neurobiological.pdf

NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR Neurons and Glial Cells, Synapses, Neurotransmitters, and Action Potential  2 1. DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  3 Want big impact? USE BIG IMAGE.  4 2. NEURONS, SYNAPSES, NEURO...

NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASES OF BEHAVIOR Neurons and Glial Cells, Synapses, Neurotransmitters, and Action Potential  2 1. DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM  3 Want big impact? USE BIG IMAGE.  4 2. NEURONS, SYNAPSES, NEUROTRANSMITTERS, GLIAL CELLS  Classification of Neurons 5 SENSORY NEURONS get info about what’s going on inside and outside of the body an d b rin g th at in fo in to th e Central NS so it can be processed. MOTOR NEURONS get info from other neurons and convey commands to muscles, organs and glands  Classification of Neurons 6 INTERNEURONS found only in the Central NS connect one neuron to another receive info from other neurons a n d t ra n s m i t i n f o t o o t h e r neurons mo st n u mero u s ; in vo l ved in processing info  Classification of Neurons 7 UNIPOLAR characterized by one primary projection that serves as both the axon and the dendrites Unipolar neurons are typically sensory neurons with receptors located within the skin, joints, muscles, and internal organs.  Classification of Neurons 8 BIPOLAR have axons that transmit signals from the cell body going to the brain and the spinal cord, and dendrites that send signals from the body organs to the cell body relatively rare (receptor organs of visual and auditory systems)  Classification of Neurons 9 MULTIPOLAR has a cell body, a long axon, and short dendrites motor neurons and interneurons are mostly multipolar  Basic Functions of a Neuron 10 1. Receive signals (or info) 2. Integrate incoming signals (to determine whether or not the info should be passed along) 3. Communicate signals to target cells (other neurons or muscles or glands)  Parts of a Neuron 11 DENDRITES receives messages from other cells attached to the cell body of soma CELL BODY or SOMA contains the nucleus and keeps th e entire cel l al ive and functioning  Parts of a Neuron 12 AXON a fiber attached to the soma carries messages to other cells MYELIN SHEATH the insulating substance that covers the axon of fe rs a little protection from d a m a ge a n d s p e e d s u p t h e neural message traveling down the axon  Parts of a Neuron 13 NODES of RANVIER p e rio d ic ga p s in t h e m ye l in sheath on the axon that facilitates ra p i d c o n d u c t i o n o f n e r v e impulses AXON TERMINALS long, slender nerve fibers that conduct electrical signals to a nerve synapse  Parts of a Neuron 14 SYNAPTIC KNOBS sometimes called the terminal buttons knobs found at the tips of the axon terminals has a number of little saclike stru ctu res in it cal l ed th e synaptic vesicles which contain chemicals  Synapse 15 SYNAPSE neuron-to-neuron connections made onto the dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons. the sites at which information is carried from the first neuron, the presynaptic neuron, to the target neuron, the postsynaptic neuron.  Synaptic Connections 16 NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS th e s yn aptic co n n e ctio n s between neurons and skeletal muscle cells NEUROEFFECTOR JUNCTIONS th e s yn aptic co n n e ctio n s between neurons and smooth muscle cells or glands  Neurotransmitters 17 are chemical messengers in the body transmit signals from nerve cells to target cells (muscles, glands, other nerves) types of action: excitatory and inhibitory  Neurotransmitters 18 AGONISTS ANTAGONISTS are chemical substances that are chemical substances that can mimic or enhance the block or reduce a cell’s effects of a neurotransmitter response to the action of other on the receptor sites of the cell chemicals or which results to an increase or neurotransmitters decrease in the activity of that Example: beta-blockers receiving cell that control high blood pressure  Neurotransmitters 19 ACETYLCHOLINE triggers muscle contractions stimulates some hormones controls heartbeat important role in brain function and memory excitatory  Neurotransmitters 20 DOPAMINE important in memory, learning, b e h a v i o r, a n d m o v e m e n t coordination pleasure or reward neurotransmitter Both excitatory and inhibitory  Neurotransmitters 21 ENDORPHINS inhibit pain signals and create an energized, euphoric feeling body’s natural pain relievers inhibitory “runner’s high” and laughter – release of endorphins  Neurotransmitters 22 EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE) involved in the body’s “fight or flight” response – released into the bloodstream to prepare your body for dangerous situations by increasing heart rate, BP, glucose production Both a hormone and an excitatory neurotransmitter  Neurotransmitters 23 GABA Gamma-aminobutyric acid mood regulator; has an inhibitory action which stops neurons from being overexcited regulates sleep-wake cycles inhibitory  Neurotransmitters 24 SEROTONIN helps regulate mood, appetite, blood clotting, sleep, and the body’s circadian rhythm inhibitory plays a roles in depression and a n x i e t y – S S R I s c a n r e l i e ve depres s ion by increas ing serotonin levels  Neurotransmitters 25 GLUTAMATE involved in learning and long-term memory excitatory overstimulation: migraines and seizures ACTION POTENTIAL 26 » Neuron is excited into firing an impulse (incoming signals may be excitatory or inhibitory). » The nerve impulse (or action potential) is conducted down the axon and reaches the axon terminals which triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell. » Neurotransmitters bind to membrane receptors on the postsynaptic cell, conveying an excitatory or inhibitory signal. REUPTAKE 27 » This is the process where neurotransmitters have to get o u t o f t h e re ce pt o r si t e s before the next stimulation can occur and end up back in the synaptic vesicles. » Reabsorption, recycling  Glial Cells 28 gre y fatty ce l l s th at pro vide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neuron, produce myelin to coat axons, and clean up waste products and dead neurons play a supporting role there are many more glial cells in the brain than there are neurons.  Glial Cells 29 ASTROCYTES most numerous type help regulate blood flow in the brain, maintain the composition o f t h e fl u id t h at s u r ro u n d s neurons, and regulate communication between neurons at the synapse Contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier  Glial Cells 30 MICROGLIA related to the macrophages of the immune system act as scavengers to remove dead cells and other debris  Glial Cells 31 OLIGODENDROCYTES produce myelin that insulates the axons by forming a sheath myelin dramatically increases the s peed in which an action potential travels down the axon and it plays a crucial role in NS function  Glial Cells 32 SCHWANN CELLS s hare a s imilar function with Oligodendrocytes SATELLITE GLIAL CELLS cover the cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia thought to support the function of neurons and might act as a protective barrier  Glial Cells 33 EPENDYMAL CELLS line the ventricles of the brain an d th e cen tral can al o f th e spinal cord have hairlike cilia that beat in rh yth m ic wa ve s to p ro m o te circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid found inside the ventricles and spinal canal CREDITS 34 » https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326649#summary » https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/neuron-nervous- system/a/overview-of-neuron-structure-and-function » https://www.albert.io/blog/ultimate-guide-neurotransmitters-ap-psychology/