Module 1 - Complete PDF

1. The ____ of any liquid is the temperature at which the liquid phase and the solid phase are in equilibrium under a pressure of one atmosphere: A. Vapor pressure B. Freezing point – or “Melting point” C. Evaporating point D. Boiling point – liquid and gas are at equilibrium 2. Index of...

1. The ____ of any liquid is the temperature at which the liquid phase and the solid phase are in equilibrium under a pressure of one atmosphere: A. Vapor pressure B. Freezing point – or “Melting point” C. Evaporating point D. Boiling point – liquid and gas are at equilibrium 2. Index of protective power of colloids: A. Zsigmondy – also known as Gold Number B. Nuggets C. Dolomite D. NOTA Properties of Colloids: remember TBAC Tyndall effect – light scattering phenomena in colloids Brownian motion – random particle collision (resulting to) = zigzag movement Adsorption Charge electrically (Zeta - electrokinetic and Nernst - electrodynamic potential) 3. The shrinkage occurring between the mixture of alcohol and purified water is primarily due to A. Van der Waals forces – 2nd strongest IFA B. Covalent bonding C. Hydrogen bonding – combination of H+ atom to electronegative atoms (e.g S, O, N, and Halogens like Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine) D. Ionic bonding E. Temperature changes IFA (Intermolecular Forces of Attraction) Strength: 1. Hydrogen bonding - strongest IFA; accounts for the unusual properties of water. - Presence of a polar functional group will form a hydrogen bond with a polar solvent like your water - Hydrogen bonding is polar 2. Van der Waals - 2nd strongest IFA strength - Attractive forces created by the molecule’s polarizability (if you are non-polar, dapat induce polarization) - Keesom (dipole – dipole) - Interaction between 2 polar molecules - Debye (dipole – induced dipole) INDUCTION - Interaction between 1 polar and 1 non-polar molecules - London (induced dipole – induced dipole) DISPERSION - Interaction between 2 non-polar molecules - 4. A locus of points in an atom in which the electron density is zero: A. Lode B. Node C. Black space D. Orbital – region/space where e- can be found Erwin Schrodinger Model: Quantum mechanical or electron cloud model of an atom - Modern atomic model - Estimates the probability of finding an e- in certain position that is at e- cloud/orbital. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle – impossible to predict the position and velocity of an e- revolving around a nucleus 5. The number of adjacent atoms to which an atom is directly bonded: A. Coordination number coordination Linear Triangular Tetrahedral B. Coordination sphere (2 fold) (3 fold) (4 fold) C. Atom number Bonds D. Covalent number polyhedron 180 Common examples Alkynes alkenes Alkanes C= C – H 6. (BEQ) It gives the spatial orientation of the electron cloud with respect to the three areas in space. A. Spin quantum number B. Magnetic quantum number C. Principal quantum number D. Azimuthal quantum number RATIONALE Quantum number - orbital Spin quantum number Magnetic quantum number - ms; Magnetic moment/rotation (cw or ccw) - ml; spatial orientation of orbital, pertains to charge (- or +) s p d f  ~ 3 5 7 2 e- 6 e- 10 e- 14 e- Principal quantum number Azimuthal quantum number - n; main energy level; size and overall energy - l; shape and angular momentum - 7s1 => n=7 (at the 7th shell) - Dictates the type of orbital - 7s1 => l = 0 because s p d f 0 1 2 3 7. He developed a table of atomic weights and introduced letters to symbolize elements. A. Berzelius B. Dobereiner - triads C. Lavoisier – made the table of comparison of metals and non-metals (M vs NM: List of 33 elements) D. Moseley – creator of the modern periodic table periodic law: arrangement of elements by atomic number E. Mendeleev – Father of the Modern Periodic Table arranged the periodic table according to atomic mass 8. A solution made up of a weak base and its salt which resist changes in pH is called: A. Buffer solution – composed of weak acid and conjugate base or weak base and its conjugate acid Remember that conjugates are ionized (it has charge, either – or +) B. Isotonic solution C. Neutral solution D. Normal solution 9. Going across a period from left to right and from bottom to the top of a group in the periodic table, which of the following periodic laws decreases? A. Electron affinity B. Electronegativity C. Atomic size D. Ionization energy E. NOTA Flourine – most electronegative Cesium – most electro positive LEFT to RIGHT and BOTTOM to TOP Increases decreases  Ionization energy Atomic radius/size Electronegativity Nuclear charge Electron affinity Shielding Non-metallic character Metallic character Helium – highest ionization energy 10. Different nuclides having the same number of neutrons but different number of protons: A. Isobars – same mass, different nuclides B. Isotopes – same protons (same atomic number), different neutrons; same element but different weight C. Isotones D. Isomer – same MF (molecular formula), different structures 11. Refers to the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom to convert it to a positively charged particle: A. Electronegativity – attracts e- B. Atomic radius – half of distance between 2 nuclei in 2 adjacent atoms C. Ionization energy D. Electron affinity – neutral atom accepts/gain e- E. Metallic property 12. Law stating that elements combine in different ratios of small whole numbers to form compounds. A. Law of multiple proportions – basis on MW B. Proust's law C. Law of definite proportions – aka Proust’s Law D. Dalton's law E. Two of the above Law of Definite Proportions/ Proust’s Law - Elements combine in fixed ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds - Elemental composition 13. What happens to the oxidizing agent in a redox reaction? A. Is oxidized B. Lose electrons C. Is reduced D. Valence is increased E. Not affected VI LE O RA VD GE R OA 14. Generic term referring to vitreous material: A. plastic B. Tin C. Vitriol D. Glass – alkaline because it is made up of silica + Na2CO3, acidimetry E. NOTA Vitreous/Glassy – transparent/translucent, amorphous/non-crystalline solid, shatter easily 15. They are chemical compounds containing elements of high atomic numbers which will stop the passage of x-rays A. Roentgen rays B. Radiopaque contrast media – e.g Barium Sulfate (GIT imaging) C. Radiopharmaceuticals D. Isotopes 16. Radioisotopes can be produced from the following, EXCEPT: A. Nuclear pile B. Cyclotron C. X-ray machine – emit x-ray for diagnostic purposes; short wavelength like gamma radiation; emission process is called k-capture D. Radioisotope cow 17. Primary HCO3- excess A. Metabolic acidosis Acidosis Alkalosis B. Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory (pCO2)   C. Respiratory acidosis = hypoventilation = hyperventilation D. Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic (HCO3-)   DOC: NaHCO3 DOC: CaCl2 HCO3 – blood (metabolic) 18. Designed for the visualization of the gall bladder A. lopanoic acid, USP B. Barium hydroxide C. Barium sulfate – Radiopaque for GIT imaging; it doesn’t dissociate, S/E: Constipation D. AOTA 19. Devarda's alloy is composed of Copper, Aluminum and: A. Iron B. Sodium C. Zinc D. Bismuth 20. Reverse of hydration A. Deliquescence B. Efflorescence – loss of water of hydration upon exposure to air/ crystallization (reduce MW) C. Hygroscopy D. Drying  Efflorescent: forms crystals/salts with water 1. CaSO4 ⚫ 2H2O (Gypsum) CaSO4 ⚫ ½ H2O (Plaster of Paris) 2. CuSO4 ⚫ 5H2O (Blue Vitriol) 3. KAI(SO4)2 ⚫ 12H2O (Alum) 4. Atropine SO4 5. Na2CO3 ⚫ 10H2O (Washing/Sal Soda) 6. Citrates, Tartrates 21. Calcium absorption and distribution are under a complex hormonal control of: A. Parathyroid hormone – excess: hypercalcemia B. Calcitonin – excess: hypocalcemia C. Thyrocalcitonin D. AOTA 22. Type of bottle for dispensing milk of magnesia A. Amber colored – (+) K; NMT 10% light transmisssion B. Light resistant – (+) K; NMT 10% light transmisssion C. Blue bottle D. Clear bottle 23. What element is also known as dephlogisticated air? A. Nitrogen – Phlogisticated air (Priestly), Mephitic air, Azote B. Oxygen – Empyreal air (Scheele), acid former (Lavoisier), yne C. Hydrogen – inflammable air (Cavendish) D. Sulfur - Asupre E. Helium Mercury (Hg) - Asoge 24. What condition results from the deficiency of iodine? A. Hepatitis B. Goiter – hyper/hypothyroid also results to this C. Infection D. Scurvy – deficiency of Vi. C for collagen production E. Peripheral neuropathy - induced by Isoniazid for slow acetylators (e.g. Egyptians, Europians, and Caucasians), for fast acetylators (Asians and eskimos), Isoniazid causes hepatitis - Vi B6 def 25. What is the antidote for zinc poisoning? A. Magnesium sulfate B. Magnesium hydroxide C. Sodium bicarbonate – because Zn poisoning is a metabolic acidosis D. Sodium carbonate E. Sodium chloride 26. The following are elements which form basic anhydrides, EXCEPT: A. Ca B. Na C. Mg D. S E. NOTA Metallic oxides – basic Nonmetallic oxides - acidic 27. Cinnabar is chemically known as: A. Li2CO3 B. Zn C. ZnSO4 D. HgS Lithium Carbonate Zinc Zinc Sulfate Other Sulfurs Li2CO3 Zn ZnSO4 Lead Sulfide Mercuric Sulfide PbS HgS Galena Cinnabar Aethrop’s mineral can be red or black sulfide 28. What is the color of the cylinder that is used to contain oxygen? A. Black – Azote (no life), N2 B. Green C. Gray – CO2 D. Brown – Helium, E. Yellow – Cl gas 29. Among the halogens, which element is the most metallic? LEFT to RIGHT and BOTTOM to TOP Increases decreases Ionization energy Atomic radius/size Electronegativity Nuclear charge A. Chlorine Electron affinity Shielding B. Bromine Non-metallic character Metallic character C. Fluorine D. Iodine – Non-metal withy metallic sheen E. Astatine – only metallic, radioactive synthetic Halogen 30. The reagent that will precipitate out Group 1 cations: A. Hydrogen sulfide – precipitate group 2 cations B. Dilute hydrochloric acid C. Ammonium sulfide – precipitate group 3 cations D. Sodium biphosphate E. Sodium hydroxide Cations Group: CAB CS I- Chlorides, insoluble (or Insoluble Chloride): Pb, Hg+1 (mercurous), Ag - PHA (1st year PHArma students study Inorg Chem) II - Acid sulfide insoluble: Cu, Bi, Cd, Pb // Sn, As Sb, Hg+2 - CuTin Group - Cu: CBCP (Na2S insoluble) - Tin: SASH (Na2S soluble) III - Base Sulfide insoluble: Fe, Co, Ni, Mn // Al, Cr, Zn - FeAl Group - Fe, Co, Ni, Mn (Na2O2 insoluble) - Al, Cr, Zn - ALuCRuZN (Na2O2 soluble) IV - Carbonate/ Phosphate/ Sulfate insoluble: alkaline earth metals V - Soluble: Alkali Metals 31. Decrease the coefficient of expansion of glass A. Rare earths – absorbs light of certain wavelengths (polarized light) B. Potassium – amber color C. Borate D. MnO2 – masks blue green color of Iron E. Lead – increases refractive index of glass 32. Increase refractive index of glass A. Rare earths – absorbs light of certain wavelengths (polarized light) B. Potassium – amber color C. Borate – decreases the coefficient of expansion of glass D. MnO2 – masks blue green color of Iron which is an impurity E. Lead 33. 100 volume H2O2: A. 3% - 10 volumes; lowest term B. 6% - 20 volumes C. 10% D. 30% E. 100% H2O2 is Agua Oxinada 34. Native hydrated aluminum silicate is also known as: A. Kaolin B. Talc – Native Hydrated Mg Silicate C. Pumice - Complex silicate of Al, Na, and K; of volcanic origin D. Siloxane – Polymeric R2SiO E. Bentonite – Native colloidal Al silicate Bentonite Magma – 5% 35. Howe's solution A. Mercury bichloride – HgCl2, corrosive sublimate B. Mercurous chloride – aka Calomel C. Ammoniated mercury D. Ammoniated silver nitrate E. Lead acetate Remember: How? Pero tulala ka, TULALA – TOLLENS/ And Tollens reagent has silver nitrate 36. Corrosive sublimate A. Mercury bichloride - HgCl2 B. Mercurous chloride – aka Calomel C. Ammoniated mercury D. Ammoniated silver nitrate – Howe’s solution E. Lead acetate 37. Slaked lime is: A. CaO - Lime B. CaSO4 ⚫ 2H2O – Gypsum; CaSO4 ⚫ ½ H2O – Plaster of Paris C. Ca(OH)2 D. CaCO3 – prepared chalk, lime stone E. NOTA 38. Antidote for copper poisoning: A. Iodine B. Penicillamine - Cuprimine® for Wilson’s disease (aka Cu poisoning) C. Dimercaprol D. Castellani's paint 39. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds except carbonates. bicarbonates, cyanides and oxides. The properties of those below are related to inorganic compounds, EXCEPT: A. Water soluble B. Good conductor of electricity C. High melting and boiling point D. Catenation – bond to other C atoms (chains/rings) E. Not capable of hybridization Unique Properties of Carbon: 1. Catenation – bond to other C atoms (chains/rings) 2. Hybridization – mixing of 2 or more non-equivalent atomic orbitals (sp, sp2, sp3) Hybrid Geometry Bond Mnemonic sp Diagonal/ linear Triple (alkynes) 123 180 sp2 Trigonal planar Double (alkenes) 232 120 sp3 Tetrahedral Single (alkanes) 341 109.5 3. Isomerism – same MF but different structure 40. Which of the following is the strongest Bronsted base? A. H2PO4- H3PO4 – acid B. HSO4- H2SO4 – acid C. NO3- HNO3 D. CH3COO - CH3COOH – weakest acid The stronger the acid, the weaker the Conjugate Base H+ - strongest acid that can exist in aq. Solution OH- - strongest base that can exist in Aq. solution 41. The formation of dental caries is distributed to the action of acids, mostly ____, obtained from oral bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates: A. Narcotic acid B. Citric acid C. Lactic acid -  levels = formation of dental caries D. Malic acid (BEQ) IUPAC Name of Lactic acid: 2-hydroxypropanoic acid 42. Orthohydroxybenzoic acid is: A. Acetic acid B. Salicylic acid – keratolytic, component of Whitfield’s ointment (with bezoic acid) C. Oxalic acid D. Citric acid Ortho position Meta position Para position - adjacent - “M” - Magkabilang dulo 43. (BEQ) Which is the weakest acid? A. Lactic acid B. Benzoic acid C. Trichloroacetic acid – strongest acid accdg to choices D. Acetic acid  Ka =  weak acid strength =  pH  H+ =  weak acid strength =  pKa Acidity: 1. Trichloroacetic acid (pKa = 0.77) 2. Lactic acid (pKa = 3.86) 3. Benzoic acid (pKa = 4.20) 4. Acetic acid (pKa = 4.76) 44. (BEQ) Trans-2-alkene: I. Asymmetrical – should be