NCM 112 Module 3 Immunology & Inflammation PDF

NCM 112 | 3rd Year – First Semester (Midterms) Vales, J.B. BSN 3-B  White pulp contains concentrations Module 3: Immunology and Inflammation of lymphocytes....

NCM 112 | 3rd Year – First Semester (Midterms) Vales, J.B. BSN 3-B  White pulp contains concentrations Module 3: Immunology and Inflammation of lymphocytes. Lymph Nodes Introduction  Immunity is the body’s specific  Lymph nodes, which are connected protective response to a foreign by lymph channels and capillaries, agent or organism. are distributed throughout the body.  Immune system functions as the  They remove foreign material from body’s defense mechanism the lymph system before it enters against invasion and allows a the bloodstream. rapid response to foreign  It also serve as centers for immune substances in a specific manner. cell proliferation. White Blood Cells Adaptive Immunity  White blood cells (WBCs)  Acquired (adaptive) immunity involved in immunity are produced usually develops as a result of prior in the bone marrow. exposure to an antigen through immunization (vaccination) or by Two types: contracting a disease, both of which  B lymphocytes (B cells) generate a protective immune  T lymphocytes (T cells) response. Lymphocytes originate from stem cells in the bone marrow. B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow before entering the bloodstream, whereas T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, where they also differentiate into cells with various functions. Response to Invasion  PHAGOCYTIC IMMUNE Spleen RESPONSE - primarily involves the  Spleen, composed of red and WBCs (granulocytes and white pulp, acts somewhat like a macrophages), which have the filter. ability to ingest foreign particles and  The red pulp is the site where old destroy the invading agent. and injured red blood cells (RBCs)  CELLULAR IMMUNE RESPONSE are destroyed. - also involves the T lymphocytes, which can turn into special cytotoxic NCM 112 | 3rd Year – First Semester (Midterms) Vales, J.B. BSN 3-B (or killer) T cells that can attack the  EFFECTOR CYTOTOXIC T CELLS pathogens. - (killer T cells) attack the antigen  HUMORAL OR ANTIBODY directly by altering the cell IMMUNE RESPONSE - antibody membrane, causing cell lysis response begins with the B (disintegration), and releasing lymphocytes, which can transform cytolytic enzymes and cytokines. themselves into plasma cells that  REGULATORY OR manufacture antibodies. SUPPRESSOR T CELLS - have ANTIBODIES the ability to decrease B-cell production, thereby keeping the  Are large proteins, called immune response at a level that immunoglobulins. is compatible with health (e.g.,  mobilize other components of the sufficient to fight infection immune system to defend against adequately without attacking the the invader. body’s healthy tissues.  MEMORY T CELLS - are responsible for recognizing antigens from previous exposure and mounting an immune response. CELLULAR RESPONSE TO INJURY: INFLAMMATION  is a localized reaction intended to neutralize, control, or eliminate the offending agent to prepare the site for repair. MNEMONICS: GAMED  major function of the natural immune system that is elicited in response to tissue injury or invading organisms. 5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION  Pain  Heat TYPES OF T LYMPHOCYTES  Redness  EFFECTOR HELPER T CELLS -  Swelling activated on recognition of antigens  Loss of Function and stimulate the rest of the immune system. When activated, Pathophysiology helper T cells secrete cytokines,  sequence involves changes in the which attract and activate B cells, microcirculation, including cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, vasodilation, increased vascular macrophages, and other cells of the permeability, and leukocytic cellular immune system. infiltration. NCM 112 | 3rd Year – First Semester (Midterms) Vales, J.B. BSN 3-B  As these changes take place, five cardinal signs of inflammation are produced: redness, warmth, swelling, pain, and loss of function.  Vasodilation and an increased rate of blood flow through the microcirculation to the area of tissue damage, Local warmth and redness result.  increase in vascular permeability, plasma fluids leak into the inflamed tissues, producing swelling.  pain that occurs is attributed to the pressure of fluids or swelling on nerve endings AND irritation of nerve endings by chemical mediators.  Loss of function is most likely related to the pain and swelling;  Leukocytes (white blood cells) exit, and migrate to the site of injury to engulf offending organisms and to remove cellular debris.  Fibrinogen in the leaked plasma fluid coagulates, forming fibrin for clot formation, which serves to wall off the injured area and prevent the spread of infection.