MODULE 6: THE ORAL PRESENTATION - PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **MODULE 6** **THE ORAL PRESENTATION** **(MIDTERMS)** I. **LEARNING OUTCOMES:** At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: a. Deliver effectively the introduction and conclusion of their oral presentation to create lasting impression. b. Empl...

**PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **MODULE 6** **THE ORAL PRESENTATION** **(MIDTERMS)** I. **LEARNING OUTCOMES:** At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: a. Deliver effectively the introduction and conclusion of their oral presentation to create lasting impression. b. Employ vocal ang physical factors, eye contact and presentation aids for effective delivery. **LESSON** **Oral Presentations** Oral presentations are a common requirement in many courses. They may be short or long, include slides or other visual aids, and be done individually or in a group. In your postgraduate studies, you may have the opportunity to deliver lectures, seminars and tutorials as well, and the more practice you have at any of these, the easier it gets. Planning and structuring an oral presentation is similar to the process of writing an essay, except you need to be conscious of a live audience and use spoken language instead of written. However, the final preparation and presentation differ significantly from editing and polishing an essay. The major steps in oral presentations are planning, structuring, preparing and presenting. Let\'s have a look at the key concerns of each of the stages.  https://sites.google.com/site/communicationskill4you/\_/rsrc/1301904867903/oral-presentation/checklist.gif?height=200&width=161 Plan Like any form of presentation of your research, an oral presentation needs attention to research and planning. If you follow the usual sequence of idea generation, wider reading leading to narrowed focus, and consideration of your audience and purpose, the next stage, structuring, should be fairly smooth. - **Purpose** - **Audience** **Structure** Also like an essay, an oral presentation needs an introduction, body and conclusion. In the introduction, you may like to include a brief (and relevant) anecdote or provocative question to engage your audience from the beginning. A question that includes your audience will make them want to follow through with you to find out the implications as they relate to them directly. The conclusion should point to further research or conclusive results if possible. Try to end with a clear concluding statement, something with rhetorical flourish perhaps, so that you aren\'t forced to finish by saying, \"um, that\'s it.\" Spoken v. written language There are both subtle and significant differences in speech and writing, and it\'s good to know what they are when preparing an oral presentation. For one thing, a speech should sound more like natural speech. - **First person** - **Jargon and nominalization** - **Signposting** Visual aids **Power-point** The most common way to incorporate visuals or slides nowadays is through the use of Power-point. If you have the option (that is, you have Power-point on your computer and access to a data projector in the room), you should choose Power-point instead of an overhead projector (OHP) and transparencies. It is much easier to manage and more professional when used appropriately. Having said that, there are some very important tips of what to do and what not to do when using Power-point. **Do** - Ensure in advance that the room has a projector. - Do a number of practices runs through the presentation before the real thing. - Be prepared for all technology to fail and either have backup transparencies for images or a full set of notes in order to give the presentation without any slides. - Limit how many slides you include - you usually need far less than you think you do. Again, practice will help you gain confidence to know how many are sufficient. - Only use keywords and simple phrases. - Use a large enough, easy-to-read font (and no Comic Sans!). - Label any graphs, charts, figures and diagrams (again in a readable font size). - Include images for visual interest occasionally if relevant. **Don\'t** - Rely too heavily on the Powerpoint presentation, which may experience technical difficulties on the day. - Include slabs of text - not only is it distracting, you then are tempted to read it verbatim. - Simply read from your slides - let them be reminders and key points. - Use amusing fonts - stick to the basics such as Times or Arial. - Use unnecessary slide or text transitions - it\'s distracting and slow to watch letters appear one at a time. - Use Powerpoint sounds or any other sounds unless it\'s part of the presentation. - Choose a template that\'s busy and doesn\'t relate to the presentation. Prepare The more prepared you feel, the less nervous you\'re likely to be. There are a few key considerations in preparation for an oral