Unit 3 Study Guide PDF

## Unit 3 Study Guide ### Complete the table below: | TERM | DEFINITION | EXAMPLE | |---|---|---| | Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space | • Elephant | | Pure Substance | Made of 1 kind of atom or multiple in definite ratios | • H₂O • Oxygen | | Mixture | No definite ratio | • Air •...

## Unit 3 Study Guide ### Complete the table below: | TERM | DEFINITION | EXAMPLE | |---|---|---| | Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space | • Elephant | | Pure Substance | Made of 1 kind of atom or multiple in definite ratios | • H₂O • Oxygen | | Mixture | No definite ratio | • Air • Blood | | Homogeneous Mixture | Uniform composition | • Brass • Vinegar | | Heterogeneous Mixture | NON-uniform composition | • Fruit Salad • Oil + Water | | Element | Made of 1 kind of atom | • Carbon • Nitrogen | | Compound | Fixed composition, can be broken down into elements | • Sugar • Salt | ### Create a flowchart using the terms above: ``` Matter | | ----------------------------------------------------------- | | Mixtures Pure Substances | | ------------------------------ ------------------- | | | | Homogeneous Heterogeneous Element Compound ``` ### List FOUR Chemical Properties and FOUR Physical Properties of Matter **Chemical Properties:** 1. Flammability 2. Toxicity 3. PH 4. Reactivity **Physical Properties:** 1. Color 2. Length 3. Mass 4. Volume 5. Hardness 6. Luster 7. Malleability 8. Ductility ### Draw a diagram that shows the basic physical changes that the states of matter undergo (from solid-liquid-gas) ``` Condensation | | Evaporation | | | -------------------------- | | Sublimation Freezing | | | | | | | | -------------------------- Melting ``` ### List FOUR Chemical Changes and FOUR Physical Changes of Matter: **Chemical Changes** 1. Combustion 2. Rusting 3. Digestion 4. Burning **Physical Changes** 1. Melting 2. Boiling water 3. Breaking glass 4. Crushing a can ### Indicate the 5 Postulates to DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY: 1. All matter is made up of atoms. 2. Atoms of the same element are identical. 3. Atoms of different elements are different. 4. Atoms of different elements can combine to form compounds. 5. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. ### Complete the table below about the scientists that contributed to the understanding of the atom: | Scientist | Contribution to the Atom | Experiment | Image of the Atom | |---|---|---|---| | Democritus (Ancient Greece) | Defined an atom. | Observations | O | | Ernest Rutherford (Early 1900's) | Discovered Nucleus | Gold Foil Experiment | O | | John Dalton (Early 1800's) | Atomic Theory | Observations of Chemical reactions | O| | J.J. Thomson (Late 1800's) | Discovered electrons | Cathode Ray Tube | - | | Mendelev (Mid 1800's) | 1st Periodic Table arranged by mass | X | X| | Neils Bohr (Early 1900's) | Model of Atom with ALL electrons | X | X | | Gilbert Newton Lewis (Early 1900's) | Structure of Atom with VALENCE electrons | X | H | ### Draw an atom and label the following; NUCLEUS, PROTON, NEUTRON, ELECTRON ``` e- | | | | | ------------------ | | | PN | | Nucleus | | | -------------- | | | | | Electron ``` ### Draw a block from the periodic table and indicate what each piece represents ``` Atomic # 1 H Hydrogen 1.008 Element Symbol Element Name Avg. Atomic Mass ``` ### Be able to explain the attributes of each of the subatomic particles: **PROTONS** * Charge: +1 * Mass: 1 amu * Location: Nucleus * What it can affect for the atom: Identity and mass **NEUTRONS** * Charge: 0 * Mass: 1 amu * Location: Nucleus * What it can affect for the atom: mass **ELECTRONS** * Charge: -1 * Mass: 0 * Location: Electron cloud * What it can affect for the atom: charge ### If an atom gains or loses PROTONS, the atom will become a **New Element**. ### If an atom gains or loses NEUTRONS, the atom will become an **Isotope**. ### If an atom gains or loses ELECTRONS, the atom will become an **Ion**. * If it LOSES electrons, it has a **POSITIVE** charge. * We call this a **cation** * Mg²⁺ = magnesium ion * H⁺ = Hydrogen ion * Ba²⁺= Barium ion * If it GAINS electrons, it has a **NEGATIVE** charge. * We call this an **Anion** * N³⁻= Nitride * Cl⁻= Chloride * I⁻= Iodide ### Describe the 3 trends of the periodic table discussed in class: * **Atomic Radii:** * INC * DEC * **Metallic Properties:** * INC * DEC * **Ionization Energy:** * INC * DEC ### The majority of the periodic table is made up of what type of elements? (Metals, Non-Metals, Semimetals) Explain your answer. Metals. After analyzing the different sections on the periodic table, it's easy to see only a few elements are non-metals (including Halogens and Noble Gases) and semi-Metals. The rest are metals (Alkali, Alkaline-Earth, Transition, Basic, Lanthanides + Actinides). ### What are some observations that a chemical change has occurred? List at least 5. 1. Bubbles 2. Odor 3. Color change 4. Temperature change 5. Precipitate forms ### Draw the Bohr Model and the Lewis Dot Structure for the following elements: **Calcium:** - Bohr Model: ``` Ca | | -------------- | | | 2, 8, 2 | | | -------------- ``` - Lewis Dot Structure: ``` Ca: ``` **Chlorine:** - Bohr Model: ``` Cl | | | -------------- | | | 2, 8, 7 | | | -------------- ``` - Lewis Dot Structure: ``` *Cl: ``` **Sodium:** - Bohr Model: ``` Na | | -------------- | | | 2, 8, 1 | | | -------------- ``` - Lewis Dot Structure: ``` Na. ``` ### Complete the chart below. The following contains neutral unreacted atoms, isotopes, and ions. Be sure to remember the following: Atomic # = # of Protons Mass # = # of Protons + # of Neutrons Protons = Electrons when the net charge is zero | Atomic # | Mass # | # p | # e | # n° | charge | Symbol | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | 14 | 30 | 14 | 10 | 16 | +4 | ₃₀¹⁴Si⁺⁴ | | 33 | 75 | 33 | 36 | 42 | -3 | ₇₅³³As⁻³ | | 51 | 130 | 51 | 54 | 79 | -3 | ¹³⁰₅¹Sb⁻³ | | 99 | 252 | 99 | 96 | 153| +3 | ²⁵²₉⁹Es⁺³ | | 82 | 208 | 82 | 80 | 126 | +2 | ²⁰⁸₈₂Pb⁺² | | 52 | 128 | 52 | 54 | 76 | -2 | ¹²⁸₅₂Te⁻² | | 48 | 113 | 48 | 49 | 65 | -1 | ¹¹³₄₈Cd⁻¹ | | 42 | 98 | 42 | 36 | 56 | +6 | ⁹⁸₄₂Mo⁺⁶ | | 7 | 17 | 7 | 10 | 10 | -3 | ¹⁷₇N⁻³ | | 83 | 209 | 83 | 78 | 126 | +5 | ²⁰⁹₈₃Bi⁺⁵ | | 46 | 110 | 46 | 46 | 64 | 0 | ¹¹⁰₄₆Pd | | 50 | 124 | 50 | 46 | 74 | +4 | ¹²⁴₅₀Sn⁺⁴ | | 35 | 79 | 35 | 36 | 44 | -1 | ⁷⁹₃₅Br⁻¹ | | 60 | 148 | 60 | 58 | 88 | +2 | ¹⁴⁸₆₀Nd⁺²|