Man and the Environment: Noise and Solid Waste PDF

0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 5: NOISE POLLUTION DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE SOUND Sound is a pressure wave Level of sound is measured using Decibel (Db) NOISE POLLUTION It is the disturbing or excessive sound that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life Sound be...

0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 5: NOISE POLLUTION DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE SOUND Sound is a pressure wave Level of sound is measured using Decibel (Db) NOISE POLLUTION It is the disturbing or excessive sound that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as sleeping, conversation, or disrupts or diminishes one’s quality of life. Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological health. NOISE POLLUTION Major community noise sources: Transportation Aircrafts Vehicles Trains Construction noise Industrial processing (machines) Recreation & sports IMPACT OF NOISE ON HUMAN HEALTH https://www.healthline.com/health/noise-induced-hearing-loss SAFE EXPOSURE TIMES Exposure Time dB Instantaneous permanent damage 140+ Less than one second 130 Less than ten seconds 120 Threshold of pain 1.5 minutes 110 15 minutes 100 2.5 hours 90 8 hours 85 Prolonged exposure to noise levels 85dB and 80 higher can result in permanent hearing loss. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Common noise levels (dB) 0 https://www.westone.com/ NOISE CONTROL TECHNIQUES Fundamental concepts to control noise: Reduce noise at the source Block or Increase the path of noise Protect the recipient SOME SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION Regular servicing of automobiles. Servicing and lubrication of machinery. Planting around sound generating sources. Buildings with suitable noise absorbing materials. Soundproof doors and windows in construction. Hearing protection equipment for workers. Regulations to restrict the usage of loudspeakers in public places. Social awareness programs to educate the public about noise pollution. NOISE POLLUTION AFFECTING MARINE ANIMALS In recent decades, the level of marine noise pollution has increased significantly due to the intensification of fishing, shipping, and infrastructure development. https://wildwhales.org/threats/underwater-noise/ THANKS 11 0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: SOLID WASTE I DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE SOLID WASTE Solid waste is useless and sometimes hazardous material with low liquid content. - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Solid waste can be considered as that material which has no further useful purpose and is discarded. **however, it may be of value to some other party - United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Solid wastes are typically categorized by the sector of the economy responsible for producing them 2  SOLID WASTE CATEGORIES Mining waste - large amounts of rock and soil need to be removed to get to the valuable ore - This waste material is generally left on the surface at the mine site - Difficult to get vegetation to grow on these piles of waste rock https://www.layfieldgroup.com/ 3 SOLID WASTE CATEGORIES Agricultural waste waste from the raising of animals and the harvesting and processing of crops and trees 4 SOLID WASTE CATEGORIES Industrial solid waste It includes a wide variety of materials such as demolition waste, scraps from manufacturing processes, ash from combustion 5 SOLID WASTE CATEGORIES Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of all the materials that people in a region no longer want because they are broken, spoiled, or have no further use. It includes waste from households, commercial establishments, institutions 6  WHAT IS THE GLOBAL MSW PROFILE? “Kaza, Silpa; et. al. 2018. What a Waste 2.0 : A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Urban Development;. Washington, DC: 7 World Bank.  HOW MUCH DOES THE WORLD PRODUCE? “Kaza, Silpa; et. al. 2018. What a Waste 2.0 : A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Urban Development;. Washington, DC: 8 World Bank. WHAT’S THE STORY CLOSER TO HOME? 9 https://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-for-good/you-dump-25kg-of-garbage-daily-where-do-you-think-it-goes  PUBLIC HEALTH RISKS OF IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTE Waste is a breeding and harboring ground for disease carriers: insects, flies, mosquitoes, rodents This includes food waste, especially in moist warm conditions, and non-food waste (e.g. containers, boxes) which may retain moisture and becomes ideal breeding places. Diseases include Typhoid, Cholera, Malaria, Hepatitis, Yellow Fever, Dysentery, Gastroenteritis, etc. 10  PUBLIC HEALTH RISKS OF IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTE Waste pickers exist in developing economies. Occupational hazards: contact with sharp objects such as syringes, hospital wastes and other hazardous waste. 11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF IMPROPER DISPOSAL OF WASTE Water contamination (Surface & Groundwater) Loss of aesthetics and landscaping Air pollution (odor emissions, harmful gases, greenhouse gases, trace gases) 12 PLASTIC IN THE OCEAN 13 https://www.eunomia.co.uk/reports-tools/plastics-in-the-marine-environment/ PLASTIC IN THE OCEAN 14 PLASTIC IN THE OCEAN 15 THANKS 16 0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 6: SOLID WASTE II DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Activities associated with solid waste management are: 1.Generation of the solid waste 2.Handling & storage at source 3.Collection 4.Transfer & transport 5.Processing 6.Disposal 2  1. WASTE GENERATION Waste generation varies with each individual. Waste generation is, at present, an activity that is not very controllable. 