identifies with others. 40 Part C 1. Experts have come up with different ways for individuals to learn about their personality types, which are fortunately easily available to us online. The Myers-Briggs personality exam and introvert-extrovert spectrum, as well as SWOT analysis and Johari’s Window, are just a few examples. He can even approach his guidance counsellor in school to assist him with this. 2. One of the factors that affect self-concept and self-esteem is the extent to which an individual identifies with other people. If Pia is not affected, it might be because she finds no connection to them or is not in a close relationship with them. And so, what they say is not considered as feedback that she can take advantage of. 3. Kevin must be highly self-aware, which means that he has a clear understanding of himself. The self-discrepancy theory states that people who are highly self-aware feel more pressure to live up to their ideals as compared to those who do not know themselves well enough. 41  Answers to Check Your Understanding Lesson 2: Discovering My Uniqueness Part A 1. demographics 2. individual differences 3. Albert Bandura or Bandura 4. attention 5. reproduction Part B 1. Sandra Bierig once said that “To accept ourselves as we are means to value our imperfections as much as our perfections. “ How do you explain this quote? This quote means that people should accept their strengths and limitations. Each person is unique, which means that we should not strive for perfection because people are not born perfect. Each person is blessed with qualities that are both pleasing and not. It is up to a person to celebrate his/her strengths and accept his/her limitations. Accepting and valuing our self is a sign that a person is willing to adjust to his/her imperfections and not devalue them. 2. Among the three methods of recording your thoughts, which are you likely to use? Journal writing, blogging, or vlogging? Why? In this question, a student may choose any of the three options as long as he/she will be able to explain why he/she is choosing one. The explanation can include the advantages and disadvantages of one method. Sample: I would choose journal writing because it is more private as compared to the other two. I am a very private person, and I would like my writings to be kept secret. 42 There is nothing wrong with the other two, but since blogging and vlogging make use of the Internet, my thoughts can be misinterpreted by other people. This is not the case with journal writing. I can review what I have written and not have to worry that it can be misinterpreted by others. 3. Who among the young celebrities would you like to imitate and why? The student can mention any celebrity and explain why he/she is choosing this person. The explanation must include achievements or characteristics that would make the person worthy of being imitated. Sample: I would choose Bruno Mars because he is a very talented person. He is small but packed with talent. His albums have been sold worldwide. He has won numerous awards. He is creative, energetic, and talented. He is also a nice person because he gets along with anybody and can work with other superstars as well. Part C 1. What is the importance of demographics? Demographics provide us with a quick view of the groupings in community or society. This is important because the data provided by demographics can be used for various reasons like marketing, services that the government must provide, scientific research and the like. For instance, if the local government checks the data and find out that 40% of their population is composed of unemployed people, they can find various ways of addressing this problem like allowing more businesses to operate or providing job fairs. 2. Why is sharing experiences, characteristics, and habits considered as a tool for learning? Sharing them can be a source of knowledge. When one is sharing experiences, 43 characteristics, and habits, he/she offers or presents solutions to problems that can be imitated by other people. This method is very easy and does not require too much effort that is why listeners are quick to learn and absorb the possible solutions that were mentioned when one is sharing experiences. They also begin to take note of the attitude or characteristics that helped the person in difficult circumstances. 3. Why is attention an important component of effective modeling? Attention is the active processing of data. When a person is paying attention, he/she absorbs what the person is trying to say. The more attentive the person, the more interested he/she is and the more likely to imitate what he/she is seeing. If a person is not giving enough attention, the information given or shown will most likely be forgotten or rejected. 