presentation, namely time limits, speaking from notes, body language and use of voice. - **Time limits** - **Speak from notes** - **Body language** - **Voice** Nerves Everybody feels nervous at some point when asked to give an oral presentation. If you\'re feeling particularly nervous, take a few deep breaths and focus on speaking slowly. Also try to focus clearly on your message. Acting horribly nervous just makes you feel worse - it\'s a difficult cycle to escape. The best antidote to nerves is to act as though you feel fantastically confident - you\'ll be amazed at how much more confident it ends up making you actually feel! Present If you\'ve prepared well, you should be ready for a confident presentation. By now you should have the presentation fitting comfortably into the time limits and you should be speaking fluently just from dot-point notes. When you\'re actually in front of the audience, remember your body language and voice projection. Try to relax and enjoy the experience of sharing information you\'ve gathered and analyzed - and don\'t forget to welcome questions at the end. https://sites.google.com/site/communicationskill4you/\_/rsrc/1301904953679/oral-presentation/communication.jpg How to Improve Your Public Speaking Skills [By Arlin Cuncic] [ ] 2006 Top of Form Bottom of Form Even if you don\'t make regular presentations in front of a group, public speaking is a useful skill to have from making a speech at a friend\'s wedding to inspiring a group of volunteers at a charity event. Developing your public speaking skills can increase your confidence and help you overcome speech-related anxiety you may have. Even those who live with social anxiety disorder (SAD) can [[become confident speakers]](https://www.verywellmind.com/tips-for-managing-public-speaking-anxiety-3024336) with [[traditional anxiety treatment]](https://www.verywellmind.com/treatments-for-social-anxiety-disorder-3024949) and by working on public speaking skill development. Klaus Vedfelt / Getty Images  Voice Control Your voice is the most important tool you will use as a public speaker. One simple way to improve your voice is by learning to breathe fully and deeply from your diaphragm. Diaphragmatic breathing, or belly breathing, is essential for accessing your most powerful voice. It is the technique professional singers use to make their voices sound fabulous. It enables them to hold notes long after most people would be out of breath. Diaphragmatic Breathing Practicing diaphragmatic breathing also reduces feelings of breathlessness caused by speech anxiety. This type of breathing will allow you to better control the following [[aspects of your voice]](https://www.verywellmind.com/developing-a-strong-voice-with-social-anxiety-disorder-4080146): - Tone (quality) - Pitch (high or low) - Volume Before your speech, place one hand on your abdomen, and breathe into your hand. Count to 10 as you inhale and fill your stomach, then count to 10 again as you exhale. Remember to breathe from your diaphragm as you deliver your speech. ** **[[4 Tips for Practicing Diaphragmatic Breathing for Social Anxiety]](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-do-i-practice-deep-breathing-for-anxiety-3024389) Body Language Simply put, body language is your body\'s way of communicating without using words. It\'s the combination of facial expressions, gestures, and movements that convey what\'s going on in your mind. Practice strong, confident body language to fuel your presentation: - **Stand up straight**. If you\'re physically capable of standing up straight, then make sure you stand tall and straight during your presentation. - **Assume the \[power\] position**. If you\'re feeling stressed before your presentation, take a moment to stand in a powerful position. Doing this for just a few minutes will raise your testosterone and increase your self-confidence while reducing stress, anxiety, and cortisol.^1^ One of the most popular power poses is the \"superhero\" pose: Put your hands on your hips, keep your chin up, and your chest out. - **Be facially expressive**. Your [[facial expressions]](https://www.verywellmind.com/understanding-emotions-through-facial-expressions-3024851) should match the message you are delivering. If you\'re giving an upbeat speech, try to have a relaxed and joyful look on your face. - **Plant your feet**. Shifting your weight from side to side can lull your audience into a semi-hypnotic state (also known as sleep). Stand tall and firm. If you feel that your stage presence is lacking, view clips of speakers you admire. Aim to imitate parts of their style that you feel could work for you. Then, \"fake it until you make it.