3 2. WASTE HANDLING AND STORAGE AT SOURCE Waste handling involve the activities associated with managing wastes until placed in storage containers for collection. On-site storage is of primary importance because of public health concerns and aesthetic considerations. 4 3. COLLECTION Collection includes: 1) Gathering of solid wastes and recyclable materials, and 2) Transport to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied, i.e., materials-processing facility, transfer station, or landfill. 5 4. TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT Transfer & transport involves: (1) Transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment, and (2) Subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distances, to a processing or disposal site. 6 5. PROCESSING OF WASTE Processing include separation of waste into its different categories (e.g., paper, plastics, glass, metals) 7 6. DISPOSAL In the past, the favored means of disposal was simply to dump solid wastes away from the city or village limits the dump was often burned in the open Burning Landfills In the past, it was common practice to burn the waste in the open to reduce the volume. Today essentially, five techniques are used: (1) landfills, (2) incineration, (3) composting (4) source reduction (5) recycling. 8 6. DISPOSAL 1. Landfill - A modern landfill is not a dump site. - It is a method of disposing of solid wastes within the earth without creating public health hazards or nuisances. Selection of landfill sites is based on understanding of: (1) geological conditions (2) citizen’s concern (resistance due to concern of contamination and diseases) 9 6. DISPOSAL 1. Landfill Leachate is a liquid that forms at the bottom of a landfill which contains a variety of chemicals from reactions occurring within landfill. Landfill gas is the mixture of gases found within a landfill. Consists mostly of methane (CH4) Landfill leachate and landfill gas need to be monitored and properly managed to avoid environmental contamination 10  6. DISPOSAL 2. Incineration Incineration is the process of burning waste in a controlled manner. Enables energy recovery and produce electricity (waste-to-energy process). Incineration also reduces the volume of waste dramatically (up to 90%) Bottom Ash 11 6. DISPOSAL 2. Incineration 12 6. DISPOSAL 2. Incineration The major concerns with incinerators are: their cost, the relatively high degree of sophistication needed to operate them safely and economically, and public concerns of their safety (air emissions & toxicity of bottom ash) 13 6. DISPOSAL 3. Composting Composting is the process of allowing natural decomposition processes to transform organic materials (e.g. grass clippings, leaves, food waste, or soiled paper)—into compost, a nutrient rich soil-like material https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDIVpJgjoXQ&ab_channel=UrbanGardening Large scale Facility composting 14 6. DISPOSAL 4. Source reduction Focuses on reducing the volume and/or toxicity of generated waste. Source reduction can be practiced by everybody. Consumers can participate by buying less or using products more efficiently (Reusing products). Commercial Sector o Redesign its manufacturing processes to reduce the amount of waste generated in production o Reuse items for example sometimes waste product from one industry can be used as a raw material in another industry o Redesign products by increasing their durability, substituting less toxic materials, or increasing product effectiveness 15 6. DISPOSAL 4. Source reduction REDUCE & REUSE EXAMPLE 16 https://www.greenerscotland.org/reduce-reuse-recycle/reducing-your-waste  6. DISPOSAL 4. Source reduction REDUCE & REUSE EXAMPLES Poortinga, W. and Whitaker, L., 2018. Promoting the use of reusable coffee cups through environmental messaging, the provision of alternatives and financial incentives. Sustainability, 10(3), p.873. 17 6. DISPOSAL 4. Source reduction REUSE EXAMPLES 18 6. DISPOSAL 5. Recycling Recycling is the most positively perceived and doable of all the waste management practices. The benefits of recycling include: Saves resources Lessens the need for landfill space Lessens the need for volume of waste to be incinerated Job creation Challenges of recycling mainly include plastic waste: - Due to different types of chemicals in many plastics - Recycled plastics are generally 19 of poorer quality THANKS 20 0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 7: FOOD PRODUCTION & THE ENVIRONMENT DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE FOOD FOR THE WORLD More than 1 billion people work in agriculture to grow crops on about 38% of the earth’s ice-free land. They produce more than enough food to meet the basic nutritional needs of every person on the earth. 2 FOOD SECURITY Food security is the condition under which all or most of the people in a population have daily access to enough nutritious food to live active and healthy lives. Food insecurity—living with chronic hunger and poor nutrition, which threatens their ability to lead healthy and productive lives 3 FOOD INSECURITY PRACTICES 4 FOOD INSECURITY 5 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES Traditional agriculture uses energy from the sun with the labor of humans and animals to produce enough crops for a farm family’s survival, with little left over to sell or store Industrialized agriculture: - uses heavy equipment -large amounts of financial capital, fossil fuels, water, commercial inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides 6  ANIMAL PRODUCTS/FARMING Aquaculture or fish farming Industrialized milk production Poultry operations 7 