MYP 10 Mechanics and Biological Feedback DWH PDF

UNIT1- FORCES AND MOTION SPEED AND VELOCITY BOTH MEASURED IN M/S AND BOTH SIMPLY SAY HOW FAST YOU'RE GOING BUT.... VELOCITY MUST ALSO HAVE A DIRECTION SPECIFIED (e....

UNIT1- FORCES AND MOTION SPEED AND VELOCITY BOTH MEASURED IN M/S AND BOTH SIMPLY SAY HOW FAST YOU'RE GOING BUT.... VELOCITY MUST ALSO HAVE A DIRECTION SPECIFIED (e. g 30m/s or 30m/s EAST) SPEED IS A SCALAR QUANTITY (MAGNITUDE ONLY) VELOCITY IS A VECTOR QUANTITY (MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION DISTANCE MOVED d AVERAGE SPEED - TIME TAKEN SX t DISTANCE-TIME GRAPHS DISTANCE FROM START VERY IMPORTANT NOTES (IN METRES) # 1) GRADIENT = SPEED DECELERATING 500- - 2) FLAT SECTION = STOPPED 400 - STOPPED 3) STEEPER = FASTER ACCELERATING 300- 4) DOWNHILL = GOING BACK STEADY 200- SPEED STEADY 5) CURVES = ACCELERATION/DECELERATION SPEED (IN OTHER 100 - DIRECTION) 6) STEEPENING CURVE = ACCELERATION & I I 11 I * 20 40 60 so 100 120 1) LEVELLING OFF CURVE = DECELERATION TIME (IN SECONDS) CALCULATING SPEED ? IT'S JUST THE GRADIENT VERTICAL (DISTANCE) E G. FOR THE FIRST 20s , SPEED = HORIZONTAL (TIME) _ 350 = 17. 5 ms E G FOR THE ENTIRE JOURNEY. , SPEEDISTANCE = 1000 = 8 3 mst. TIME 120 ACCELERATION MEASURED IN M/s2 AND TELLS US HOW QUICKLY THE VELOCITY IS CHANGING ACCELERATION CHANGE IN VELOCITY Vf-Vi TIME TAKEN axt  VELOCITY TIME GRAPHS - VERY IMPORTANT NOTES VELOCITY (IN m/s) # 1) GRADIENT = ACCELERATION 50 - 2) FLAT SECTION = STEADY/CONSTANT SPEED 40- 3) STEEPER = GREATER THE ACCELERATION STEADY SPEED 30- 4) UPHILL = ACCELERATION DECELERATION 20- 5) DOWNHILL = DECELERATION ACCELERATION 10 - 6) AREA = DISTANCE TRAVELLED & I I 11 I * 20 40 60 so 100 120 TIME (IN SECONDS) CALCULATING ACCELERATION ? IT'S JUST THE GRADIENT VERTICAL (Vg-Vi) E G. FOR THE FIRST 20S , ACCELERATION = HORIZONTAL (TIME) = 30 = 1. 5 m/s E G DISTANCE TRAVELLED FOR THE ENTIRE. JOURNEY ? 1 = 2 (20)(30) = 300 m 2 = 30x40 = 1200m 3 TOTAL 3 = ((20)(20) = 200m = 3800m 4 = 20x20 = 400m 25 I 6 5 = 40x30 = 1200m 6 = z(20)(50) = 500m FORCES THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORCES > T ~ GRAVITY (WEIGHT) NORMAL (REACTION/CONTACT) ELECTROSTATIC ALWAYS ACTS DOWNWARDS EXERTS AN EQUAL AND OPPOSITE FORCE BETWEEN TWO CHARGED OBJECTS - 7 T THRUST AIR RESISTANCE FRICTION DUE TO AN ENGINE SPEEDING SLOWS OBJECTS DOWN BETWEEN TWO SURFACES AN OBJECT UP T X ↑ LIFT TENSION UPTHRUST DUE TO A WING IN ROPES AND SPRINGS ACTS UPWARDS FROM WATER  FREE BODY DIAGRAMS FORCES CAN BE REPRESENTED BY ARROWS. THESE ARROWS HAVE A DIRECTION AND A MAGNITUDE. THE LONGER THE ARROW , THE BIGGER THE FORCE. NORMAL X WHAT WOULD BE THE RESULTANT FORCE IN THIS SITUATION ? 