Module 1.2-4.pptx.pdf

MODULE 1 Introduction to Programming Fundamentals CC 1101  1. Major Components of Computer System LESSON 2. Peopleware or Human Resources FLOW 3. Information Processing Cycle 4. Elements of Computer Program 5. Statements or Commands Peopleware or Hu...

MODULE 1 Introduction to Programming Fundamentals CC 1101  1. Major Components of Computer System LESSON 2. Peopleware or Human Resources FLOW 3. Information Processing Cycle 4. Elements of Computer Program 5. Statements or Commands Peopleware or Human Resources  PEOPLEWARE OR HUMAN RESOURCES Peopleware refers to the human role in an IT system. It encompasses various aspects related to the involvement of people in the development and utilization of computer software and hardware systems. Here are some key points about peopleware:  DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTIVITY Peopleware addresses the productivity of developers and teams. It explores how individuals and groups can work efficiently to create high-quality software.  TEAMWORK AND GROUP DYNAMICS Understanding how teams collaborate, communicate, and function is crucial. Effective teamwork contributes to successful project outcomes.  PSYCHOLOGY OF PROGRAMMING Peopleware delves into the psychological aspects of programming. It considers factors such as motivation, cognitive load, and decision-making.  PROJECT MANAGEMENT Managing projects involves coordinating people, resources, and timelines. Peopleware examines project management practices that lead to successful software development.  ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS The organizational context significantly impacts software development. Peopleware considers organizational culture, learning, and adaptability  HUMAN INTERFACE DESIGN Creating user-friendly interfaces requires an understanding of human behavior and cognitive processes. Peopleware emphasizes designing interfaces that align with users’ mental models.  HUMAN–MACHINE INTERACTION How humans interact with machines (software and hardware) affects usability and efficiency. Peopleware explores ways to optimize this interaction. Information Processing Cycle  INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE It is a series of steps that help us make sense of new information, apply it to our existing knowledge base, and deepen our understanding.  BASIC PROGRAM LOGICAL SEQUENCE In a computer-oriented data processing 1. Input system, there are four logical sequences 2. Process that are being followed and done, they 3. Output are: 4. Storage INPUT Provided by users and are needed by the computer hardware for it to do something depending on what instruction is to be done. After data has been entered, they are stored in the memory where processing then takes place. PROCESS Manipulation of data based on the instruction given, either mathematically or logically such as organizing, sorting, calculations, etc. and are done by the Central Processing Unit or CPU. OUTPUT When processing is done, output or result can now be retrieved. It is also considered as information are processed data, organized and made more meaningful and important to the person receiving it. STORAGE It is the saving of important data or information into the memory or a storage device/s. All data that is stored in a computer is converted to sequences of 0s and 1s. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Computer languages have translators that are commonly called compilers or interpreters that will tell you if you have used the language correctly or otherwise. This incorrect usage of language syntax is called syntax error which is easier for the programmer to see as specified by the interpreter. The program must be translated into machine language or binary language that represents million of on/off circuits within the computer. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Program statements are called source program and the translated machine language statements is called object code. For the program to work properly, program instructions must be given to the computer following a certain order. This order is called the logic of the computer program. Logic is the order by which instructions are written. Once instructions are entered into the computer, it can now be executed. Computer evaluates from the top of the list. Elements of Computer Program 1. Language 2. Data 3. Expression 4. Statements or Commands LANGUAGE COMPUTER PROGRAM It can be divided into; 1. system programs, 2. utility programs 3. application programs.  SYSTEM PROGRAMS System programs refer to all programs that require the computer to function effectively. It is the intermediary or the bridge that links computer users and the hardware.  UTILITY PROGRAMS Utility programs are programs provided so that user can maintain the computer system.  APPLICATION PROGRAMS Application programs written by user to obtain solution to a specific problem that transform a computer machine into a tool for performing a specific kind of work. COMPUTER PROGRAM It is composed of different elements, they are: 1. language; 2. data; 3. expression/operation; 4. statement or command  LANGUAGE The process of program design and implementation is called programming. At this point, user or programmer must specify the operation that should be done and to be performed. Programs however, are written in various programming languages.  COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE A program is a list of instructions or commands written in a programming language, arranged logically that tells what the computer should follow. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Programming languages are divided into three levels: 1. High-level languages 2. Mid-Level (Intermediate-Level) Languages 3. Low-level languages. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE More abstract and easier to use, focusing on human readability and ease of development. Examples: Python, Java, Ruby, C#, JavaScript, etc. MID-LEVEL LANGUAGE They combine elements of both low-level and high-level languages, offering a balance of control over hardware and abstraction for easier programming. Examples are C and C++. SYNTAX In programming refers to the set of rules and conventions that define how code must be written so that it can be correctly understood and executed by a computer. SYNTAX It's like the grammar of a programming language. Just as correct grammar is necessary for clear writing in human languages, correct syntax is essential for a program to run properly. LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE These are programming languages that are very close to the machine code (the language that a computer's hardware understands directly). Two Types: Machine and Assembly Language. MACHINE LANGUAGE A numeric codes for the operations that a particular computer can execute directly. The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits (“bits”). EXAMPLE ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE MOV MOVE It is one level above machine CMP COMPARE language. It uses short mnemonic codes for DIV DIVIDE instructions and allows the programmer to introduce MUL MULTIPLY names for blocks of memory that hold data. DATA  COMPUTER DATA Computer Data refers to the information that a computer processes, stores, and manipulates. It can be anything from text and numbers to images and sounds. It’s like the fuel that powers a computer’s functions.  COMPUTER DATA Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters (+,-,/,*,,= etc.). It is a collection of factual information which are either in the form of numbers, letters, or symbols. COMPUTER DATA Data are categorized or classified into two: 1. NUMERIC 2. NON-NUMERIC  NUMERIC DATA These are used for mathematical computations. Numeric data items can be an integer (whole number) or a real number (with a decimal or floating point or fractional part).  NON-NUMERIC DATA Non-numeric data are usually organized into sequences of characters enclosed in an open and close quotation mark ( “ or ‘ ) and are commonly called string.  COMPUTER DATA Data are used or represented in a program as 1. constant 2. variable  CONSTANT A constant is a data value that does not change during the execution of a program. Once a constant is defined, its value remains fixed and cannot be altered.  NUMERIC CONSTANT It maybe an integer or a real numbers which may either be preceded by a positive (+) or a negative (-) sign.  INTEGER CONSTANTS 100 (positive integer) -125 (negative integer) +10 (positive integer with explicit sign)  ILLEGAL NUMERIC CONSTANTS 100,000 - comma is not allowed. $ 125.00 - $ symbol to signify monetary value is not allowed. 10 inches - inches as a description should not be used. 18 ¼ - slash (/) is a symbol of division and is not allowed.  STRING CONSTANTS It is a group of characters enclosed in n an open and close quotation marks may include numerical form (numbers 0-9), letters from A-Z or a-z and all other characters like $, space, % and etc.  STRING CONSTANTS “A” “Gorio’s Store” “” “How are you” “14344” “200”  VARIABLES Names we give to computer memory locations which are used to store values in a computer program. It should be given their own unique (no duplication) name. Variable name are normally called identifier.  1. must contain only letters, numbers and an underscore character ( _ ). 2. must always begin with a letter. RULES FOR 3. must be unique (no duplication of names) VARIABLE 4. must not be a keyword or reserve word NAMES (keyword are word with a special meaning to the computer like commands or statements). 5. should not start with a number.  VARIABLE EXAMPLES X STUDENT_I Total GRP1 D A243B GRP2 Grand_total X2X X3  THANK YOU! DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS?