NCM-114-Midterm-3-Notes PDF

4. [Integumentary System] \- Composed of skin, hair, nails, exocrine glands, sensory nerves. \- Skin is the largest and heaviest organ in the body. Fat Layer - also known as "Subcutaneous Tissue" Skin Facts: - - - - - - How Do Integumentary System Change with Age? A. S...

4. [Integumentary System] \- Composed of skin, hair, nails, exocrine glands, sensory nerves. \- Skin is the largest and heaviest organ in the body. Fat Layer - also known as "Subcutaneous Tissue" Skin Facts: - - - - - - How Do Integumentary System Change with Age? A. Skin Epidermis \- The number of epidermal cells decreases by 10% per decade and they divide more slowly making the skin less able to repair itself quickly. \- Epidermal cells become thinner making the skin look noticeably thinner. \- Changes in the epidermis allows more fluid to escape the skin. B. Skin Dermis \- Changes in the skin dermis cause the skin to wrinkle and sag) because it becomes thinner. \- Less collagen is produced (it is elastin fibers that provide elasticity to wear out) \- Decrease in the function of sebaceous & sweat glands contributes to dry skin. \- The fat cells get smaller. This leads to more noticeable wrinkles and sagging. C. Skin - Toes & Nails \- Toes & nails become thicker, hard & more difficult to cut \- Grow more slowly. \- May have a yellowish color. D. Skin - Hair (Men & Women) \- Hairline recedes or male pattern baldness may occur. \- Decreased hair growth in ears, nostrils, & on eyebrows. \- Loss of body hair. \- Hair becomes thinner. \- Loss of body hair. Common Health Problems: - - - - - Nursing Management: a\. Avoid solar exposure b\. Cloth dress appropriately for temperature c\. Maintain a safe indoor temperature d\. Excessive use of soap should be avoided e\. Apply cream to lubricate skin [5. Cardiovascular System ( Heart & Blood Vessels)] A. Heart \- Deposits of the \"aging pigment,\" lipofuscin, accumulate that causes "age spots" \- The valves of the heart thicken and become stiffer. \- The number of pacemaker cells decrease and fatty & fibrous tissues increase about the SA (sinoatrial) node. These changes may result in a slightly slower heart rate. \- A slight increase in the size of the heart, especially the left ventricle, is common \- The heart wall thickens, so the amount of blood that the chamber can hold may actually decrease. 6 +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | \- Age changes make the heart | [6. Urinary System] | | less able to pump efficiently. | | | | - Works as your body's | | \- Less blood pumped results in | filtration system. | | lowered blood oxygen levels. | | | | - Removes toxins and wastes | | \- The limits of the heart to | from your body through urine | | exert itself are reduced with | | | age. | Major Organs: | | | | | \- Medications are processed and | kidneys (blood-filtering organs) | | eliminated differently compared | | | to young adults. | Ureters (ducts that connect your | | | kidneys to your bladder) | | B. Blood Vessels (Arteries & | | | Veins) | A bladder (an organ that holds | | | your urine) | | \- Arteries lose elasticity with | | | age making heart have difficulty | Urethra (a tube connected to your | | to pump harder to circulate | bladder that allows urine to | | blood, this is mainly due to: | leave your body | | | | | - |  | | | | | \- Smaller arteries may | Functions of the Kidney: | | thicken/stiffen minimally; their | | | ability to dilate & constrict | - - - - - - | | decreases significantly | | | | How Do Urinary System Change with | | \- In veins age-related changes | Age? | | are minimal and do not impede | | | normal functioning. | A. Renal blood vessels become | | | smaller & thicker that results in | | \- The aorta becomes thicker, | reducing renal blood flow. | | stiffer, and less flexible. This | | | makes the blood pressure higher | B. Decreased renal blood flow ( | | resulting in LV (left ventricle) | from about 600ml/min (age 40) to | | hypertrophy | about 300ml/min (age 80) | | | | | \- Increased large artery | C. Kidney size decreases by | | stiffness causes a fall in DBP, | 20-30% by age 90. This loss | | associated with a continual rise | occurs primarily in the cortex | | in SBP. Higher SBP, left | where the glomeruli (\# of gloms | | untreated, may accelerate large | decrease by 30-40% by age 80) are | | artery stiffness and thus | located. | | perpetuate a vicious cycle. | | | | | | \- Baroreceptors (stabilize BP | | | during movement/activity) become | | | less sensitive with aging. This | | | may contribute to the relatively | | | common finding of orthostatic | | | hypotension | | | | | | Common Health Problems of the | | | Heart: | | | | | | - - - - - - | | | | | | Nursing Management: | | | | | | a. b. c. d. e. f. g. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ 7 D. Decreased GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate)*.* Typically begins to decline at about age 40. By age 75 GFR may be about 50% less than young adult. However, Current research shows that this is not true for all elders. GFR - it describes the flow rate of filtered fluid from your kidney.It measures the rate of blood filtered in the kidney E. The muscular ureters, urethra, & bladder lose tone & elasticity. Thereby, the bladder may retain urine. - F. Decline in bladder capacity from about 500-600mL to about 250ml so less urine can be stored in the bladder. G. The warning period between the urge and actual urination is shortened or lost as you age. Common Health Problems: - - - - - Nursing Management: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. 8