44  Bibliography Anne Frank. The story of Anne Frank. http://www.annefrank.org/en/Anne-Frank/Anne-Franks-history-in-brief/ Delena, M., Neri, S., Palean, E., Nuncio, R., Carpena, J., Boyles, R., and Nuncio, E. Personal Development Beyond Selfies. Mandaluyong: Anvil, 2017 Deschene, Lori. Develop Self-Awareness and Improve Your Relationships. https://tinybuddha.com/blog/develop-self-awareness-and-improve-your- relationships/ ELearning Industry. Sharing Experiences: A Stepping Stone to Social Learning in the Workplace. https://elearningindustry.com/sharing-experiences-stepping-stone-to-social- learning-workplace Eurich, Tasha. What Self-Awareness Really Is (And How to Cultivate It) https://hbr.org/2018/01/what-self-awareness-really-is-and-how-to-cultivate-it Gecas, Viktor. “The Self-Concept.” Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 8 (1982): 1-33. Isaksen, Joachim Vogt. The Looking Glass Self: How Our Self-Image is Shaped by Society. http://www.popularsocialscience.com/2013/05/27/the-looking-glass-self-how-our- self-image-is-shaped-by-society/ Learning Theories.Social Learning Theory (Bandura). https://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html Lewis, Debbie. Why Relationships Will Always Be Challenging Without Self-Awareness. https://welldoing.org/article/why-relationships-will-always-be-challenging-without- self-awareness Nguyen, Thai. 12 Self-Awareness Exercises That Fuel Happiness and Success. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/thai-nguyen/12-self-awareness-exercises-that- fuel-happiness-and-success_b_9649748.html 45 Poke, Darren. Every Person is Unique (and Why That Matters) (blog). https://betterlifecoachingblog.com/2014/01/21/every-person-is-unique-and-why- that-matters/ Positive Psychology Program. Why Self-Awareness Matters and How You Can Be More Self-Aware. https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/self-awareness-matters-how- you-can-be-more-self-aware/ Sampthirao, Prabhakararao. “Self-Concept and Interpersonal Communication.” The International Journal of Indian Psychology, vol. 3 (April-June 2016): 177-189. Sifferlin, Alexandra. How Mindfulness Protects Your Heart. http://time.com/3534531/mindfulness-protects-heart-health/ Stangor, Charles. The Cognitive Self: The Self Concept. https://opentextbc.ca/socialpsychology/chapter/the-cognitive-self-the-self-concept/ Very Well Mind. How Psychologists Define Attention. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attention-2795009 Wilderdom. Introduction to Individual Differences. http://wilderdom.com/personality/L1-1Introduction.html Your Story. 5 reasons to maintain a journal. https://yourstory.com/2016/10/reasons-to-maintain-journal/ 46  Glossary Attention. It refers to the active processing of specific information about our surroundings. An increased or decreased the level of attention given to a specific person, object, action or event affects the imitation of behavior. Demographics. It is the statistical characteristics of people like age, gender, religion or socioeconomic status. Individual differences. It refers to the differences and similarities among people in a psychological way. Motivation. It is the push to imitate or duplicate. Reciprocal Determinism. It emphasized that the person’s behavior and the world cause each other. Reproduction. It is the duplication of the object, action, action or event. Retention. It is described as remembering the person, object, action or event where attention is given. Self-awareness. It is the ability to know one’s self extensively, not just regarding our traits and characteristics, but also knowing our inner state and how we think. Self-complexity. It is the different ways in which a person thinks about himself/herself, can be high or low according to researchers. Self-concept. It is a person’s perception of himself, how one defines and understands himself as a multi-dimensional (physical, spiritual, emotional, social, and moral) human being. 47 Self-efficacy. It is the belief and confidence that a person can accomplish tasks and control his/her environment. Self-esteem. It is the value an individual puts on what he knows about himself. It is a positive or negative self-evaluation of the self-concept that could be based on one’s performance or behavior or his interactions with others. Self-worth. It shows how much a person values himself or herself. 