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Biodiversity loss Conversion of grasslands, forests, and wetlands to agricultural land 8 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Soil quality problems Topsoil (fertile nutrient rich portion of soil) erosion 9 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Water pollution Pollution from toxic pesticides Nutrient enrichment and growth of algae 10 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Air pollution Emissions of greenhouse gases https://climatescience.org/advanced-emissions-by-source 11 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Human health effects Pesticide residues in water, food, and air 12 THANKS 13 0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 7: FOOD PRODUCTION & THE ENVIRONMENT DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE FOOD FOR THE WORLD More than 1 billion people work in agriculture to grow crops on about 38% of the earth’s ice-free land. They produce more than enough food to meet the basic nutritional needs of every person on the earth. 2 FOOD SECURITY Food security is the condition under which all or most of the people in a population have daily access to enough nutritious food to live active and healthy lives. Food insecurity—living with chronic hunger and poor nutrition, which threatens their ability to lead healthy and productive lives 3 FOOD INSECURITY PRACTICES 4 FOOD INSECURITY 5 AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES Traditional agriculture uses energy from the sun with the labor of humans and animals to produce enough crops for a farm family’s survival, with little left over to sell or store Industrialized agriculture: - uses heavy equipment -large amounts of financial capital, fossil fuels, water, commercial inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides 6  ANIMAL PRODUCTS/FARMING Aquaculture or fish farming Industrialized milk production Poultry operations 7 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Biodiversity loss Conversion of grasslands, forests, and wetlands to agricultural land 8 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Soil quality problems Topsoil (fertile nutrient rich portion of soil) erosion 9 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Water pollution Pollution from toxic pesticides Nutrient enrichment and growth of algae 10 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Air pollution Emissions of greenhouse gases https://climatescience.org/advanced-emissions-by-source 11 IMPACTS OF FOOD PRODUCTION Large scale industrial food production has many impacts: Human health effects Pesticide residues in water, food, and air 12 THANKS 13 0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 8: POPULATION & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE HUMAN POPULATION: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE More than 7.7 billion people inhabit Earth; close to 60% live in just 10 countries 2 HUMAN POPULATION: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE 3 HUMAN POPULATION: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Population growth rate The change in population size over time that takes into account the number of births and deaths Population growth rate = birth rate – death rate Zero population growth: The absence of population growth; occurs when birth rates equal death rates. 4 HUMAN POPULATION: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE Carrying capacity: the maximum population size that a given environment can support Depends on – -Resources available - Rate of resource consumption When a population’s size exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment, that environment is said to be overpopulated. 5 HUMAN POPULATION: IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT The Ecological Footprint Concept The land area needed to provide the resources for, and assimilate the waste of, a person or population. https://globalchange.umich.edu/ 6 HUMAN POPULATION: IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Most of the more-developed countries of the world have a much larger ecological footprint per person. For example, Japan has a highly developed economy but few resources. Thus, it must import most of the materials it need 7 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development: Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to do the same. 8 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development: Eliminate poverty by 2030; implement policies that are “pro-poor” 9 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development: End hunger and all forms of malnutrition; double the agricultural productivity of small-scale farmers 10 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development: Provide access to clean water and adequate sanitation for all; reduce water pollution; Reduce water wastage strengthen the ability of local communities to reach these goals. 11 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Sustainable development: Produce national and international policies to reduce future climate change; take steps to address climate change that has occurred or will inevitably occur; establish a monetary fund to help developing countries respond. 