5N 5N 35N FRICTION T 7 THRUST 5N ANSWER ? SON TO THE RIGHT W WEIGHT WHAT ABOUT HARDER EXAMPLES ? BREAK THE QUESTION DOWN INTO STEPS 13N RESULTANT FORCE (VERTICALLY) = 13-3 = ION ↑ RESULTANT FORCE (HORIZONTALLY) = 16-8 = SN - 8N USING PYTHAGORAS , E > 16N X 2 x2 = 10 + 82 x ION +7 x2 = 100 + 64 = 164 v 3N > x = v164 = 12. 8N 8N EXTENSION CAN YOU USE NEWTON'S FIRST : 1 tano % 0 51 3 LAW = =. TRIGONOMETRY TO MEASURE O ? BALANCED FORCES MEAN NO CHANGE IN VELOCITY "AN OBJECT WILL REMAIN AT REST OR MOVING AT CONSTANT VELOCITY UNTIL AN EXTERNAL " FORCE IS APPLIED. 5m/s T 6N ION ION GN THIS BOAT IS STATIONARY. IT WILL REMAIN THIS BOAT IS MOVING AT 5 M/S. IT WIL STATIONARY AS THE FORCES ACTING ON IT REMAIN AT CONSTANT SPEED AS THE FORCES ARE BALANCED ACTING ON IT ARE BALANCED  NEWTON'S 2ND LAW IF THERE IS AN UNBALANCED FORCE , THEN THE OBJECT WILL ACCELERATE IN THAT DIRECTION THIS IS THE FORMULA FOR IT. RESULTANT FORCE ACCELERATION IF = MASS X [F = ma (INN) (INKG) (INm/s) mX a EXAMPLE WHAT IS THE ACCELERATION OF THE CAR ? RESULTANT FORCE-SOOON (TO THE LEFT) MASS = 2500kg 9000N 1000N a = IF = 8000 = 32ms (TO THE LEFT) MASS OF CAR = 2500kg NEWTON'S 3RD LAW IF OBJECT A EXERTS A FORCE ON OBJECT B , THEN F F OBJECT B EXERTS AN EQUAL BUT OPPOSITE FORCE T > ON OBJECT A THIS IS THE BASIS OF HOW A ROCKET WORKS THE ENGINE. PUSHES HOT GASES OUT OF THE EXHAUST. (BACKWARDS) THE GASES EXERT AN EQUAL BUT OPPOSITE FORCE ON THE ROCKET , PUSHING IT FORWARD. 7 END OF UNIT 1  UNIT 2- COORDINATION AND FEEDBACK MRSGREN A SIMPLE WAY TO REMEMBER THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS. M MOVEMENT R RESPIRATION WHAT DO WE S SENSITIVITY 7 MEAN BY SENSITIVITY ? REFERS TO THE ABILITY OF G GROWTH LIVING THINGS TO RESPOND R REPRODUCTION TO STIMULI IN THEIR E EXCRETION INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL N NUTRITION SURROUNDINGS. THIS REQUIRES COMMUNICATION AND COORDINATION WHICH IN HUMANS IS CONTROLLED BY THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE (HORMONE) SYSTEMS IF THERE IS A BREAKDOWN IN COMMUNICATION AND COORDINATION , THIS CAN CAUSE SEVERE PROBLEMS HOMEOSTASIS TOO HOT ? TOO COLD ? * SWEAT TO REMOVE HEAT * SHIVER TO GENERATE HEAT * SKIN GETS RED BLOOD * SKIN GOES LIGHTER VESSELS DILATE AND BLOOD VESSELS CONSTRICT SO BLOOD IS SENT TO SKIN LESS BLOOD IS SENT TO SKIN DECREASE BODY TEMPERATURE INCREASE BODY TEMPERATURE THE BODY NEEDS TO BE ABLE TO DETECT CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE AND RESPOND THIS PROCESS IS CALLED HOMEOSTASIS. HOMEOSTASIS MAINTAINING THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT BETWEEN NARROW LIMITS - EEDBACK SYSTEMS THAT RETURN THE BODY TO SYSTEMS THAT ELEVATE BODY AWAY NORMAL STATE FROM A NORMAL STATE (NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP) (POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP) BLOOD