symmetrical  II. Non-polar III. Higher melting point IV. Lower boiling point More stable A. l, Il, Ill B. Il, Ill, IV C. l, Ill, IV D. l, Il, Ill, IV Trans-2-alkene Cis-alkenes Symmetrical Asymmetrical Non-polar polar Higher melting point Lower melting point Lower boiling point Higher boiling point More stable Less stable Rotates to 180 45. Which of the following compounds would have the highest boiling point? A. CH3CHCH2CH3 B. CH3NH2 C. CH3OH – with polar group D. CH2F2 Factors Affecting BP and MP:  IMF strength =  Polarity =  BP/MP – directly proportional  C (MW) =  VdW =  BP/MP =  Density – directly proportional  Branching =  BP/MP – inversely proportional (presence of branching) 46. Alcohol undergoing dehydration yields: A. Alkane B. Alkene – alcohol + sulfuric acid (as catalyst/dehydrating agent) → alkene + H2O C. Alkyne D. AOTA E. NOTA  47. Secondary alcohol + K2Cr2O7 will yield: A. Carboxylic acid B. Aldehyde C. Ketone D. Ester E. NOTA K2Cr2O7 – Potassium Dichromate Alcohol oxidation: use Oxidizing Agent 1 alcohol → aldehyde → carboxylic acid (BEQ: What is the product upon further oxidation of primary alcohols? Answer: Carboxylic Acids) 2 alcohol → ketone 3 alcohol → NR 48. When a carbonyl group reacts with a secondary amine, what will be the resulting product? A. Imine – Schiff base B. Amide C. Tertiary amine D. Enamine E. Secondary amine Who will provide the CARBONYL GROUP? Aldehyde/Ketone Aldehyde Ketone  Terminal Carbonyl Non-terminal carbonyl - Last part - In the middle 49. The addition of a hydrogen molecule to an alkene is catalyzed by what metal? A. Silver B. Palladium C. Beryllium D. Gallium E. Osmium Alkene/Alkyne Hydrogenation → Alkane - Uses Lindlar catalysts (Pt, Pd, Ni) 50. Methoxybenzene is also known as: A. Anisole B. Toluene C. Aniline D. Xylene E. NOTA  Anisole Toluene Aniline Xylene Methoxybenzene Methylbenzene Benzenamine Orthodimethylbenzene Meta Para Aromatic Ring + OCH3 Aromatic ring + CH3 Aromatic ring + NH2 2 CH3 as ortho, meta, or para Aromatic Ether 51. Identify the reaction that took place: A. Halogenation – addition of halogens B. Hydrogenation – aka REDUCTION, addition of H2 C. Hydration – addition of H2O with acid catalyst (e.g. HCl and H2SO4) D. Hydrohalogenation E. NOTA 52. Formaldehyde, when acted upon by Grignard's reagent, will yield: A. Primary alcohol – simple aldehyde + Grignard’s reagent B. Secondary alcohol – higher aldehyde + Grignard’s reagent C. Tertiary alcohol – ketone + Grignard’s reagent D. NOTA 53. Which of the following is/are characteristics of an ideal antiseptic? I. Rapid and sustained lethal action against microorganisms II. Retain activity in the presence of body fluids III. High surface tension - CORRECT: low surface tension A. I, II, and III B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I and II only E. I only Antiseptic – used on animate (alive) objects. 54. A dye used in vital nerve staining: A. Malachite green B. Gentian violet C. Methylene blue – at lower doses: antidote for cyanide and nitrate poisoning; at high doses: triggers methemoglobenemia D. Basic fuchsin 55. Extrachromosomals which are self-replicative and transferable by conjugation that is responsible for the transfer of resistance from one bacterium to another. A. R-factors – particularly plasmid B. F-factors C. S-factors D. M-factors E. X-factors 56. These are the major antigenic determinants that are formed when penicillins or its rearrangement products in vivo react with lysine-ε- amino groups of proteins resulting to allergic reactions. A. Penicillenic acid – product of acid hydrolysis of penicillin B. Penicilloyl proteins – acts as hapten (small molecule that is not non-antigenic, but when combined with specific antibody it will become antigenic) C. Penicillanic proteins D. Penicillanic acids – especially 6-APA (Amino Penicillanic Acid) is the nucleus of penicillin; - needed in the making of synthetic penicillin as a backbone E. Penams 57. Mechanism of action of Thiabendazole A. Irreversibly blocks glucose uptake in susceptible helminths – secondary MOA B. Inhibits the helminths-specific enzyme fumarate reductase – primary MOA C. Prevention of the conversion of inosine monophosphate to xanthine monophosphate D. Irreversibly inactivates ornithine decarboxylase E. Exerts anticholinergic effect causing paralysis and expulsion by peristalsis ThiabendAZOLE – is an AZOLE antifungals - Primary MOA: Inhibits the helminths-specific enzyme fumarate reductase - Secondary MOA: Irreversibly blocks glucose uptake in susceptible helminths - DOC for Threadworm infections (Strongiloidiasis: Strongyloides stercoralis)  MebendAZOLE - DOC for: - ascariasis (ascaris lumbricoides – roundworm) - Enterobiasis (pinworm) - trichoriasis (whipworm) - ancylostoma (hookworm) 58. (BEQ) For patients allergic to penicillin, this drug is used as alternative: A. Erythromycin – discovered in Iloilo (red soil) B. Spectinomycin C. Aureomycin D. Lincomycin E. NOTA Penicillin is the DOC for gram (+) coccus (e.g. staphylococcus, streptococcus) Penicillin allergy → Erythromycin Penicillin resistance → Methicillin R MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) → Vancomycin VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci) or VISA (Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus Aureus) → Daptomycin Daptomycin Alternative → Linezolid LRSA (Linezolid Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus) → Streptogramins (Streptomycin) 59. Despite the broad spectrum of activity of ribavirin, the drug has been approved for only one therapeutic indication, namely A. Herpes simplex keratitis B. Severe lower respiratory infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus – RSV causes infant bronchitis C. Herpes simplex encephalitis – cause by HSV 1 (Herpes Simplex Virus: above waist) D. Genital herpes – sexually transmitted (HSV 2: below waist) E. AIDS 60. Interferons are secreted by cells in response to viral infections or other chemical or biologic inducers. The major classes of interferons are: I. Alpha II. Beta III. Lambda IV. Gamma A. I and Il B. Il and Ill C. I, II and III D. Ill and IV E. Il and IV Interferons Radioactive Rays Alpha Alpha Beta Beta Lambda Gamma 61. Which of the following is the mode of action of amantadine? A. Inhibition of the uncoating of the RNA virus, thereby blocking the transfer of viral RNA into the host cell B. Inhibition of the viral DNA synthesis and producing the synthesis of DNA that contains the iodinated pyrimidine C. Conversion by viral enzymes to the triphosphate, which is potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductases and DNA polymerases D. Prevention of the capping of viral messenger RNA by inhibiting guanyl methyltransferase E. Prevention of conversion of inosine monophosphate to xanthine monophosphate Amantadine – used for influenza (bird flu, swine flu) For influenza A and B: Amantadine (Symmetrel®)/ Rimantadine – inhibits viral uncoating; used as a prophylaxis for flu infection Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) /Zanamivir – Neurominidase inhibitor; treatment for influenza