Oral Communication PDF

ORAL COMMUNICATION ORAL COMMUNICATION - A PROCESS OF VERBALLY TRANSMITTING AND IDEAS FROM ONE INDIVIDUAL OR A GROUP TO ANOTHER. NATURE COMMUNICATION: - AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL THAT PUBLISHED HIGH -QUALITY RESEARCH FROM ALL AREAS OR NATURAL SCIENCES. TYPES OF S...

ORAL COMMUNICATION ORAL COMMUNICATION - A PROCESS OF VERBALLY TRANSMITTING AND IDEAS FROM ONE INDIVIDUAL OR A GROUP TO ANOTHER. NATURE COMMUNICATION: - AN OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL THAT PUBLISHED HIGH -QUALITY RESEARCH FROM ALL AREAS OR NATURAL SCIENCES. TYPES OF SPEECH 1. P ERSUASIVE 2. MANUSCRIPT 3. E XTEMPORANEOUS 4. IMPROPTU 5. DESCRIPTIVE S PEECHES 6. INFORMATION PARTS OF SPEECH 1. NOUN 2. P RONOUN 3. V ERB 4. ADJECTIVE 5. P REPOSITION 6. ADVERB 7. CONJUNCTION 8. INTERJECTION W HAT IS COMMUNICATON? - CAME FROM THE LATIN WORD “COMMUNICARE” MEANING “ TO SHARE” OR “ TO MAKE COMMON ,” IS THE EXCHANGE OF IDEAS FROM ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER. - COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS BY WHICH INFORMATION IS EXCHANGED BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS THROUGH A COMMON SYSTEM OF SYMBOLS & SIGNS OF BEHAVIOR. - COMMUNICATION IS INTERCHANGE OF THOUGHTS , OPINIONS OR INFORMATION BY SPEECH , WRITING OR SIGNS. FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION 1. REGULATION – FUNCTIONS TO CONTROL BEHAVIOR 2. S OCIAL INTERACTION – ALLOWS PEOPLE TO INTERACT WITH OTHERS TO DEVELOP BONDS OR INTIMACY 3. MOTIVATION – PERSUADES OR ENCOURAGES ANOTHER PERSON TO CHANGE HIS /HER OPINION, ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR 4. E MOTIONAL EXPRESSION - FACILITATES PEOPLE EXPRESSION OF THEIR FEELINGS , SUCH AS LOVE, FEAR , ANGER , JOY, HOPE OR ANY OTHER EMOTION  5. INFORMATION – FUNCTIONS TO CONVEY INFORMATION PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION SENDER – ENCODING – MESSAGE CHANELS – DECODING RECIEVER – FEEDBACK ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION S PEAKER – THE SOURCE OF INFORMATION OR MESSAGE MESSAGE – THE INFORMATION , IDEAS, OR THOUGHTS CONVEYED BY THE SPEAKER IN WORDS OR IN ACTIONS. E NCODING – THE PROCESS OF CONVERTING THE MESSAGE INTO WORDS, ACTIONS, OR OTHER FORMS THAT THE SPEAKER UNDERSTANDS. CHANNEL – THE MEDIUM OR THE MEANS , SUCH AS PERSONAL OR NON – PERSONAL , VERBAL OR NONVERBAL , IN WHICH THE ENCODED MESSAGE IS CONVEYED. DECODING – THE PROCESS OF INTERPRETING THE ENCODED MESSAGE OF THE SPEAKER BY THE RECEIVER. RECEIVER – THE RECIPIENT OF THE MESSAGE , OR SOMEONE WHO DECODES THE MESSAGE. FEEDBACK – THE REACTIONS, RESPONSES, OR INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE RECEIVER. CONTEXT – THE ENVIRONMENT WHERE COMMUNICATION TAKES PLACE. BARRIER - THE FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE FLOW OF COMMUNICATION STANDARD MODELS OF COMMUNICATION LINEAR MODELS OF COMMUNICATON - T HE LINEAR MODEL IS THE SIMPLEST FORM OF COMMUNICATION AND REPRESENTS A ONE -WAY PROCESS WHERE A SENDER TRANSMITS A MESSAGE TO A RECEIVER. T HERE IS NO FEEDBACK FROM THE RECEIVER , MAKING IT A ONE -DIRECTIONAL FLOW OF INFORMATION. INTERACTIVE MODELS OF COMMUNICATON - T HE INTERACTIVE MODEL BUILDS UPON THE LINEAR MODEL BY INTRODUCING FEEDBACK AND RECOGNIZES THAT COMMUNICATION IS A TWO -WAY PROCESS. IT ACKNOWLEDGES THAT COMMUNICATORS ALTERNATE ROLES AS SENDER AND RECEIVER , ALLOWING FOR A BACK -AND - FORTH EXCHANGE OF MESSAGES. TRANSACTIONAL MODELS OF COMMUNICATION - T HE TRANSACTIONAL MODEL IS A MORE COMPLEX AND REALISTIC REPRESENTATION OF COMMUNICATION AS IT CONSIDERS BOTH PARTIES AS SENDERS AND RECEIVERS WHO INTERACT SIMULTANEOUSLY. W HAT IS COMMUNICATION OF MODELS? - ARE GRAPHIC REPRESENTATIONS OF THE PROPOSED ELEMENTS INCLUDED IN THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS. P ROPONENTS AND MODELS OF C OMMUNICATION ARISTOTLE’S MODELS OF COMMUNICATION ARISTOTLE IDENTIFIED 3 ELEMENTS THAT IMPROVE COMMUNICATION WITHIN THIS MODEL : E THOS — DEFINES THE CREDIBILITY OF THE SPEAKER. P ATHOS — CONNECTS THE SPEAKER WITH THE AUDIENCE THROUGH DIFFERENT EMOTIONS. LOGOS — S IGNIFIES LOGIC. NAMELY, IT IS NOT ENOUGH FOR THE SPEECH TO BE INTERESTING HAROLD DWIGHT LASSWELL (1902 -1978) - A POLITICAL SCIENTIST AND COMMUNICATION THEORIST WHO CHOSE TO BE A MULTIDISCIPLINARY ACADEMIC. - ALSO KNOWN AS ACTION MODEL OR LINEAR MODEL OR ONE WAY MODEL OF COMMUNICATION. - ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL COMMUNICATION MODELS. CLAUDE E LWOOD S HANNON (1916 – 2001) - A MATHEMATICIAN AND E LECTRONIC ENGINEER, TOGETHER WITH W ARREN W EAVER , AN AMERICAN SCIENTIST , AUTHORED AN ARTICLE ENTITLED “A MATHEMATICAL T HEORY OF COMMUNICATION.” - T HIS THEORY WAS NOT DESIGNED FOR ORAL COMMUNICATION , IT IS KNOWN AS “THE MOTHER OF ALL COMMUNICATION MODELS. "W ARREN W EAVER S HANNON & W EAVER’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION INFORMATION SOURCE – T RANSMITTER – NOISE SOURCE – RECEIVER – DESTINATION INFORMATION SOURCE - T HE SENDER BEGINS THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS BY CREATING A MESSAGE TO CONVEY INFORMATION. T RANSMITTER - T HE TRANSMITTER ENCODES THE MESSAGE INTO A SIGNAL SUITABLE THROUGH A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL. RECEIVER - T HE RECEIVER REPRESENTS THE INTENDED AUDIENCE OR TARGET MESSAGE. DESTINATION - T HE DESTINATION IS WHERE THE RECEIVER DECODES THE MESSAGE TO INTERPRET ITS MEANING. CHANNEL - THE MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION NOISE - INTERRUPTS THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS W ILBUR S CHRAMM (1907 – 1987) - AMERICAN SCHOLAR OF MASS COMMUNICATIONS WHO PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN FOUNDING AND SHAPING THE DISCIPLINE OF COMMUNICATION STUDIES. - E STABLISHED THE FIELD OF COMMUNICATION STUDY BY FOUNDING THE FIRST DOCTORAL - GRANTING PROGRAMS AND THE FIRST UNIVERSITY-BASED COMMUNICATION RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND BY WRITING THE FIRST TEXTBOOKS FOR THE FIELD. S CHRAMM ’S MODEL HAS THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS : S ENDER AS E NCODER - T HIS IS THE PERSON WHO INITIATES THE COMMUNICATION BY TRANSMITTING HIS THOUGHTS OR IDEAS (ENCODING ) TO THE RECEIVER.  MESSAGE - T HIS IS THE THOUGHT OR IDEA THAT THE SENDER SENT. RECEIVER T HIS IS THE PERSON COMMUNICATED WITH... 1. AS DECODER – AT THIS STAGE HE RECEIVES THE ENCODED MESSAGE AND TRANSFORMS IT INTO COMPREHENSIBLE WORDS OR LANGUAGE. 2. AS INTERPRETER – AT THIS STAGE, THE PERSON COMMUNICATED WITH CREATES MEANING TO THE CONVERTED MESSAGE. 3. FEEDBACK - T HIS IS THE REACTION OF THE RECEIVER TO THE MESSAGE. 4. MEDIUM - T HIS IS THE CHANNEL USED TO TRANSMIT THE MESSAGE. 5. NOISE - T HESE ARE THE INTERRUPTIONS THAT HAPPEN DURING THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION. - T HIS MAY CAUSE MISINTERPRETATIONS OF THE MESSAGE. DAVID BERLO (1921 – 1996) - W AS A STUDENT OF W ILBUR S CHRAMM , ONE OF THE FOUNDING FATHERS OF MASS COMMUNICATION. - HE FOUNDED THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS OF MICHIGAN S TATE UNIVERSITY AND SERVED AS ITS CHAIR FROM 1958 – 1971. COMPONENTS AND FACTORS: S ENDER - T HE SOURCE OF THE MESSAGE AND THE ONE ENCODES THE MESSAGE. FACTORS: COMMUNICATION SKILLS. ATTITUDES, KNOWLEDGE, S OCIAL -CULTURAL SYSTEM MESSAGE - T HE CONTENT OR INFORMATION FACTORS: CONTENT , E LEMENTS, T REATMENT , STRUCTURE CODE CHANNEL - MEDIUM USED TO SEND THE MESSAGE FACTORS: HEARING , S EEING, T OUCHING , S MELLING , T ASTING RECEIVER - T HE PERSON WHO RECEIVES AND DECODES THE MESSAGE FACTORS: COMMUNICATION SKILLS , ATTITUDES, KNOWLEDGE, S OCIAL -CULTURAL SYSTEM DEAN C. BARNLUND (1920 – 1992) - AUTHOR OF SEVERAL BOOKS IN COMMUNICATION , ADDRESSED THE LINEAR MODELS OF COMMUNICATION BY DEVELOPING HIS T RANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION. E UGENE E. W HITE - HE IS AN A FRICAN AMERICAN ARTIST. FROM OZAN, ARKANSAS, W HITE' S ROOTS ARE WHERE MANY OF HIS DREAMS WERE BORN. - ACCORDING TO E UGENE W HITE' S MODEL , COMMUNICATION IS A REPETITIVE, CYCLICAL EVENT BUT THE DYNAMIC QUALITY OF INTERACTION IS NOT DEPICTED. - T HE MODEL OF THE COMMUNICATION WHEREIN THE SPEAKER IS THE ORIGINATOR OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS AND THE LISTENER IS A PASSIVE REACTOR WHO DOES E UGENE W HITE FOCUSES ON THE EIGHT STAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION 1. T HINKING – A DESIRE, FEELING , OR AN EMOTION PROVIDES A COMMUNICATOR OR STIMULUS TO COMMUNICATE. 2. S YMBOLIZING – BEFORE A COMMUNICATOR CAN UTTER A SOUND (S), HE/SHE HAS TO KNOW THE CODE OF ORAL LANGUAGE WITH WHICH TO REPRESENT HIS /HER IDEAS IN ORDER TO MAKE HIS /HER DECISION. 