12 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT For more information: https://sdgs.un.org/goals 13 THANKS 14 0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 9: ENERGY USE DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE FOSSIL FUELS Fossil fuels are the modified remains of plants, animals, and microorganisms that lived millions of years ago Once these resources are used up, they cannot be replaced: Non -renewable Based on physical state they can be classified into Natural gas (gas ), petroleum (liquid) and coal (solid) Mixtures of hydrogen and carbon - hydrocarbons 2 FOSSIL FUELS www.eia.gov 3 FOSSIL FUELS www.eia.gov 4 FOSSIL FUELS The role of automobile & the industrial revolution The growth of the automobile industry, led to roadway construction, which required energy. As roads improved, higher speeds were possible. Bigger and faster cars required more fuel and even better roads. More cars meant more jobs in the automobile industry, the steel industry, the glass industry, and hundreds of other industries. Constructing thousands of kilometers of roads created additional jobs. Thus, the automobile industry played a major role in the economic development of the industrialized world. 5 FOSSIL FUELS The car also altered people’s lifestyles. - Travel greater distances - Live farther from work - Cities expanded Energy demanding Lifestyle 6 TYPES OF ENERGY USE Residential and Commercial Energy Use The residential sector includes single-family homes and multi-family housing The commercial sector includes government facilities, service-providing facilities and equipment, and other public and private organizations Industrial Energy Use Industrial customers’ facilities and equipment use electricity for processing, producing, or assembling goods, including such diverse industries as manufacturing, mining, agriculture, and construction. Transportation Energy Use 7  ISSUES RELATED TO FOSSIL FUEL USE The three nonrenewable fossil-fuel resources—coal, oil, and natural gas—supply over 80 % of the energy consumed worldwide. Coal use: Coal has to be mined from the surface -Mining cause landscape disturbance -Extraction process releases acidic water – - Coal has sulfur, - During mining process, water mixes with sulfur and oxygen to form sulfuric acid - Called as Acid mine drainage -Burning coal leads to air pollution 8  ISSUES RELATED TO FOSSIL FUEL USE Oil use: Once a source of oil has been located, the greatest technological problems involve techniques used to extract the oil and transport it to the surface. Another major issue is that of oil spills during processing, transportation and use of oil Air pollution problems from burning oil 9  ISSUES RELATED TO FOSSIL FUEL USE Natural gas use: Of the three fossil fuels, natural gas is the least disruptive to the environment Except for the danger of an explosion or fire, natural gas poses no harm to the environment during transport. Since it is clean burning, it causes almost no air pollution. The products of its combustion are carbon dioxide and water. 10 NUCLEAR POWER Although nuclear power does not come from a fossil fuel, it is fueled by uranium that is obtained by mining. Like fossil fuels, uranium is nonrenewable. Nuclear Chain Reaction 11 NUCLEAR POWER Challenges with Nuclear power use: - Need to ensure protection from radiation for public and workers - Reactor design has to ensure safety to avoid accidents - Disposal of nuclear waste is a problem Barakah Nuclear Power Plant 12 THANKS 13 0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 10: RENEWABLE ENERGY DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE RENEWABLE ENERGY Energy from sources that are replenished over short time scales or that are perpetually available 2  RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable Energy as a Share of Total Energy Consumption (World 2011) Source: Data from International Energy Agency 87% is from nonrenewable fossil fuels and nuclear power. Renewable energy sources provide 13% 3 SOLAR POWER Solar power Energy harnessed from the Sun in the form of heat or light Photovoltaic (PV) cell A technology that converts solar energy directly into electricity 4 SOLAR POWER 5 WIND POWER Wind power: Energy contained in the motion of air across Earth’s surface 6 WIND POWER 7 HYDROELECTRIC POWER Flowing water has energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. This is called hydroelectric power, or hydropower. The most common type of hydroelectric power plant uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity 8  HYDROELECTRIC POWER The potential for developing hydroelectric power is best in mountainous regions and large river valleys. Environmental Issues flooding of vast areas of land, much of it previously forested or used for agriculture. Dams also alter the migration patterns of fish and often prevent fish from migrating upstream to spawn. 9 GEOTHERMAL POWER Geothermal energy Heat stored underground, contained in either rocks or fluids. Geothermal power plant A large-scale facility that captures steam produced from Earth’s internal heat to turn turbines, which generate electricity. 10  BIOMASS CONVERSION Biomass energy: Energy from biological material such as plants (wood, charcoal, crops) and animal waste. Major Types of Biomass Wood wood is still the primary source of energy for nearly half of the world’s population. In these regions, the primary use of wood is for cooking 11 BIOMASS CONVERSION Major Types of Biomass Municipal wastes To use municipal solid waste to produce energy requires that the waste be sorted to separate the burnable (organic) material Crop residues and animal wastes 12 BIOMASS CONVERSION Major Types of Biomass Energy plantations Many crops can be grown for the purpose of energy production only Crops that have been used for energy include, sugarcane, corn, sugar beets, grains, kelp, palm oil, and many others. Palm oil Plantation 13 BIOMASS CONVERSION Environmental Issues Habitat and biodiversity loss: destruction of much forest land in Asia and Africa and has hastened the rate of desertification in these regions Destroying natural ecosystems to plant sugarcane, grains, palm oil, or other plants can reduce the biodiversity of a region Air pollution: Burning wood releases high amount of smoke which cause respiratory illness Effects on food production: conversion of land from food crops to energy crops can impact food production 14 THANKS 15 0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 11: GREEN BUILDING DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE IMPACTS OF CURRENT CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) indicates that buildings use approximately 40% of the world's energy and generate around 30 % of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. 