\" In other words, act confident until you feel confident. ** ** Delivery When it comes to public speaking, delivery is everything. Even if you have a great voice and [[good body language]](https://www.verywellmind.com/ten-ways-to-have-more-confident-body-language-3024855), your message will get lost if the audience can\'t easily follow what you say. Below are some tips for developing good delivery skills: - **Speak slowly, but not ***too ***slowly**. Talk too fast and your audience will have a hard time understanding you. Talk too slowly and you risk putting them to sleep. When it comes to public speaking, talking at a conversational pace is your safest bet. - **Pause between ideas.** Great public speakers often pause for two to three seconds or even longer. A well-placed pause gives the audience time to digest what you are saying. It also makes you sound more confident and in control. - **Avoid filler words.** Words such as \"um,\" \"ah,\" \"you know,\" and \"like\" diminish your credibility and distract from your message. Instead, replace these filler words with pauses. - **Carefully articulate and pronounce your words**. A mumbling public speaker is hard to understand. ** **[[How to Read Body Language]](https://www.verywellmind.com/understand-body-language-and-facial-expressions-4147228) Audience Relations [[Good public speakers]](https://www.verywellmind.com/public-speaking-tips-3024732) are in tune with their audience. Public speaking is more than standing in front of a group and talking; you also need to engage your audience. - **Acknowledge your audience as soon as you take the stage. **This helps to make you seem more like a \"real\" person and keeps a conversational tone. - **Grab their attention immediately**. When you speak, you have about 60 seconds to capture your audience\'s attention and captivate them before they tune out.^2^ Use this time to ask a rhetorical thought-provoking question, tell a captivating story, or share a shocking statistic---anything that will keep them intrigued. - **Find a friendly face. **There\'s bound to be friendly people in the audience. Find those people and pretend that you\'re speaking to only them. - **Make eye contact. **Regardless of how big your audience is, try to [[make eye contact]](https://www.verywellmind.com/how-do-i-maintain-good-eye-contact-3024392) with as many people as possible. It will make them feel like you are speaking directly to them. **PREPARE AN EFFECTIVE ORAL PRESENTATION** An effective presentation is more than just standing up and giving information. A presenter must consider how best to communicate the information to the audience. Use these tips to create a presentation that is both informative and interesting: - - - - - - - - Source: [[Oral Presentation Tips]](https://www.gvsu.edu/ours/oral-presentation-tips-30.htm), GVSU. **COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS:** Check your understanding of the input by answering the following questions: **Task 1: Comprehension Questions: Instruction:** Check your understanding of the input by answering the following questions: 1. Why is it important to analyze the audience and know about the logistics involved when making an oral presentation? 2. What are the major steps in the oral presentations? 3. Why does purpose and audience play a very important role in planning for oral presentations? 4. Discuss ways on how to improve your Public Speaking Skills.  **WORKSHEET TASK 6.1** **Assume that you are going to speak before an audience composed of professionals on a perennial and relevant topic for instance, "Smoking." Find out as much about your audience by answering the following questions:** **1.Who is likely to attend your talk?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **2. What is their background (education, profession, age range, gender, etc. ) ?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **3. Why do you think they will come?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **4.How will you convince them or stop their smoking habit?** **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **SYNTHESIS** 1\. When preparing a report or speech for oral presentation, make a profile first of your audience and the logistics involved, i.e. venue and facilities. Then read up and research on the topic so you can write an effective report, speech, or talk. 2\. When making your oral presentations, pay attention to the paralinguistic cues and prosodic features of the language. Whereas paralinguistic cues involve facial expression, posture, gestures, and movement, prosodic features include intonation, tone, stress, rhythm, and pause. 3\. When making a group presentation, follow strictly the guidelines so you can come up with a good performance. Be a team player so that the individually assigned parts cohere with each other. **REFERENCES:** - Madrunio, Marilou R.,Martin, Isabel P., Purposive Communication, Using English in Multilingual Contexts, C&E Publishing Inc. 2018 - Valdez, Suzette F., Dela Cruz, Rommel B., Essentials of Oral Communication Towards Effective and Responsible Speech Prepared by: **[JANE LUISE G. PASION, LPT]** Faculty, CIT Checked by: **[FREDERICK J. SORIANO, MIT]** Dean, College of Information Technology