48  Quiz LESSON 1: Taking a Look at Oneself *PART 1: I. Knowledge [Items 1-3. Simple recall of information presented] 1. Question Single Choice Ans Explanation What is not a. motivation x Motivation is not component of self- part of a person’s concept? b. physical characteristics perception of his overall capabilities. c. social identity d. personality traits 2. Question Single Choice Explanation What is not a tool a. genogram x A genogram is for knowing one’s used to visually personality type? b. Myers-Briggs represent a family’s history in c. Johari’s Window detail. d. SWOT analysis 3. Question Multiple Choice Explanation What are the types a. external x Self-awareness of self-awareness? comes in two b. patriarchal types: Internal self- awareness and c. collectivist external self- x awareness. The d. internal inner self- awareness focuses on the things that happen within the person while the external self- 49  awareness emphasizes the perception others have about us. II. Process [Items 4-8. Comprehension, Application; may refer to Bloom’s Taxonomy] 4. Question Multiple Choice Ans. Explanation What attitudes a. non-judgmental x Self-awareness is a must be shown deeper x when getting to b. unbiased understanding of know oneself? our emotions, c. critical belief systems and d. constructive patterns in behavior and thought that should allow us to effectively redirect negative traits into positive ones if needed. Therefore, to be self-aware, an individual must attempt to be non- judgmental and unbiased in assessing or understanding himself. 5. Question Single Choice Explanation Self-concept a. affects communication Self-concept includes not only operates on a the present b. flexible multi-dimensional 50 perception of stage. This means c. subjective oneself but also that we do not the past and future x take one aspect of d. multi-dimensional self. What the self in isolation characteristic of but as part of an self-concept does interactive whole. this show? 6. Question Single Choice Explanation How is asking a. It makes you aware of x Before you act or yourself “Why” your intentions and decide on helpful in building thought processes. anything, it is self-awareness? always a good idea b. It gives you time to to know why you think before you act. are going to do what you are c. It makes you let go of about to do. biases. Knowing the d. It gives you an intentions behind opportunity to reflect. your actions allows you to become more aware of your thought processes and will allow you to make smarter decisions. 7. Question Single Choice Explanation What does the a. Society dictates what Cooley says that looking glass self we make of ourselves. what we know of theorize about self- ourselves (our self- x concept? b. People around us serve concept) and how as mirrors that reflect we evaluate how we see ourselves. ourselves (our self- esteem) are based c. When we look at on what other others, we see parts of people think and ourselves in them. 51  what we believe d. Other people bounce they perceive of off their desires on us, us. and we subconsciously try to make them happen. Part III: Application and HOTS questions 8. Question Single Choice Ans. Explanation Who is a pleaser a. Joy knows she is a great Joy is an among the choices dancer already, so she introspector. Mark given? doesn’t pay attention when is in a state of a the instructor gives her balanced comments. awareness. Tin is a seeker. b. Mark is a leader who knows who he is and seeks out the opinions of others for Phil focuses on feedback. conforming to others without x c. Phil makes sure to agree considering what with what his friends want would be good for even if it puts him in trouble. him. d. Tin doesn’t excel in any sport, and it gets her frustrated easily. 9. Question Single Choice Explanation Self-concept is by a. After watching himself on x The information nature, subjective. video, Leroy listens to others’ we have about Which statement feedback on his performance ourselves comes shows this? in the play. from different perceptions, b. Anne thought she was not making it very good in dancing, but after subjective. months of practice, she was able to dance gracefully 52  already. c. Carl considers his experiences in his former school, as well as his goals in the future when discerning about what course to take in college today. d. Ramona knows who she is, so she can communicate herself and what she wants well to others. 10. Question Single Choice Explanation Which statement is a. Others will be more A very high true of people comfortable in giving that evaluation of having very high person constructive oneself may result self-esteem? feedback. in the individual being biased about b. Tasks are easily achieved himself, focusing because of this. only on his positive traits. This can c. Maturity comes along also prevent him easily compared to others. from taking in d. It can distort one’s x feedback from knowledge about oneself. others. 53  Quiz LESSON 2: Discovering My Uniqueness *PART 1: I. Knowledge [Items 1-3. Simple recall of information presented] 1. Question Single Choice Ans Explanation Wilderdom Who said, “No two a. Herodotus mentioned that persons are born x Plato once said exactly alike; but b. Plato that “ No two each differs from c. Socrates persons are born the other in exactly alike; but natural d. Aristotle each differs from endowments, one the other in being suited for natural one occupation endowments, one and the other for being suited for another.”