2 GREEN BUILDING Construction and operational designs that promote resource and energy efficiency and provide a better environment for occupants. Achieved through the practice of : (1) increasing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water, and materials, (2) reducing building impacts on human health and the environment, through better design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal—the complete building life cycle 3 LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS Life cycle analysis (LCA) is the evaluation of the environmental, economic, and social impacts of a product or service. In the context of green buildings, LCA considers a full range of impacts throughout a building’s life cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition Some major environmental impacts considered are: -solid waste generated in its extraction, use, and disposal; -air and water pollution associated with it; -and its global-warming potential. 4 GREEN BUILDING 5 GREEN BUILDING TOOLS Use the sun for lighting and heat and produce electricity Reducing energy consumption Increase green surfaces Reducing water use, and reuse treated wastewater Natural ventilation Locating buildings close to services and public transport Reduce the environmental impacts of the building Reuse non-toxic construction materials Use local building material Effective thermal insulation 6 GREEN BUILDING TOOLS 7  GREEN BUILDING CERTIFICATION Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is one of the most popular green building certification programs used worldwide. Developed by the non-profit U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). It includes a set of rating systems for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of green buildings and projects. A building receives a standard, silver, gold, or platinum rating based on a variety of criteria It aims to help building owners and operators be environmentally responsible and use resources efficiently. 8  GREEN BUILDINGS New Balance World Headquarters – Boston LEED Gold LEED Platinum Beeah Group, Sharjah www.eponline.com LEED Platinum 9 THANKS 10 0401-142 MAN AND THE ENVIRONMENT TOPIC 12: ENVIRONMENTAL RISK & EIA DR. SHORJO BHATTACHARJEE MAKING DECISIONS Most decisions related to environmental issues involve characterizing the risks incurred by people and other living things and evaluating the cost of taking action to eliminate the risk as well as the cost of doing nothing 2 MAKING DECISIONS 3 RISK ASSESSMENT VS PERCEPTION Risk Assessment: The use of scientific data to estimate the probability of harm to people or the environment from certain environmental factors/conditions/chemicals Risk Perception: -Risks as seen/perceived by the public -Perceptions of risk as seen by an engineer or scientist familiar with the scientific data are very different from individuals living next to a toxic waste site! ASSESSMENT 4 RISK PERCEPTION Scientists/ Regulatory authorities 5 RISK MANAGEMENT Risk Management: A decision-making process that involves using the results of risk assessment & perception to select appropriate actions to minimize or eliminate the risk. Environment Impact Assessment as a Risk Management Tool 6 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) EIA is the process used to predict, assess, mitigate and follow-up on the consequences of human actions on the environment. It is intended as a proactive planning and management tool that can enable environmental protection, and can provide a platform for meaningful public participation and engagement in decision making. Benefits of EIA Sustainable use of natural resources. Reduced project costs and delays. Minimized risks of environmental disasters. Increased protection of human health and public interest & well-being. KEY PLAYERS Proponent or the developer of the work: requests the authorization to make it and justifies the choice through the production of the EIA. Public administration or the Stakeholders involved in EIA licensing authority: verifies the adequacy of the project and evaluates the EIA submitted by the proposer. Population involved: both directly Authority and through representatives of political parties, associations, their delegates or consultants involved in various ways in the decision to reject, approve or request changes to the EIA study. POTENTIAL PROJECTS Projects that may require an EIA include: Projects located in or close to protected areas, or areas that are environmentally or ecologically sensitive. Establishment of any activities, facilities, and works on islands and coastal zones. Reclamation/landfill operations on coastlines and island edges. Projects that may affect the historical, archaeological, entertainment, scientific, cultural and service character of adjacent areas. Hospitals/health facilities, including laboratories & medical incinerators. Civil Projects, including dams & reservoirs, major settlement & urban development, industrial facilities, energy & mineral extraction, waste management & disposal, and energy development. EIA PROCESS What issues and impacts should the EIA address? Developer prepares a report which evaluates impacts and assesses mitigation strategies According to commitments made and laws established https://www.gov.scot/ THANKS 11