3. E XPRESSING – THE COMMUNICATOR THEN USES HIS /HER VOCAL MECHANISM TO PRODUCE THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE ACCOMPANIED BY HIS / HER FACIAL EXPRESSION , GESTURES, AND BODY STANCE. 4. T RANSMITTING – WHEN SOUND WAVES SPREAD AT 1,000 FT. PER SECOND AND LIGHT WAVES TRAVEL AT A SPEED OF 186,000 MILES PER SECOND CARRY THE SPEAKER ’ S MESSAGE TO HIS /HER LISTENERS. 5. R ECEIVING – WHEN THE SOUND WAVES MAKE AN IMPACT UPON THE LISTENER ’S EARS AFTER WHICH THE RESULTING NERVE IMPULSES REACH THE BRAIN VIA THE AUDITORY NERVE ; LIGHT WAVES STRIKE THE LISTENER ’S EYES AFTER WHICH RESULTING NERVE IMPULSES REACH THE BRAIN VIA OPTIC NERVE. 6. D ECODING - THE COMMUNICATOR INTERPRETS THE LANGUAGE SYMBOLS HE /SHE RECEIVES AND THINKS FURTHER. 7. FEEDBACKING – THE COMMUNICATOR MAY SHOW OVER BEHAVIOR LIKE A NOD , YAWN , OR SMILE OR HE /SHE MAY NOT SHOW ANY BEHAVIOR AT ALL. 8. MONITORING – WHILE THE COMMUNICATOR WATCHES SIGNS OR UNDERSTANDING OF HIS /HER MESSAGE AMONG HIS /HER LISTENERS , HE /SHE IS ALSO ATTUNED TO WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE HIM /HER; THE COMMUNICATOR IS RECEIVING AND DECODING MESSAGES ABOUT HIMSELF /HERSELF FROM HIS /HER AUDIENCE IN ORDER TO ADJUST TO THE PARTICULAR SITUATION. COMMUNICATION BARRIERS - CAN BE DEFINED AS OBSTACLES THAT ONE MAY FACE WHEN ATTEMPTING EFFECTIVELY COMMUNICATE WITH ANOTHER PERSON : CATEGORIES: P HYSICAL BARRIERS – IT IS ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES PEOPLE FACE DURING COMMUNICATION DUE TO THEIR SURROUNDINGS. E MOTIONAL BARRIERS – THIS BARRIER CAN STEM FROM A PERSON ’ S EXISTING FEELINGS TOWARDS A SUBJECT OR PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS. CULTURAL BARRIERS – THE BARRIERS DERIVE FROM DIFFERENCES IN A VARIETY OF CATEGORIES , SUCH AS RELIGION , LANGUAGE , TRADITIONS AND POWER DISTANCES. COGNITIVE BARRIERS – ARE COMBINATION OF EMOTIONAL AND CULTURAL B.ARRIERS, SUCH AS WORD CONNOTATION AFFECTING THE MESSAGE DURING THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS. S YSTEMATIC BARRIERS – THESE BARRIERS STEM FROM A LOCK OR STRUCTURE IN ONE ENVIRONMENT OFTEN SEEN IN WORKPLACES WHERE ROLES ARE NOT CLEARLY ASSIGNED OR VOCALIZED. BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION : LANGUAGE BARRIERS - LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC ABILITY MAY ACT AS A BARRIER TO COMMUNICATION. HOWEVER, EVEN WHEN COMMUNICATING IN THE SAME STYLE , THE TERMINOLOGY USED IN A MESSAGE MAY BE A BARRIER IF IT IS NOT FULLY UNDERSTOOD BY THE RECEIVER (S). FOR EXAMPLE, A NURSE OR A DOCTOR REFERRING TO COMMON COLDS AS UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION MAY NOT BE UNDERSTOOD WELL BY A PATIENT. P SYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS - T HE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF THE COMMUNICATORS WILL INFLUENCE HOW THE MESSAGE IS SENT , RECEIVED , AND PERCEIVED. FOR EXAMPLE, IF SOMEONE IS STRESSED , HE/ SHE MIGHT BE VERY IMPATIENT WHICH COULD AFFECT HOW HE SENDS AND RECEIVES MESSAGES , RESULTING IN MISUNDERSTANDING. P HYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS - P HYSIOLOGICAL BARRIERS MAY RESULT FROM THE RECEIVER ' S PHYSICAL STATE. FOR EXAMPLE , A RECEIVER WITH REDUCED HEARING MAY NOT GRASP A SPOKEN CONVERSATION , ESPECIALLY IF THERE IS SIGNIFICANT BACKGROUND NOISE. Y OUR GRANDMOTHER OR GRANDFATHER MAY NOT HEAR AS CLEARLY AS YOUR MOTHER OR FATHER ; THUS, THEY TEND TO MISUNDERSTAND YOUR MESSAGES AND RESPOND DIFFERENTLY. P HYSICAL BARRIERS - P HYSICAL BARRIER IS THE NATURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION THAT HINDERS THE SENDING OF THE INFORMATION FROM THE SENDER TO THE RECEIVER. DEFECTS IN MEDIA , DISTRACTIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT , DISTANCE AND PHYSICAL DISABILITY , TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS AND NOISE ARE THE PARTS OF PHYSICAL BARRIERS. S YSTEMATIC BARRIERS - S YSTEMATIC BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION HAPPEN IN A WORKPLACE OR STRUCTURES WERE THERE ARE DISORGANIZED OR INCORRECT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND COMMUNICATION CHANNELS OR A LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR COMMUNICATION. INDIVIDUALS IN SUCH WORKPLACE MAY EXPERIENCE CONFUSIONS OF THEIR ROLE IN THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS. ATTITUDINAL BARRIERS - AN ATTITUDINAL COMMUNICATION BARRIER IS A BEHAVIOR OR PERCEPTIONS THAT HINDER PEOPLE FROM TRANSMITTING INFORMATION EFFECTIVELY. ACCUSING , OR THINKING SOMEONE OF HAVING A BAD ATTITUDE WHO MIGHT AS WELL BRING ATTITUDINAL BARRIER IN YOUR WORKPLACE IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN ATTITUDINAL BARRIER 7 C’S OF COMMUNICATION CLEAR – BE CLEAR ABOUT THE PURPOSE OF YOUR MESSAGE CONCISE – KEEP YOUR MESSAGE SHORT AND SIMPLE YET STRAIGHT TO THE POINT. CONCRETE – BE CLEAR, NOT FUZZY PROVIDE DETAIL BUT NOT TOO MUCH DETAIL. CORRECT – YOUR MESSAGE IS ACCURATE AND GRAMMATICALLY CORRECT COHERENT – IT LAID OUT LOGICALLY AND YOUR MESSAGE FLOWS WELL. COMPLETE – ENSURE THE RECIPIENT HAS EVERYTHING THEY NEED TO UNDERSTAND. COURTEOUS – YOUR MESSAGE SHOULD BE POLITE , FRIENDLY PROFESSIONAL AND OPEN. UC VISSION DEMOCRATIZE QUALITY EDUCATION , BE THE VISIONARY AND INDUSTRY LEADER. GIVE HOPE AND TRANSFORM LIVES. UC MISSION UNIVERSITY OF CEBU OFFERS AFFORDABLE AND QUALITY EDUCATION RESPONSIVE TO THE DEMANDS OF LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES. CORE VALUES (I.C.A.R.E) I – INNOVATION (BE THE VISIONARY AND THE INDUSTRY LEADER ) C – CAMARADERIE (LIVING IN THE SPIRIT OF HARMONY AND APPROACHABILITY ) A – ALIGNMENT (ALL ACTIVITIES ARE GEARED TOWARDS CORE VALUES AND PRIORITIES ) R – RESPECT (ALWAYS A PROFESSIONAL MINDFUL OF GOD , UNIVERSITY, AND THE COMMUNITY AND SELF ) E – EXCELLENCE (T O BE GREAT AT WHATEVER IT IS WE DO AND GO FOR THE BEST )