Module 1 - Intro L0 - Homeostasis PDF

Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. Prepared by: Niña Mae L. Sumilang, RN  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.Define anatomy and describe the levels at which anatomy can be studied. 2.Explain the importance o...

Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. Prepared by: Niña Mae L. Sumilang, RN  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.Define anatomy and describe the levels at which anatomy can be studied. 2.Explain the importance of the relationship between structure and function.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANATOMY “ana” means up or apart “tome” means cut The study of the structure of the body and relationship between structure of a body part.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY Systemic Anatomy Regional Anatomy Surface Anatomy Anatomical Imaging  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. PHYSIOLOGY “physio-” means nature “-logy” means study Functions of living things To understand and predict body’s responses to stimuli Understand how the body maintains internal conditions within narrow range. MAJOR ORGANS OF THE BODY  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SUBDIVISIONS OF PHYSIOLOGY Human physiology Cellular physiology Systemic physiology  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SIX LEVELS OF BODY ORGANIZATION Chemical Level Cell Level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ System Level Organism Level  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CHARACTERISTIC OF LIFE 1. Organization 2. Metabolism 3. Responsiveness 4. Growth 5. Development 6. Differentiation 7. Reproduction  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Every movement you make, and every new day that you live to see, is the result of a collection of systems working together to function properly.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SYSTEM OVERVIEW 1. Integumentary system 2. Skeletal system 3. Muscular system 4. Nervous system 5. Endocrine system 6. Cardiovascular system  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SYSTEM OVERVIEW 7. Lymphatic & Immune system 8. Respiratory system 9. Digestive system 10. Urinary system 11. Reproductive System COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. HOW DO WE KEEP OUR BODY BALANCED DESPITE FLUCTUATIONS?  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. HOMEOSTASIS It is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously monitor its internal conditions.  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. From body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients, each physiological condition has a particular set point. the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates.  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc.  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. Normal range is the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. Physiological parameters, such as body temperature and blood pressure, tend to fluctuate within a normal range a few degrees above and below that point. Example the set point of normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F)  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. Control centers in the brain and other parts of the body monitor and react to deviations from homeostasis using negative feedback. a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point. maintains body parameters within their normal range.  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. THREE BASIC COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM CONTROL SENSOR EFFECTOR CENTER also referred to a compares the causes a change receptor value to the to reverse the monitors a normal range. situation physiological activates an return the value value effector to the normal range  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. STIMULUS a deviation from a set point drives a physiological parameter beyond its normal range “heard” by a specific sensor.  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. In a negative feedback loop, a stimulus is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body a) A negative feedback loop has four to homeostasis. basic parts. b) Body temperature is regulated by negative feedback.  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. The three major effects of “heat-loss center” stimulation As blood flow to the The depth of Blood vessels in the skin increases, sweat respiration increases, skin begin to dilate glands are activated and a person may allowing more blood to increase their breathe through an from the body core to output. As the sweat open mouth instead flow to the surface of evaporates from the of through the nasal the skin allowing the skin surface into the passageways. This heat to radiate into surrounding air, it further increases heat the environment. takes heat with it. loss from the lungs.  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. POSITIVE FEEDBACK It intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it. It is normal only when there is a definite end point.  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK reversing child birth extreme damage to the body.  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. CHILDBIRTH Normal childbirth is driven by a positive feedback loop. A positive feedback loop results in a change in the body’s status, rather than a return to homeostasis. The extreme muscular work of labor and delivery are the result of a positive feedback system  COLLEGEOF COLLEGE OFNURSING INFORMATION SYSTEM CalayanEducational Calayan EducationalFoundation, Foundation, Inc. Inc. BLOOD LOSS Less blood circulating means reduced blood pressure and reduced perfusion to the brain and other vital organs. The body responds to this potential catastrophe by releasing substances in the injured blood vessel wall that begin the process of blood clotting. Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES COURSE CODE: Ana/Physio Course Description: This course deals with psychological concepts, principles and basic anatomical structures.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students would be able to: Demonstrate the anatomical position Describe the human body using directional and regional terms Identify three planes most commonly used in the study of anatomy Distinguish between the posterior (dorsal) and the anterior (ventral) body cavities, identifying their subdivisions and representative organs found in each Describe serous membrane and explain its function  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANATOMICAL TERMS The purpose of this language is not to confuse, but rather to increase precision and reduce medical errors. They are derived from ancient Greek and Latin words. Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. Example: the disorder called hypertension the prefix “hyper-” means “high” or “over,” and the root word “tension” refers to pressure, so the word “hypertension” refers to abnormally high blood pressure.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANATOMICAL POSITION It is the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward. Using this standard position reduces confusion.