H5N1 (hemagglutinin 5 neuraminidase 1) – Bird flue H1N1 (hemagglutinin 1 neuraminidase 1) – swine flu 62. Carcinogenic substances obtained from paper products: A. Polychlorinated biphenyls B. Acesulfame C. Butylatedhydroxyanisole – BHA/BHT – carcinogenic antioxidants D. NOTA 63. (BEQ) Drug of choice for absence seizures? A. Carbamazepine – and Phenytoin DOC for partial seizure; Carbamazepine S/E: Blood dyscrasias B. Thioridazine - schizophrenia C. Valproic acid – DOC for generalized tonic-clonic seizure (Grandmal seizure) D. Phenytoin – and carbamazepine DOC for partial seizure; Phenytoin S/E: Gyngival hyperplasia, hirsutism E. Ethosuximide 64. (BEQ) Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, EXCEPT: I. Corticotropin II. Thyroid stimulating hormone III. Growth hormone IV. Prolactin A. I only B. I and IV C. II and III D. AOTA E. NOTA Hypothalamic Posterior Pituitary Hormones - Releasing hormone ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)/Vasopressin Oxytocin Anterior Pituitary - Stimulating hormone - “-tropins” Corticotropin – responsible for the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyrotropin – Thyroid stimulating hormone Somatotropin – growth hormone Lactotropin - Prolactin Endorphins Gonadotropin (females only) - FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) - LH (Luteinizing Hormone) 65. Alcohol with not less than 70% ethanol and employed as astringent, rubefacient, refrigerant, mild anesthetic, and counterirritant: A. Rubbing alcohol – protein precipitation, used as an astringent B. Alcohol, USP – most abused recreation drug C. Denatured alcohol – for industrial purposes only (unfit for consumption); alcohol denaturants: methanol, benzene, brucine D. Dehydrated alcohol – absolute alcohol; NLT 99% EtOH (ethanol alcohol) by weight 66. Organism used in Ames Test: A. Salmonella typhimurium B. Bacillus subtilis C. Staphylococcus aureus D. Klebsiella pneumoniae Ames Test – test for mutagenicity Phenol coefficient – to test potency of disinfectant (Salmonella Typhi) DOC for Salmonella Typhi bacteria: Chloramphenicol 67. A polyene anti-fungal antibiotic: A. Nystatin – natamycin, amphotericin B (bubutasing ang membrane ng fungi) B. Griseofulvin C. Salicylic acid D. Econazole 68. A fourth-generation cephalosporin: A. Cefalexin B. Cefepime C. Cefamandole D. Cefuroxime 4th Generation Cephalosporins – Quin P (antipseudomonal) - Cefepime, Cefpirome, Cefquinone 5 generation Cephalosporins – Ceft + ol th 69. MOA of quinolones: A. Injury to plasma membrane B. Protein synthesis inhibition C. Inhibition of DNA gyrase – leading to supercoiling and destabilization of DNA = unstable DNA; DNA synthesis inhibitor D. Production of toxic free radicals  DNA gyrase – Topoisomerase II 70. Methylated erythromycin: A. Clarithromycin – 6-methylether of erythromycin B. Azithromycin C. Lincomycin D. Ilotycin E. NOTA 71. (BEQ) Active form of sulfonamides: A. Non-ionized B. Ionized – N-ionized salt form C. Amphoteric D. Oxo ring E. NOTA 72. Use of crotamiton: A. Pediculicide B. Anthelmintic C. Antibacterial D. Scabicide - E. NOTA Crotamiton is a 10% lotion 73. (BEQ) A metabolite of chloral hydrate: A. Trichloroacetic acid B. Acetaldehyde C. Carbapenem ring D. Phenacetone Chloral hydrate → using alcohol dehydrogenase will form TCE (Trichloroethanol – active) → using Aldehyde dehydrogenase → forms TCA (Trichloroacetic acid) 74. Presence of electron withdrawing groups (EWG) attached to the alpha carbon of the amide side chain in penicillins render: A. Acid stability – attachment of electron withdrawing groups; can be used orally (PO); e.g. Pen V B. Activity against Pseudomonas – have attachment of hydrophilic groups; e.g. carboxy/ureido penicillin C. Activity against G (-) organisms – have attachment of hydrophilic groups; e.g. aminopenicillin/carboxy/ureido penicillin D. Penicillinase resistance – has attachment of bulky groups; to hide penicillin molecule from beta-lactamase enzyme or penicillinase produced by Staphylococcus Aureus  RATIONALE Increase β lactamase resistance Acid stability Extended spectrum Addition of bulky groups Addition electron withdrawing group Introducing polar, ionizable group e.g. Pen V (given orally) (+) polar functional group: Amino Gram + Carboxy & - Antipseudomonal Ureido activity penicillin 75. The functional group in pyridoxine is: A. Amine B. Carboxylic acid C. Ketone D. Alcohol – Func. Group: pyridoxal which is an alcohol Pyridoxine – 6-methyl-3,4-pyridine methanol 76. (BEQ) A progesterone derivative which is used for the treatment of endometrial cancer A. Tamoxifen – SERM (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator); DOC/treatment for estrogen (+) breast cancer B. Flutamide – anti-androgen, specifically androgen-receptor antagonist; treatment for prostate cancer C. Goserelin – GnRH (Gonadotropin Receptor) agonist; treatment for breast and prostate cancer Goserelix – GnRH (Gonadotropin Receptor) antagonist; treatment breast and prostate cancer D. Depo-provera – medroxyprogesterone acetate Progestine – palliative treatment for endometrial and breast cancer 77. Sulfonamides are metabolized by humans principally by: A. Acetylation B. Oxidation C. Deamination D. Conjugation E. Methylation Drugs that undergo Acetylation Reaction: HIPS Hydralazine Isoniazide Procainamide Sulfa drugs (e.g. sulfanamides) Fast Acetylators: Asians, Eskimos, Orientals Slow acetylators: western Europeans, Caucasians, Egyptians 78. Streptomycin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics are: A. Ototoxic – and nephrotoxic B. Carcinogenic Ototoxic Aminoglycoside: KAN Nephrotoxic Aminoglycoside: NGT C. Hyperglycemic Kanamycin Neomycin D. Hepatotoxic Amikacin Gentamycin E. Goitrogenic Neomycin Tobramycin Streptomycin – most vestibulotoxic 79. Levodopa is used in the treatment of: A. Leukemia B. Parkinson's disease -  dopamine levels,  acetylcholine C. Alzheimer's disease D. Tay Sach's disease E. NOTA Levodopa + Carbidopa combined to prevent premature metabolism Levodopa will be converted to Dopamine by Dopa decarboxylase Addition of Carbidopa – is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (sinemet, tidomet) 80. Effective routes of administration of nitroglycerin for angina pectoris include the following: I. Oral – Nitroglycerin has  first pass effect/metabolism, so this is not used as a route of administration for NTG II. Intravenous III. Transdermal IV. Sublingual A. I, II B. II, III C. II, III, IV D. I, II, III, IV 81. Which of the following agents IS NOT used for local candidiasis? A. Nystatin B. Gentian violet C. Griseofulvin – used for systemic mycoses; only effective for dermatophytes (e.g. MET; Microsporum, Epidermophyton, Trichophyton); eat fatty food for increase absorption of griseofulvin D. Miconazote E. Clotrimazole 82. Acetaminophen is preferred in the following conditions, EXCEPT: A. Rheumatic disease – inflammatory disease; Acetaminophen (analgesic) has mild/lacks anti-inflammatory property B. Peptic ulcer C. Bronchial asthma D. Influenza E. Chicken pox Aspirin/acetylsalicylic acid (ASA): - because it is non-selective COX inhibitor (block COX 1 & 2) - S/E: peptic ulcer, NSAID-induced asthma, and may precipitate Reye’s syndrome in children w/ viral infections 83. Which of the following antineoplastics IS NOT considered an antimetabolite? A. Methotrexate B. Thioguanine C. Etoposide – Topoisomerase II inhibitor for cancer D. Fluorouracil E. NOTA 84. (BEQ) Which of the following bases is most susceptible to alkylating agents? A. Adenosine B. Cytosine C. Thymidine D. Guanine – most susceptible (most breakable) E. Uridine 85. The least stable of all vitamins: A. Ascorbic acid – Vi. C; due to oxidation it becomes ineffective B. Folic acid – Vi. B9 C. Thiamine – Vi. B1 D. Retinoic acid – Vi. A E. Menadione - 86. Functionalization reactions include: I. Redox Phase 1 – Functionalization Phase 2 - Conjugation II. Hydrolysis Reduction (e.g. Acetylation III. Acetylation deaminiation) Sulfation – present in new IV. Sulfation Oxidation – most common born babies Hydrolysis Glucuronidation – most A. I, II, III *Redox (R and O) common B. II, III, IV Sulphate conjugation C. II, III D. I, II E. I, II, III, IV 87. Preservatives like parabens increase their preservative property by: A. Reducing the parent compound B. Decreasing molecular weight C. Attaching a halogen to the parent compound D. Substituting the parent compound with a lipophilic group E. Increasing the molecular weight Methyl Paraben (PABA) – for molds Ethyl (PABA) Paraminobenzoic acid – for yeasts Propyl Paraben Butyl Paraben 88. Which is true about drug absorption? I. For a weakly acidic drug, it must be in its unionized form II. For a weakly acidic drug, it must be in its ionized form III. For a weakly basic drug, it must be in its unionized form IV. For a weakly basic drug, it must be in its ionized form A. I, II, III B. I, II C. II, IV D. III, IV E. I, III Weak Acidic Drug + Acidic Environment LUNA: Lipophilic, Unionized, Non-polar, Absorbed Weak Basic Drug + Basic Environment Acidic Drug + Basic Environment HIPE: Hydrophilic, Ionized, Polar, Excreted Basic Drug + Acidic Environment 89. This compound is derived from the pyrolysis of castor oil and is used as a keratolytic: A. Salicylic acid B. Undecylenic acid C. Azelaic acid – 9-carbon dicarboxylic acid; obtained from ozonolysis of castor oil; used as anti-acne agent D. Chrysarobin E. Propionic acid 90. Sulfonamides are synthetic analogs of: A. Gamma aminobutyric acid B. Para amino benzoic acid C. Tricarboxylic acid D. Sulfonic acid Sulfonamides MOA: dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor (+) Trimethoprim = Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (+) Methotrexate = folate antagonist (Folate – precursor for synthesis of DNA) 91. Chloramphenicol A. Streptomyces orientalis - vancomycin B. Streptomyces natalensis C. Penicillium griseofulvum D. Streptomyces griseus - streptomycin E. Streptomyces venezuelae 92. Streptomycin A. Streptomyces orientalis - vancomycin B. Streptomyces natalensis C. Penicillium griseofulvum D. Streptomyces griseus E. Streptomyces venezuelae - chloramphenicol 93. Vancomycin A. Streptomyces orientalis B. Streptomyces natalensis C. Penicillium griseofulvum D. Streptomyces griseus - streptomycin E. Streptomyces venezuelae - chloramphenicol 94. A. Oxazole – O dapat may OX, Nitrogen – AZOTE => OX - AZO B. Furan C. Pyrazine D. Benzimidazole E. Pyridine  95. A. Oxazole B. Furan C. Pyrazine D. Benzimidazole – seen in anthelmintics, e.g. mebendazole E. Pyridine 96. A. Oxazole B. Furan C. Pyrazine – 6 membered ring D. Benzimidazole E. Pyridine 97. A. Antihypertensive B. Antibacterial C. Antitubercular D. Antineoplastic E. Antipsychotic – tricyclic, phenothiazine ring seen in typical antipsychotics  98. A. Antihypertensive B. Antibacterial C. Antitubercular D. Antineoplastic E. Antipsychotic 99. A. Antihypertensive B. Antibacterial C. Antitubercular D. Antineoplastic E. Antipsychotic Beta lactam ring fused with thiazolidine ring = structure of penicillin Benzyl penicillin / Pen G  100. A. Antihypertensive B. Antibacterial C. Antitubercular D. Antineoplastic E. Antipsychotic  1. Which of the following substances lose water of crystallization upon exposure to air? I. Copper sulfate II. Sodium hydroxide III. Sodium carbonate IV. Ammonium chloride A. I, III B. I, IV C. III, IV D. I, II RATIONALE Deliquescent: Hygroscopic Efflorescent - These are substances that - Takes up water but does not - Lose water upon exposure to air absorb or take up water dissolve - crystals/salts with water from the atmosphere - Tends to crumble - Reverse of hydration forming and dissolving in a - - Loss of water of hydration/ crystallization (reduce MW) liquid: 1) Na Hydroxide NaCl e.g. sulfates and carbonates (hydrated) 2) K Hydroxide Sucrose 1) CaSO4 ⚫ 2H2O (Gypsum) 3) NH4 Chloride CaO 2) CaSO4 ⚫ ½ H2O (Plaster of Paris) 4) Mg Chloride 3) CuSO4 ⚫ 5H2O (Blue Vitriol, Salzburg Vitriol, Roman Vitriol, 5) Ca Chloride Blue Stone) – Antidote for P poisoning 6) Fe Chloride 4) KAI(SO4)2 ⚫ 12H2O (Alum) 7) NaNO3 5) Atropine SO4 6) Na2CO3 ⚫ 10H2O (Washing Soda, Sal Soda) 7) Citrates, Tartrates 2. It is the positively charged electrode. A. Cathode B. anode C. cation D. anion RATIONALE VD GE R OA Valence decrease Gain Electron Reduction Oxidizing agent  ( oxidation state) (gains covalent bond with H) VI LE O RA Valence Increase Lose Electron Oxidation Reducing agent ( oxidation state) RED CAT ELECT IN Reduction Cathode Electron In Subatomic Photon Electrode Ion particle (+) Basic unit of POSITIVELY Proton Anode Cation light (conceived CHARGED by Einstein); Smallest packet (-) of NEGATIVELY Electron Cathode Anion electromagnetic CHARGED radiation NEUTRALLY e.g. x-ray and Neutron CHARGED gamma rays 3. Water is essential to life. Which of the following statements holds true for water? I. Has high boiling point II. Solid form is more dense than its liquid form III. Has high specific heat IV. Has low surface tension V. Undergoes self-ionization A. l, Il, Ill B. I, IV, V C. I, III, V D. I, III, IV RATIONALE Properties of Water 1. High boiling point (100C or 212F) 2. Solid form is LESS DENSE than its liquid form  → Density: Solid < Liquid 3. Has high specific heat 4. Has high surface tension (water and oil won’t mix) 5. High capillary action 6. Undergoes self-ionization 7. Amphoteric 8. Exhibits adhesion and cohesion 4. It is known as calomel and is used purgative and fungicide. A. mercuric chloride B. mercurous chloride C. ammonium chloride D. ammonium carbonate RATIONALE Mercuric chloride (HgCl2) Mercurous chloride (Hg₂Cl₂) Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) Ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3) corrosive sublimate Calomel muriate of hartshorn hartshorn, baker’s ammonia, preston salt 5. Used as prophylactic agent tor ophthalmia neonatorum. – vertical transmission. Mother has STD A. silver iodide B. silver nitrite C. silver nitrate D. silver chloride RATIONALE Silver iodide (AgI) Silver nitrite (AgNO2) Silver nitrate (AgNO3) Silver chloride (AgCl) Lapiz infernulariz (caustic pencil), Lunar caustic indelible ink, also in henna tattoo 0.5% - wet dressing for 3burns 