nat and dill bio exam 1 .pdf

BIOLOGY EXAM 1 REVIEW SHEET 1. Know the definition of a prokaryote They are the simplest organisms Prokaryote cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, but the DNA is present in the nucleoid. The cell is outside of the plasma membrane. BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA 2. Go over ecological organization 1. Cellula...

BIOLOGY EXAM 1 REVIEW SHEET 1. Know the definition of a prokaryote They are the simplest organisms Prokaryote cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus, but the DNA is present in the nucleoid. The cell is outside of the plasma membrane. BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA 2. Go over ecological organization 1. Cellular level (atoms, molecules, cells, etc) 2. Organismal level (Tissues, organs, organ systems) 3. Population Level (population, community) 4. Ecosystem level 5. Biosphere (EARTH is biosphere) 3. Know the definition of taxonomy The name of the organism, how they are names Genus Species 4. Know the steps of the scientific method Scientific- Observation —-> formulate hypothesis —> prediction—-> experiment —> Results —-> Conclusions 5. Know the definition of a controlled experiment A controlled experiment is when nobody knows anything to prevent bias. Both scientists and the individuals are “blinded” - they don’t know anything to get the real results and prevent bias. 6. Go over the components of an oxygen atom Atom Component- Proton, Electrons, Neutrons Ex How many protons does this oxygen have? How many electrons does it have? How many neutrons does it have? Atomic number….atomic mass * 7. know how to find the atomic number of an atom Atomic numbers will always be at the bottom…. You can find the atomic number just by looking at the periodic table. Atomic mass will be at the top 8. Know how to find the neutrons of an atom To find the neutrons you can subtract the number of protons from the atomic mass. Atomic mass - protons 9. How many electrons participate in a triple covalent bond? Single bond has two electrons A double bond has four electrons A triple bond has 6 electrons In a triple covalent bond, there are 6 electrons shared between two atoms, look at the diagram to the right for an example. 10. Know the impact of bonding between electronegative and non-electronegative atom Electronegative atoms and nonelectro negative atoms create a polar covalent bond. 11. Know the bonds formed between the two hydrogen atoms and the single oxygen atom? One water molecule is a polar covalent bond Two water molecules together are a hydrogen bond Polar is when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between the different elements, and non-polar is an equal sharing of electrons. Hydrogen bonds are weak and transitory, they are cohesive Cohesion- The polarity of water allows molecules to be attracted to one another, therefore attraction produces Hydrogen Bonds. 12. Why does the partial negative charge in a molecule of water occur? More electronegative atom = Polarity = unequal sharing of electrons = Oxygen being partially negative Less electronegative atom = Hydrogen being partially positive 13. Know the properties of water responsible for the formation of raindrops? The property of cohesion is the process responsible because water molecules are attracted to each other due to hydrogen bonding. This cohesion causes the water molecules to stick together, allowing raindrops to form clusters of water molecules. 14. Know the properties of hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil Hydrophobic substances DO NOT LIKE WATER. DO NOT LIKE INTERACTING WITH WATER. 15. Know how to calculate the molarity of the NaCl solution. molarity = Moles/liters (MOLES OVER LITERS) Just meant that moles are over liters 16. Why is Hydrochloric acid such a strong acid? Strong acids are acids that dissociate (Split-up) COMPLETELY when you put it in a solution and donate protons. Acids are proton donators H+ H+ HCl 17. Knowing the characteristics of an atom determine the number and kind of bonds it can form. The number and kind of bonds an atom can form are determined by its valence electrons, electronegativity, and position in the periodic table, which influence whether it forms covalent, ionic, or metallic bonds. 18. How many electrons must one carbon atom share with other atom or atoms to complete its valence shell? A carbon atom must share four electrons to complete its valence shell. Carbon has four electrons on its own but needs another four to have a complete 8-valence shell octet. 19. A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms? A Carbon atom is most likely to form a covalent bond. Covalent bonds share electrons Carbon is a non-metallic 20. Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids? Amino Acids The functional groups are Amine and Carboxyl 21. Why is ATP necessary for life? ATP- Adenosine attached to three Phosphates A-P~P~P ATP is necessary for life because it gives energy to cells and organisms. So the body can do any processes that it needs to do to function. 22. Which chemical change will convert ADP to ATP? A-P~P - Adenosine attached to two phosphates = Adenosine Diphosphate ADP + P( i in the bottom ) = ATP 23. Hydrolysis of ADP produces which products? Hydrolysis= breaking down Hydrolysis ADP —----------- AMP + Pi 24. Know how to identify an alcohol functional group of alcohol An alcohol is identified by the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a saturated carbon atom, typically indicated by names ending in "-ol." 25. Know how to identify the functional group of hexanol Hexanol is identified by the presence of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a six-carbon chain (hexane), making it an alcohol. 26. Know the function of the plasma membrane The function of the Plasma Membrane is the regulate the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell 28. Know the definition of diffusion The movements of molecules in a fluid from areas of high concentration to low concentrations. Simple diffusion- molecules will cross the membrane on their own. DOES NOT NEED HELP- Facilitated Diffusion - the movement of molecules across a membrane via protein channels or carriers (e.g., glucose transport)) THEY NEED HELP 29. Know the examples of passive transport Diffusion- Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide) Facilitated Diffusion - the movement of molecules across a membrane via protein channels or carriers (e.g., glucose transport)) Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Filtration: Movement of water and solutes through a membrane due to hydrostatic pressure (e.g., in kidney function). 30. How is glucose transported across the membrane It is transported through facilitated diffusion. Glucose moves across the membrane using special proteins called glucose transporters (GLUT), which help carry it from outside the cell, where there’s more glucose, to inside the cell, where there’s less, without needing energy. 31. Know the example of channel-mediated diffusion Channel mediated- Go into a channel to get into the cell (channel-mediated transport utilizes open channels to allow ions and small molecules to pass through more rapidly.) 32. Know the function of a carrier-mediated diffusion Carrier-mediated transport involves specific proteins that bind to and change shape to move larger or polar molecules across the membrane 33. Know the function of osmosis Osmosis is when water moves in and out of the cell. There are two solutions that have ostomic concentrations and those are hypotonic and hypertonic Water needs to move across the plasma membrane. LOW SOLUTE —--> HIGH SOLUTE High H2O Low H2O The cell needs to maintain its shape Hypertonic- higher solute concentration Hypotonic- lower solute concentration Isotonic- Equal concentration Cells maintain homeostasis because of equal concentration/ equilibrium with water 34. Know the definition of hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic Isotonic is when the concentration in the cell is equal to the concentration out of the cell. Hypertonic is when the cell has a lower concentration and the outside of the cell has a higher concentration, causing the cell to Crenate/shrink/shrivel up because the lower concentration is going out of the cell. (INSIDE TO THE OUTSIDE) Hypotonic is when the cell has a higher concentration and the outside has a lower concentration. The lower concentration goes into the cell, causing it to burst and swell. (OUTSIDE TO INSIDE) CELLYSIS or bursting