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. The following terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures: SUPINE Describes a face-up orientation PRONE Describes a face-down orientation  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. REGIONAL TERMS The human body’s numerous regions have specific terms to help increase precision. BODY PARTS AND REGIONS  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. DIRECTIONAL TERMS These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Superior Above or up Inferior Below or down Anterior / Ventral Front Posterior / Dorsal Back Proximal Nearest Distal Distant Medial Towards midline Lateral Away from the midlines Superficial Close to the surface of the body Deep Interior of the body  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. PLANES Series of planes passing through it. It is a way to “look inside” and observe body structures.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Sagittal plane Runs vertically separating left and right Median plane Sagittal plane that passes through midline Transverse plane Parallel to surface of ground Frontal plane Runs vertically divides into anterior and posterior Longitudinal Cut along the length section Transverse Cuts completely through an organ section Oblique section Diagonally across the long axis COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. WORD PLAY! ANATOMICAL TERMS COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANATOMICAL ADJECTIVES Anterior/ Ventral Superior Posterior/ Dorsal Inferior Medial Internal Lateral External Palmar Cranial Proximal Caudal Distal Plantar Superficial Palmar Deep  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ANATOMICAL TERMS RELATED TO MOVEMENT Flexion Protraction Extension Retraction Abduction Elevation Adduction Depression Medial rotation Plantar flexion Lateral rotation Dorsiflexion Pronation Inversion Supination Eversion  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. REGIONAL TERMS Abdominal Femoral Antecubital Inguinal Axillary Nasal Brachial Oral Buccal Orbital Carpal Patellar Cervical Pubic Digital Pelvic Sternal  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS Cephalic Deltoid Gluteal Lumbar Occipital Popliteal Scapular Sural Vertebral Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. BODY CAVITIES AND SEROUS MEMBRANES COURSE CODE: Ana/Physio Course Description: This course deals with psychological concepts, principles and basic anatomical structures.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. BODY CAVITIES A body cavity is a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs. Human body cavities are separated by membranes and other structures. Three large cavities: 1. Thoracic cavity 2. Abdominal cavity 3. Pelvic cavity  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. LARGEST BODY COMPARTMENTS: 1 Dorsal (Posterior) 2 Ventral (Anterior) Cavity Cavity These cavities contain and protect delicate internal organs, and the ventral cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE POSTERIOR (DORSAL) AND ANTERIOR (VENTRAL) CAVITY cranial cavity dorsal (posterior) cavity spinal cavity largest body compartment thoracic cavity ventral (anterior) cavity abdominopelvic cavity  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. DORSAL (POSTERIOR) CAVITY Cranial Spinal Cavity Cavity encloses houses the spinal the brain cord  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. VENTRAL (ANTERIOR) CAVITY Thoracic Cavity Surrounded by rib cage Abdominal Cavity and separated from the abdominal cavity by the Contains the stomach, muscular diaphragm. intestines, liver, spleen, The mediastinum pancreas and kidney divides it into right and left part.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. BODY CAVITIES Pelvic Cavity Small space enclosed Abdominopelvic cavity by the bones of the Abdominal and pelvic pelvis. It contains the cavities are not physically bladder, part of the large separated. intestine, internal reproductive organs.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SEROUS MEMBRANES Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities. Thoracic cavity has three serous membrane-lined Visceral serous cavities: pericardial membrane – comes in cavity and two pleural contact with the organ cavities Parietal serous membranes – outer part of the wall  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SEROUS MEMBRANES Pleural cavity surrounds each lung. Each is covered with visceral pleural and parietal pleura.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SEROUS MEMBRANES Abdominopelvic cavity Contains peritoneal cavity. Also contains visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SEROUS MEMBRANES Mesenteries Consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together. It anchor the organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. SEROUS MEMBRANES Parietal peritoneum covers retroperitoneal organs including kidney, adrenal glands, portion of the pancreas, part of intestines, and urinary bladder.  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ABDOMINAL REGIONS AND QUADRANTS To promote clear communication, health care providers typically divide up the cavity into either nine regions or four quadrants  COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. The abdomen (commonly called the belly) is the body Right Left hypochondriac Epigastric hypochondriac space between the region region region thorax (chest) and pelvis. The Right lumbar region Umbilical Left lumbar region region diaphragm forms the upper surface of the Right hypogastric Left iliac region region iliac region abdomen. COLLEGE OF NURSING Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS It allows the localization of pain and tenderness, scars, lumps, and Right Left upper upper quadrant other items of quadrant interest, narrowing in on which organs Right Left lower lower quadrant and tissues may be quadrant involved. Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION COURSE CODE: Ana/Physio Course Description: This course deals with psychological concepts, principles and basic anatomical structures.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CELL “A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s processes.” A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. All organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Cells provide structure and support to the body of an organism. Characteristics The cell interior is organized into different individual organelles of Cell surrounded by a separate membrane. Every cell has one nucleus and membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm. COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Instead, some prokaryotes such as bacteria have a region within the cell where the genetic material is freely suspended. Characteristics They all are single-celled microorganisms. Examples include archaea, and Structure of bacteria, and cyanobacteria. a Prokaryotic Cell The hereditary material can either be DNA or RNA. Prokaryotes generally reproduce by binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. They are also known to use conjugation.