1% - Prophylactic for ophthalmia neonatorum; (New: Erythromycin drops) 6. Describes the size of the electron orbital:  A. Principal quantum number B. Azimuthal quantum number C. Magnetic quantum number D. Spin quantum number RATIONALE QUANTUM NUMBER - orbital Spin quantum number Magnetic quantum number - ms; Magnetic moment/rotation (cw or ccw) - ml; spatial orientation of orbital, pertains to charge (- or +) s p d f ~ 3 5 7 2 e- 6 e- 10 e- 14 e- Principal quantum number (1 – 7) Azimuthal quantum number (spdf) - n; main energy level; size and overall energy - l; shape and angular momentum - 7s1 => n=7 (at the 7th shell) - Dictates the type of orbital - 7s1 => l = 0 because s p d f 0 1 2 3 7. Which element is used as a glucose tolerance factor? A. Cr B. Mg C. Mn D. Si RATIONALE Cr Mg Mn Si Glucose tolerance factor Co-factor for Phosphorylation reaction Synthesize biomolecules (e.g protein, fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis) 8. What property decreases from left to right, increases going from top to bottom? A. Electron affinity B. Nonmetallic property C. Electronegativity  D. Metallic property RATIONALE LEFT to RIGHT and BOTTOM to TOP Increases decreases Ionization energy Atomic radius/size Electronegativity Nuclear charge Electron affinity Shielding Non-metallic character Metallic character 9. Which of the following ions is colored blue in solution? A. Cupric B. Cuprous C. Ferrous D. Ferric RATIONALE Cupric Cuprous Ferrous (Fe+2) Feric (Fe+3) Nickel Blue Colorless Green Yellow/orange/brown green 10. The chemical properties of the elements depend upon the extent to which their electrons are: A. Redistributed B. Gained C. Completed D. Replaced RATIONALE VI LE O RA Redistributed Gained Completed Replaced Valence increase Loss electrons Oxidation Reducing Agent Or lost determines VD GE R OA whether Valence decrease Gain electrons Reduction Oxidizing Agent substance is a reducing agent or oxidation agent 11. If the ion product is less than Ksp, the solution is: A. Saturated B. Supersaturated  C. Unsaturated D. Cannot be determined RATIONALE  Ksp =  solubility Saturated Supersaturated Unsaturated Q = ion product Q = Ksp Q > Ksp (forms ppt) Q < Ksp Ion product Ksp - Use the initial concentration - Equilibrium concentration 12. Also known as “Glauber's salt" and is commonly used as a drying agent? A. Sodium citrate B. Sodium sulfate C. Sulfuric acid D. Potassium citrate RATIONALE Note: Sodium citrate Sodium sulfate Sulfuric acid Potassium citrate ATE = TAE saline laxative 13. This law states that elements combine in a fixed ratio of whole numbers as determined by mass A. Law of multiple proportions B. Law of definite proportions C. Proust Law D. Two of the choices RATIONALE  Law of definite proportions (Proust Law) Law of multiple proportions (Dalton’s Law) - This law states that elements combine in a fixed ratio of whole - This law states that elements forming multiple compounds, it can numbers as determined by mass be expressed in fixed whole number. (MW) 14. Which of the following actions of histamine is NOT blocked by H1 antagonists: A. Increase in salivary actions B. Increase in gastric secretions – blocked by H2 antagonist (simetidine) C. Vasodilation D. Pruritus RATIONALE H1 ANTAGONISTS H2 ANTAGONIST 15. Which of the following sulfide is orange-red in color, insoluble in NH3 but soluble in excess (NH4)2S? A. CdS B. Sb2S3 C. MnS D. ZnS RATIONALE Cadmium Sulfide Antimony Sulfide Manganese Sulfide Zinc Sulfide Others CdS Sb2S3 MnS ZnS Yellow sulfide Orange-red Pink sulfide White sulfide Black Sulfide 16. Form of water most commonly used as a solvent during manufacture of parenterals: A. sterile water for injection B. bacteriostatic water C. water for injection D. Purified water RATIONALE Sterile Water for Injection Water for injection - used when extemporaneous compounding of parenterals - Form of water most commonly used as a solvent during manufacture of - e.g. parenteral admixture parenterals Bacteriostatic water Purified water - Contains benzyl alcohol - solvent for pharmacopeia  - Used as a bacteriostatic agent - if water not stated/specified then this is the solvent - not for neonates 17. A 4th generation cephalosporin A. Ceftobiprole – 5th gen B. Cefepime C. Cefixime – 3rd gen D. Cefazolin – first generation RATIONALE 1stGeneration 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 4th Generation 5th Generation Cefa (INN Man Chlorinated Taz Fix the Quin P (w/ Ceft + ol name); or Cepha & Tanned the Fox Tripod’s Tax as antipseudomonal) (USAN) Fur Tribute Cefalexin Cefamandole Ceftazidime Cefquinome Ceftolozane Cefadroxil Cefaclor Cefixime Cefepime Ceftobiprole Cefazolin Cefotetan Ceftriaxone Cefpirome Ceftaroline Cefapirin Cefoxitin (Rocephin®) Cefalothin (Cephamycin) [Cefoperazone] Cefradine Cefuroxime Cefpodoxime Loracarbef Cefotaxime I FALEd to DRO Ceftibuten a FAZ APIRIN ALOne and prisDINE 18. Vogel's solution produces beautiful blue color with this ion A. Aluminum B. Zinc C. Cobalt – Co+1 (Cobaltous) + NH2SCN = CoSCN (beautiful blue) D. Copper RATIONALE Aluminum Zinc Cobalt Copper – Co+1 (Cobaltous) + NH2SCN = CoSCN (beautiful blue) 19. A semisynthetic tetracycline used in SIADH A. Minocycline B. Tigecycline C. Oxytetracycline D. Demeclocycline SIADH - Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Minocycline Tigecycline Oxytetracycline Demeclocycline Tetracycline Doxycycline DOC for CRiM (Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Mycoplasma) DOC for leptospirosis (BEQ: reservoir: urine of rat) & cholera 20. What is the IUPAC name of CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2 A. 2 - Pentene B. 4 - Pentene C. 1-Methyl-Propane D. Pent-1-ene 21. The following drugs undergo acetylation reaction upon metabolism, EXCEPT: A. Sulfanilamide B. Procainamine C. Ethanol – D. Hydralazine RATIONALE Acetylation reaction: HIPS Oxidation Reaction Glucuronidation Reaction H Hydralazine Ethanol Chloramphenicol I Isoniazid oxidation rxn; alcohol dehydrogenase P Procainamide → acetaldehyde (for alcohol S Sulfonamides (Sulfa drugs) intoxication) → ald dehydrogenase → acetic acid → broken down to CO2 and H2O 22. Which of the following HIV drugs is also used as treatment for Hepatitis B infection? A. Azidothymidine  B. Saquinavir C. Lamivudine D. Efavirenz Anti HIV RATIONALE Azidothymidine Saquinavir Lamivudine Efavirenz aka Zidovudine Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Protease inhibitor (proteiNAVIR) Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Non-nucleoside Reverse Inhibitor (NRTI) Drugs ending in “-navir” is a P inh Inhibitor (NRTI) Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI) - Mimicking nitrogenous base Mimicking nitrogenous base to inhibit to inhibit transcription transcription Drugs ending in “-vudine” is an NRTI Drugs ending in “-vudine” is an NRTI Thymidine analog Cytidine analog HIV drug HIV drug HIV drug used for Hepa B infection HIV drug Philippines Anti-HIV: LTE combination / triple therapy L Lamivudine T Tenofovir E Efavirenz 23. It forms a white precipitate with HCI but blackens upon addition of ammonium