SUGAR REGULATION UTERUS CONTRACTIONS TEMPERATURE REGULATION BLOOD CLOTTING HEART RATE CANCER GROWTH  CONTROL SYSTEMS RECEPTOR CELLS IN EYE DETECT A CHANGE IN LIGHT INTENSITY ALL CONTROL SYSTEMS INCLUDE.... BRAIN PROCESSES * CELLS CALLED RECEPTORS WHICH DETECT THE STIMULI (CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT INFORMATION (OFTEN FOUND IN THE SENSE ORGANS) L * THE COORDINATION CENTRE WHICH RECEIVES RETINA MUSCLES AND PROCESSES THE INFORMATION CAUSES RETINA L TO CONTRACT * EFFECTORS WHICH BRING ABOUT RESPONSES WHICH RESTORES OPTIMUM LEVELS REACTION TIME > REACTION TIMES ARE HOW LONG IT TAKES FOR MUSCLES TO RESPOND TO A STIMULUS. TAKE.............. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ~ NERVOUSSYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) (PNS) y CARRIES MESSAGES TO FROM THE CNS W BRAIN L SOMATIC AUTONOMIC t SPINAL CORD INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES VOLUNTARY MUSCLES v - SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC AROUSES BODY TO CALMS BODY TO INCREASES ENERGY CONSERVE ENERGY (FIGHT OR FLIGHT1 REST OR DIGEST MODE MODE FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE > SURVIVAL RESPONSE TO DANGEROUS OR STRESSFUL SITUATIONS 7 CONTROLLED BY THE SYMPATHETIC BRANCH OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM HYPOTHALAMUS (IN THE BRAIN) RECEIVES A DISTRESS SIGNAL SENDS SIGNALS THROUGH NERVES TO THE ADRENAL GLANDS THE ADRENAL GLANDS PRODUCE A HORMONE CALLED ADRENALINE CEPINEPHRINE) AND RELEASES IT INTO THE BLOODSTREAM SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATES TO GET YOU THROUGH DANGER PARASYMPATHETIC RETURNS THINGS TO NORMAL RESTING STATE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) BRAIN + SPINAL CORD NERVE CELLS PROCESSES INFORMATION AND CONNECTS SENSE ORGANS/MUSCLES COORDINATES A RESPONSE AND GLANDS TO THE CNS THESE NERVE CELLS ARE CALLED NEURONS AND THEY CARRY ELECTRICAL SIGNALS AROUND THE BODY (70-120 m/s) SENSORY NEURON CELL MEMBRANE DENDRITE CARRIES SIGNAL FROM A SENSE RECEPTOR CYTOPLASM u TO THE CNS MOTOR NEURON ↳ T TRANSMITS SIGNAL FROM THE CNS TO THE EFFECTOR ELAYNEURO NERVEENDINGS NUCLEUS SORY AND MOTOR NEURON REFLEX ARC RELAY NEURON RESPONSE STIMULUS SYNAPSE RECEPTOR SYNAPSE CNS MOTOR SENSORY NEURON NEURON EFFECTOR X > 80ms ELECTRICAL SIGNALS CANNOT JUMP ACROSS THE GAPS IN A SYNAPSE INSTEAD , A. CHEMICAL (NEUROTRANSMITTER) IS RELEASED WHICH TRIGGERS THE NEXT ELECTRICAL IMPULSE. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM THIS SYSTEM IS MADE UP OF A COLLECTION OF GLANDS THESE GLANDS ARE FOUND - IN DIFFERENT ORGANS. THEY SECRETE HORMONES (CHEMICALS) INTO THE BLOOD STREAM SO IT CAN REACH ITS TARGET CELL/ORGAN. THIS IS A MUCH SLOWER THAN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BUT THE EFFECTS LAST LONGER. THE HORMONE MAY ALSO HAVE MORE THAN ONE TARGET. LE G. ADRENALINE FIGHT FLIGHT ONCE THE HORMONE HAS BEEN USED , IT IS DESTROYED BY THE LIVER. HORMONES AND GLANDS THE HYPOTHALAMUS IS THE CONTROL CENTRE OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. IT LINKS THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS TOGETHER. ↑ OXYTOCIN CHILDBIRTH T YESH INVOLVED IN MENSTRUAL CYCLE S MELATONIN ADH OSMOREGULATION SLEEP/WAKE CYCLE REGULATES THYROXIN METABOLISM INSULIN BLOOD GLUCOSE REGULATION DESTROGEN ADRENALINE PROGESTERONE FIGHT OR FLIGHT REGULATION OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE PROGESTERONE HCG CHUMAN CHORIONIC TESTOSTERONE GONADOTROPIN) RELEASED IN EARLY MAIN MALE SEX HORMONE PREGNANCY TO MAINTAIN PREGNANCY SIMILAR TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM , THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM WORKS TO KEEP BALANCE USING NEGATIVE FEEDBACK CHOMESTASIS) BOTH SYSTEMS INVOLVE A STIMULUS , MESSAGES , RECEPTORS , EFFECTORS AND RESPONSES THERMOREGULATION CONTROLLED BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS RECEPTORS WHICH ARE SENSITIVE TO THE TEMPERATURE OF THE BLOOD FLOWING THROUGH THE BRAIN AND IN THE SKIN. IF THE TEMPERATURE DEVIATES FROM 37 C ° , THEN ELECTRICAL SIGNALS ARE PASSED THROUGH NERVE IMPULSES TO THE EFFECTORS TO TRIGGER A RESPONSE. TOO COLD ? * VASOCONSTRICTION (BLOOD VESSELS NARROW * HAIR ERECTOR MUSCLES CONTRACT * SHIVERING TO GENERATE HEAT TOO HOT ? * VASODILATION (BLOOD VESSELS WIDEN TO INCREASE BLOOD FLOW) * HAIR ERECTOR MUSCLES RELAX * SWEAT GLANDS RELEASE SWEAT TO COOL SKIN (EVAPORATION GLUCOREGULATION GLUCOSE (FROM FOOD) IS USED BY THE BODY TO PROVIDE ENERGY IN A PROCESS CALLED RESPIRATION. EATING CAUSES GLUCOSE LEVELS TO INCREASE. EXERCISE CAUSES LEVELS TO DECREASE. THE CONCENTRATION OF GLUCOSE IN THE BLOOD MUST BE KEPT WITHIN A SPECIFIC RANGE CHOMEOSTASIS) TO DO THIS , THE BODY STORES GLUCOSE IN THE FORM OF A CARBOHYDRATE C GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER AND IN THE MUSCLES. RECEPTOR IN THE PANCREAS LIVER TURNS 7 PANCREAS DETECTS > RELEASES INSULIN > GLUCOSE INTO INCREASE IN BLOOD CHANGE INTO THE BLOOD STREAM GLYCOGEN SUGAR LEVELS X NEGATIVE FEEDBACK GLUCOSE ↓ ~ NORMAL GLUCOSE NORMAL GLUCOSE > NO CHANGE > % IN THE BODY % IN THE BODY N V NEGATIVE FEEDBACK GLUCOSE ↑ DECREASE IN BLOOD SUGAR LEVELS RECEPTOR IN THE PANCREAS LIVER TURNS PANCREAS DETECTS > RELEASES GLUCAGON > GLYCOGEN & CHANGE INTO THE BLOOD STREAM INTO GLUCOSE IF THIS MECHANISM IS FAULTY DIABETES TYPE I DIABETES < PANCREASDES NOT PRODUCE ENOUGH - INSULIN NEED TO MONITOR REGULARLY AND INJECT INSULIN WHEN NEEDED. TYPE 2 DIABETES C BODY BECOMES RESISTANT TO INSULIN AND STOPS RESPONDING (most common) TO IT. MANAGE BY DIET AND EXERCISE. EXERCISE LOWERS GLUCOSE LEVELS. AVOID SUGARY FOODS TO AVOID GLUCOSE RISES RECAP-SEX CELLS AND HORMONES IN MALES , THE SEX CELLS ARE CALLED SPERM AND ARE PRODUCED IN THE TESTES HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES GNRH AND TRAVEL TO THE PITUITARY GLAND PITUITARY GLAND STIMULATED TO RELEASE FSH AND LH THESE TRAVEL TO TESTES AND STIMULATE THE RELEASE OF TESTOSTERONE AND SPERM PRODUCTION  IN FEMALES , THE SPECIALISED SEX CELL ARE CALLED EGGS AND THESE ARE RELEASED FROM THE OVARY. HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES GNRH AND TRAVEL TO THE PITUITARY GLAND PITUITARY GLAND STIMULATED TO RELEASE FSH AND LH THESE TRAVEL TO OVARY AND STIMULATE THE RELEASE OF OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE TO CONTROL FERTILITY AND THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE. (THESE CAN ALSO INHIBIT FURTHER RELEASE OF LH/FSH) HORMONES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE LH < TRIGGERS OVULATION (THE RELEASE OF AN EGG) FSHX CAUSES EGG MATURITY AND RELEASE OF DESTROGEN OESTROGEN > - STOPSFSH (SO ONLY ONEEGG MATURES). THICKENS/REPAIRS UTERUS LINING PROGESTERONE - MAINTAINS UTERUS LINING DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE INHIBITS LH FOLLICLE ↳ EGG CASING LINING OF UTERUS A NEW FOLLICLE BEING SHED ISMATURING TO. (BLEEDING) PREPARE AN EGG FOR RELEASE CUTERUS LINING BEGINS TO THICKEN) UTERUS LINING CONTINUES TO THICKEN. CORPUS LUTEUM CEMPTY FOLLICLE) BREAKS DOWN FOLLICLE BURSTS CAUSING (IF NO FERTISILATION , PROGESTERONE LEVELS DROP AN EGG TO BE RELEASED CAUSING UTERUS LINING TO SHED) ROLE OF FEEDBACK CONSIDER THIS FEEDBACK MECHANISM. WHAT TYPE OF FEEDBACK IS THIS? POSITIVE ! 7 CONTRACTIONS PUSH BABY AGAINST J SIGNAL FROM CERVIX CERVIX TO BRAIN OXYTOCIN AMPLIFIES UTERUS CONTRACTIONS PITUITARY GLAND L M OXYTOCIN TRAVELS TO THE r UTERUS THROUGH BLOODSTREAM SECRETES OXYTOCIN MODES OF CONTRACEPTION (FEMALES) HORMONAL NON-HORMONAL COMBINED HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION COPPERIOD. IMPLANTS INTO UTERUS (PILLS/PATCHES/ VAGINAL RING) RELEASES COPPER IONS WHICH KILL SPERM ~ RELEASES ESTROGEN PROGESTIN L INHIBITS LH/FSH TO STOPOVULATION CERVICAL CAP. LATEX DOME WHICH FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT BLOCKS SPERM ENTRY FEMALE CONDOM : POUCH INSIDE PROGESTIN-ONLY CONTRACEPTION VAGINA TO STOP SPERM ENTRY (PILLS/INJECTIONS/ IMPLANTS HORMONAL IUD'S (IMPLANT OFCONTRACEPTONMASI MOS TESTOSTERONE-BASED SUPPRESSES SPERM PRODUCTION NON-HORMONAL VASECTOMY : SURGERY TO CUT PIPE CONDOM : STOPS SPERM ENTRY CONNECTING TESTICLE TO PENIS (PERMANENT)