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by a true nucleus. Characteristics This broad category involves plants, fungi, protozoans, and animals. and Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell They reproduce sexually as well as asexually. The size of the cells ranges between 10–100 µm in diameter. COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CELL STRUCTURE Cell Cell Wall Cytoplasm Membrane Nucleus Cell Organelle COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Cell Membrane The cell membrane supports and protects the cell. It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cells. The cell membrane is present in all the cells. It is also referred to as the plasma membrane. It forms the wall-like structure between two cells as well as between the cell and its surroundings. Cell Wall The cell wall is the most prominent part of the plant’s cell structure. It is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. It is a rigid and stiff structure surrounding the cell membrane. It provides shape and support to the cells and protects them from mechanical shocks and injuries.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Cell Organelle Cells are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions to carry out life’s processes. The different cell organelles are as follows: 1 Nucleolus 2 Nuclear 3 Chromosomes 4 Endoplasmi 5 Golgi Membrane c Reticulum Bodies 6 Ribosom 7 Mitochondri 8 Lysosome 9 Chloroplast 10 Vacuoles e a  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. THE DIFFERENT CELL ORGANELLES AND ITS FUNCTIONS  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. THE DIFFERENT CELL ORGANELLES AND ITS FUNCTIONS  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. THE DIFFERENT CELL ORGANELLES AND ITS FUNCTIONS  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. THE DIFFERENT CELL ORGANELLES AND ITS FUNCTIONS  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. They form the structural basis of all the organisms. In the process of mitosis, the parent cell divides into the daughter cells. Thus, the cells multiply and facilitate the growth in an organism. Functions Various nutrients are imported by the cells to carry out various chemical of Cell processes going on inside the cells. Cells require energy to carry out various chemical processes. This energy is produced by the cell. A cell aids in reproduction through the processes called mitosis and meiosis. COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CELL DIVISION Mitosis The process of making new body cells. Meiosis The type of cell division that creates egg and sperm cells.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. MITOSIS Mitosis is a fundamental process for life. Because this process is so critical, the steps of mitosis are carefully controlled by certain genes. When mitosis is not regulated correctly, health problems such as cancer can result.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. MEIOSIS Ensures that humans have the same number of chromosomes in each generation. Meiosis also allows genetic variation through a process of gene shuffling while the cells are dividing.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. PROTEINS It is an organic molecule composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Proteins are also components of many of the body’s functional chemicals.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS- Protein synthesis is the creation of proteins. Protein carried out inside the cell 1 In prokaryotes, it occurs in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, it initially occurs in the nucleus to create a 2 transcript (mRNA) of the coding region of the DNA The transcript leaves the nucleus. 3 It reaches the ribosomes for translation into a protein molecule with a specific sequence of amino acids. 4 Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. THE TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION COURSE CODE: Ana/Physio Course Description: This course deals with psychological concepts, principles and basic anatomical structures.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. TISSUE The term tissue is used to describe a group of cells found together in the body. They form a cellular organizational level, intermediate between the cells and organ system. Organs are then created by combining the functional groups of tissues.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. The Four Types of Tissue Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Epithelial Tissue- are formed by cells which cover the external parts of the body organs and lines the organ surfaces Functions of Epithelial Tissue: 1. Play a major role in sensory reception, excretion, filtration and other metabolic activities. 2. Provide mechanical strength and resistance to the underlying cells and tissue. 3. It is involved in the movement of materials through the process of filtration, diffusion and secretion. 4. Protects the internal organs against the invasions of pathogens, toxins, physical trauma, radiation, etc.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Connective Tissue- they are the group of tissues made up of cells separated by non-living material, called as an extracellular matrix. Functions of Connective Tissue 1. Insulating. 2. Helps in binding the organs together and provides support. 3. It protects against the invasions of pathogens by their phagocytic activity. 4. Provides shape to the body, conserves body heat and also stores energy. 5. It is involved in the transportation of water, nutrients, minerals, hormones, gases, wastes, and other substances within the body.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Muscle Tissue- is characterized by properties that allow movement. Tissue Histology Function Location Voluntary movement, Attached to bones and Long cylindrical fiber, striated, many Skeletal produces heat, protects around entrance points to peripherally located nuclei organs body (e.g., mouth, anus) Short, branched, striated, single central Cardiac Contracts to pump blood Heart nucleus Involuntary movement, moves food, involuntary Short, spindle-shaped, no evident striation, control of respiration, moves Walls of major organs and Smooth single nucleus in each fiber secretions, regulates flow of passageways blood in arteries by contraction  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Nervous Tissue- they are the main tissue components of the brain and spinal cord in the central nervous system. Functions of Nervous Tissue 1. Response to stimuli. 2. Stimulates and transmits information within the body. 3. Plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. 4. Maintains stability and creates an awareness of the environment. 5. Nervous tissue is involved in controlling and coordinating many metabolic activities.  COLLEGE OF INFORMATION SYSTEM Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Chemistry of life studies the structure and function of these biomolecules and their role in biological processes at the molecular, cellular, and organismal level. The ultimate aim of this research field is to understand the fundamental molecular principles that govern life from microorganisms to humans and to apply that knowledge to improve human health and sustainable well-being. Evolve. Adapt. Overcome. CEFI is now ready. THANK YOU!