hydroxide: A. Mercuric B. Mercurous C. Silver D. Cupric RATIONALE with HCl with Ammonium Hydroxide or Ammonia (NH3) With Iodide (I) +2 +1 Mercurous (Hg2 ) or (Hg ) white Black Green ppt (due to the formation of metallic mercury) Mercuric (Hg2+) White ppt Red ppt 24. For a compound to be considered aromatic, it must have the following characteristics: I. Planar and cyclic II. sp3 hybridization III. Follows the 4n + 2 rule IV. Cumulated double bonds  A. I, IV B. I, III C. I, II, III, IV D. I, II, III RATIONALE Aromatic Compounds Characteristics: 1. Planar and cyclic (flat structure) 2. Sp2 hybrid 3. Follows Huckel Rule (4n + 2 rule) 4. Conjugated double bonds 25. Castellanis paint is used as a fungicide. It contains: A. Methylene blue B. Gentian violet C. Basic fuchsin D. Methylrosaniline RATIONALE Methylene Blue Gentian Violet Basic Fuchsin (aka Carbol fuchsin) (aka crystal violet/ methyl violet/ Methylrosaniline) Methylrosaniline At low dose only: For CN poisoning For yeast infections For ringworm and athlete’s foot At high dose: cause Methemoglobinemia For primary gram + and - staining (cyanosis) 26. Which anion evolves a gas with a fruity odor when treated with concentrated sulfuric acid and ethanol? A. ClO4- B. SO4 C. CH3COO- D. BrO3 RATIONALE With H2SO4 and C₂H₆O (Sulfuric acid and ethanol) CH3COO- EtOAc (plastic balloon/ fruity odor) Under esterification process 27. Most common conjugation pathway (phase 2) A. Methylation B. Hydrolysis C. Sulfation D. Glucuronidation RATIONALE Phase 1 Phase 2 Extra Notes: Functionalization Conjugation Glucuronidation Oxidation – most common Glucuronidation – most common - Underdeveloped in neonates (babies less than 30 days old) Reduction Sulfation - (+) Chloramphenicol → gray baby syndrome Hydrolysis Amino acid conjugation - Gray baby syndrome: manifestation of Aplastic anemia Methylation - Aplastic anemia: absence of red blood cells (bone marrow suppression) Acetylation 28. Which of the following metabolite of methoxyflurane is responsible for its nephrotoxicity? A. Oxalic acid B. Fluoride ion C. Difluoromethoxyacetic acid D. Methane RATIONALE METHOXYFLUORANE MORPHINE – anesthetic of choice for women in labor – commonly used in hospitals 29. The only part of penicillin that is always present but not essential. A. Sulfur B. Cis-stereochemistry C. Lactam ring D. Free carboxylate RATIONALE Penicillins Carbapenems Cephalosporins Monobactam AA Precursor: Cys Val 30. Pearl alum A. Potassium nitrate B. Aluminum sulfate C. Aluminum carbonate D. Potassium carbonate RATIONALE Potassium nitrate (KNO3) Aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) Aluminum carbonate (Al2(CO3)3) Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) Salitre Pearl Alum Potash Peter’s Salt Cake Alum Pearl Ash Papermaker’s Alum Salt of Peter Pickle Alum Salt of Wormwood Salt of Tartar Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) Chile Salt Peter 31. The following hormones are produced by the pituitary gland are the following, EXCEPT: A. ACTH B. TSH C. hCG D. LH RATIONALE Hypothalamic Posterior Pituitary Hormones - Releasing hormone ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)/Vasopressin  Oxytocin Anterior Pituitary - Stimulating hormone - “-tropins” Corticotropin – responsible for the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyrotropin – Thyroid stimulating hormone Somatotropin – growth hormone Lactotropin - Prolactin Endorphins Gonadotropin (females only) - FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) - LH (Luteinizing Hormone) Placental Hormone hCG – Human Chorionic Gonadotropin 32. Used as treatment for mental ailments A. NaHCO3 B. Li2CO3 C. MgSO4 D. Na2CO3 RATIONALE Sodium Bicarbonate NaHCO3 Lithium Carbonate Li2CO3 Magnesium Sulfate MgSO4 Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 Baking Soda Capsules: Eskalith® Anhydrous: Tablets: Lithane® Soda Ash Extended release tab: Quilonium® Decahydrate: Sal soda, Washing soda, Soda crystals Uses: Uses: Uses: Urinary and systemic alkalizer Sedation and antidepressant Carbonating agent Carbonating agent Prophylaxis and treatment of non- Important in physiologic buffer rapid bipolar disorders *Valproic acid – rapid cycling bipolar disorders 33. Elements lying on the heavy zigzag line in the periodic table A. Metalloids B. Nonmetal C. Metal D. Halogens RATIONALE Metalloids/Semi-metals: SiGe Po Sb (ni) AsTe B Si Silicon Ge Germanium Po Polonium Sb Antimony As Astatine Te Tellurium B Boron 34. A negatively charged ion A. Proton B. Anode C. Photon D. Anion RATIONALE Subatomic particle Electrode Ion Photon (+) Basic unit of light (conceived by Einstein); Proton Anode Cation Smallest packet of electromagnetic POSITIVELY CHARGED radiation (-) Electron Cathode Anion e.g. x-ray and gamma rays NEGATIVELY CHARGED NEUTRALLY CHARGED Neutron 35. 50Bi + 25Pb + 25Sn A. Type Metal B. Rose Metal C. Pewter  D. Solder RATIONALE Important Alloys Steel Fe + C Bronze 90% Cu + 10% Sn Brass 70% Cu + 30% Zn Devarda’s Alloy Cu Al Zn Pewter 80% Sn + 20% Pb FEWter = Few Lead Solder 50% Sn + 50% Pb Soldier’s life at 50/50 30% Sn + 70% Pb Plumber’s Solder 33% Sn + 67% Pb Type Metal 25% Sn + 50% Pb + 25% Sb Only one with Sb Rose Metal 25% Sn + 25% Pb + 50% Bi Only one with Bi Gun Metal 10% Sn + 90% Cu Amalgams Mercury 36. Prototype antistaphylococcal peniciliin that causes interstitial nephritis. A. Nafcillin B. Methicillin C. Cloxacillin D. Bacampicillin RATIONALE Penicillinase-sensitive Penicillins Penicillinase-resistant Penicillins Penicillin-penicillinase Inhibitor Combinations (+) bulky group → Antistaphylococcal Natural Penicillins Dicloxacillin Ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn) Penicillin G Amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin) Penicillin V Cloxacillin Piperacillin-tazobactam (Zosyn) Broad Spectrum Penicillins - has isoxazolyl moeity nd 2 Generation (aminopenicillins) Ampicillin Nafcillin Amoxicillin - due to presence of NAPTHYL rd 3 Generation Methicillin Carbenicillin - (rarely use due to resistance and the Ticarcillin risk of interstitial nephritis) 4th Generation (antipseudomonal Penicillins) Bacampicillin  Piperacillin - prodrug (→amicillin) Mezlocillin 37. (Drills) DOC for absence seizure A. Valproic acid – tonic clonic seizure (Grandmal seizure) B. Ethosuximide – absence seizures C. Lamotrigine D. Carbamazepine – and Phenytoin for partial seizure 38. Product in the reaction between a primary amine and aldehyde. A. Imine B. Enamine C. Amide D. Lactone RATIONALE Primary Amine Aldehyde/Ketone Secondary Amine Aldehyde/Ketone Imine (Shift base) Enamine 39. What metal is unaffected by body fluids hence it is used in surgical repair of bones, nerves, and muscles? A. Aluminum B. Tantalum C. Cobalt D. Palladium 40. Which of the following chemotherapeutic agents has a good penetrability into the cerebrospinal fluid? A. Streptomycin B. Gentamicin C. Cephalexin D. Chloramphenicol RATIONALE Phase 1 Phase 2 Extra Notes: Functionalization Conjugation Glucuronidation Oxidation – most common Glucuronidation – most common - Underdeveloped in neonates (babies less than 30 days old) Reduction Sulfation - Chloramphenicol: highly lipophilic (completely absorbed, widely distributed) Hydrolysis Amino acid conjugation - (+) Chloramphenicol → gray baby syndrome Methylation - Gray baby syndrome: manifestation of Aplastic anemia Acetylation - Aplastic anemia: absence of red blood cells (bone marrow suppression) 41. A rule that states that when a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts to relieve stress. A. Law of Mass Action B. Le Chatelier's Principle – stress reliever C. 1st Law of Thermodynamics D. Law of Conservation of Energy RATIONALE Law of Mass Action Le Chatelier's Principle 1st Law of Thermodynamics Law of Conservation of Energy “stress reliever” A rule that states that when a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts to relieve stress. 