? one occupation and the other for another. 2. Question Single Choice Explanation The conditions for Which among the a. attention effective modeling following is not a x are attention, condition for b. revision retention, effective modeling? c. motivation reproduction, and motivation. d. retention 3. Question Single Choice Explanation What concept a. determination Bandura also explains that the emphasized that behavior of a b. attention the person’s person and the x behavior and the c. reciprocal determinism 54 world cause each world cause each d. reciprocal extremism other? other. This means that when a certain behavior is imitated by another, this can cause a chain reaction in which other people will begin to imitate this behavior until it becomes a habit or accepted by many. II. Process [Items 4-8. Comprehension, Application; may refer to Bloom’s Taxonomy] 4. Question Single Choice Ans. Explanation Which among the a. blogging This is the answer following is the since journal method that b. tweeting writing is a form of promotes the self-expression c. vlogging highest level of without the access confidentiality? x provided to any d. journal writing other person. On the other hand, the other three options are also for of self- expression but since it is done online, some other people can readily have an access to it. Thus, confidentiality may 55  not be fully secured. 5. Question Single Choice Explanation The aim of What is the main a. To promote studying individual focus of studying classification of people differences is to individual b. To promote see and explain differences? segregation of people that people are not based on acceptable created equally. qualities Their differences should not be used c. To isolate people with to isolate them but negative qualities rather to x understand how d. To understand the these differences distinctions among can contribute to people becoming more sensitive to the needs of different people, bridge the communication gap, be a source of learning in solving problems, and a source of inspiration for change and acceptance. 6. Question Single Choice Explanation Experiences are Why is learning a. An ordinary x personal, but there considered as a conversation can be a are many things social activity? source of learning. that people can b. It makes use of learn by listening textbooks. to the personal experiences, c. Only qualified people 56  can teach. characteristics, and habits of others. d. It is limited to the Learning is classroom setting. considered as a social activity since it involves both the formal and informal methods of gaining knowledge from others. It is not limited to a structured setting like a classroom. Whenever there is interaction among people, there is learning. A simple conversation can serve as a spark into acquiring knowledge. 7. Question Single choice Explanation Which is an a. women holding office x More and more example of a women are given a behavior that was b. abortion chance to hold unacceptable important c. living-in with a partner before but is positions. Also, the due to poverty acceptable now in society does not the Philippine d. a 40-year old man with find it wrong if a setting? a 17-year old girlfriend woman finishes college and has a career. The other choices are deemed unacceptable before by the 57  Philippine society and this position still holds. Part III: Application and HOTS questions 8. Question Multiple Choice Ans. Explanation These are the Which of these a. Lack of writing materials answers since it statements are the x takes time to write prime reasons why b. Not all people like to write down the entries in people do not have c. Maintaining a diary is a a diary and also journals? waste of time many people are x not into writing. d. Lack of time to write 9. Question Single Choice Explanation Which one is not a. It records good ideas The first three an advantage of options show how keeping a journal? b. It is a tool to maintain useful journal mental health writing is as a tool c. It helps in developing a of self-expression. habit On the other hand, x one possible risk d. It aims to divulge sensitive information associated with it is that other people who may have access in such documents may divulge highly sensitive and too personal information of the 58  owner. 10. Question Single choice Explanation Who is most likely a. Albert Bandura x This is the answer to attribute because Albert imitation as a form b. Charles Horton Cooley Bandura's learning of learning? theory focused on c. Shelley Duval the importance of d. Plato having someone to observe and be able to imitate the performance. He believed that learning occurs through imitation. The other options are also theorist but did not focus on the importance of having a model to mimic in order for learning to occur. 59