42. Permanent hard water contains soluble salts of these ions.  A. Bicarbonates B. Carbonates C. Sulfates D. Oxides RATIONALE WATER HARDNESS TEMPORARY PERMANENT CONTAINS: Ca salts and Mg salts (BEQ) Bicarbonate Sulfates and Chloride REMOVED BY: Water softening method Boiling (CaCO3 ppt) Ion Exchange Resins Lime softening: (+) Ca(OH)2 43. The most toxic metal used as alloying agent to make windows, xray tubes and nuclear reactors. A. Lithium B. Beryllium C. Aluminum D. Cadmium RATIONALE Beryllium Lithium Aluminum Cadmium Most toxic metal Amphoteric element 44. The antacid of choice for systemic acidosis. A. Na2CO3 B. MgSO4 C. NaHCO3 – SE: D. CaCO3 RATIONALE Na2CO3 MgSO4 NaHCO3 CaCO3 S/E: rebound hyperacidity S/E: rebound hyperacidity To counteract: Take proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) Or H2 blockers 45. Caused by the excessive ingestion of NaHCO3 and CaCO3 with large amount of milk. A. Burnett's syndrome B. Parakeratosis  C. Shavers disease D. Wilson disease RATIONALE Burnett's syndrome (Milk Alkali Parakeratosis Shavers disease Wilson disease Syndrome) Gaviscon: tx for heartburn and acid Zn deficiency (scaly) Al toxicity Cu poisoning reflux of stomach contents NaHCO3 - baking soda CaCO3 - chalk Na alginate - raft-forming antacid Treatment: Treatment: Treatment: Treatment: penicillamine 46. The major side effect of BaSO4 used as a radiopaque substance for GIT imaging. A. dizziness B. diarrhea C. constipation D. nausea and vomiting RATIONALE BaSO4 (aka Ba meal) Use: Radiopaque imaging for the diagnosis of ulcer S/E: constipation 47. Bordeaux mixture: I. contains lime and cupric sulfate II. used as fungicide III. contains lime and cuprous sulfate IV. used as anti-acne A. I, II B. I, III C. III, IV D. III, II RATIONALE  Calcium Oxide (Lime) Cupric Sulfate (Blue Vitriol) 48. Nuclides with same mass number: A. Isotopes B. Isobars C. Isotones D. Isomer RATIONALE ISOTOPES ISOBARS ISOTONES ISOMERS Proton Atomic mass Neutron Molecular formula Same Atomic number Element Differ in: Atomic mass Elements Elements structure 49. Cytochrome oxidase, an essential respiratory enzyme, contains these elements: A. Copper and Zinc B. Copper and Iron C. Iron and Zinc D. Calcium and Iron RATIONALE Inorganic cofactors: Apoenzyme Cofactors Fe Catalase - Protein portion - Inorganic ions Cu Tyrosinase - Inactive - E.g. Mg2+, Zn2+ Zn Aldehyde DH, Carbonic anhydrase Cofactor Co-enzymes Mg G6P, Enolase - Non-protein portion - Organic molecules Mn Arginase, Phosphorylase (Protein, FA, Cholesterol synthesis) - Activator - Non-protein Mo Flavin dependent enzymes, Xanthine oxidase Holoenzyme Ni Urease - Apoenzyme + cofactor Se Glutathione peroxidase - Active enzyme - K Pyruvate kinase 50. Halogen used as a common water disinfectant in swimming pools. A. Bromine B. Chlorine (Halazone)  C. Iodine D. Fluorine 51. An aqueous solution of this acid will color turmeric paper brownish red: A. Sulfuric acid B. Citric acid C. Boric acid D. Nitric acid 52. Most penetrating of all types of radiation A. Alpha particles B. Beta particles C. Gamma rays D. X-rays RATIONALE Alpha particles Beta particles Gamma rays X-rays - Photon of electromagnetic radiation (also x-ray) - No mass Fastest (speed of light) - No charge Low ionizing power - Prevented by thick Pb 53. Method for production of Magnesium: A. Hall-Heroult Process B. Linde-Frankl Process C. Messerschmidt Process D. Dow Process RATIONALE Method of Production H2 Messerschmidt process  S Frasch H2SO4 Contact NH3 Haber’s Mg Dow process NaCO3 Solvay Hall-Heroult - expensive Al Alcoa Chlorine - cheaper Linde-frankl O2 Welshach HNO3 Ostwald NaNO3 Guggenheim 54. Which of the following sulfonamides are used in the treatment of burns? A. Silver sulfadiazine B. Mafenide acetate C. A and B D. None of the above RATIONALE Silver sulfadiazine Mafenide acetate Flammazine® Sulfamelon® DOC for burns 55. Antidote for barium poisoning A. NaCl B. Magnesium sulfate C. Sodium bicarbonate D. Sodium Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate Poison Antidote Ba Ba poisoning Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) Ag Ag salt poisoning (ingested) NaCl (forms AgCl → white curdy ppt) Argyria 6% NaS2O3 + 1% K Ferricyanide Zn Zn poisoning NaHCO3 (causes Metabolic acidosis) Hg Hg2+ (mercuric) poisoning Best: Na Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate BAL (aka Dimercaprol or EDTA)  Chronic: Mad Hatter’s disease Egg albumin + emesis (for early detection) CN Cyanide Poisoning Sodium Nitrite (NaNO2) “Natrosum” Au Gold Dermatitis BAL or Dimercaprol Ba Barium + Barbiturate Poisoning Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) “Epsom salt, Bitter salt” Baritosis (inhalation) Zn Zinc Metal Fume Fever Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) “Baking Soda” (inhaled ZnO fumes) Cd Itai-itai BAL (aka Dimercaprol) or EDTA Tl Thallium Poisoning Ferric Ferricyanide “Prussian Blue” Si Silicosis Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) “Alumina” P Phosporus poisoning Copper Sulfate (CuSO4 ⚫ 5H2O (Blue Vitriol, Salzburg Vitriol, Roman Vitriol, Blue Stone) As Arsenic poisoning BAL or Dimercaprol Bi Bismuth Black stool Br Bromism/Brominism NaCl and NH4Cl (Muriate of Hartshorn) I Iodism Starch solution, Na2S2O3 (Photographer’s Hypo, Hypochlor, antichlor) Fe Hemochromatosis/Hemosiderosis Deferoxime Mesylate Toxicities Antidote H Hypertropied Fillform Papillae Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Li Hyponatremia Ebsteins anomaly (congenital) K Liequefactive necrosis KOH – Potassium Hydroxide Cardiac arrest Hyperkalemia Cu Wilson’s Disease Penicillamine Ag Ag salt poisoning (ingested) NaCl (forms AgCl → white curdy ppt) Argyria 6% NaS2O3 + 1% K Ferricyanide Au Gold Dermatitis BAL or Dimercaprol Mg Mg Toxicity Ca gluconate Ba Baritosis Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4) “Epsom salt, Bitter salt” Zn Zn Toxicity Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) “Baking Soda” Cd Itai-itai BAL (aka Dimercaprol) or EDTA Hg Inorganic: pink disease, infantile Best: Na Formaldehyde Sulfoxylate acrodynia, Hydrargyria or BAL (aka Dimercaprol or EDTA)  Organic: Minamata disease For early detection: Egg albumin + emesis Chronic: Mad Hatter’s Disease B Boiled Lobster Syndrome Boric acid (H3BO3) “sal sedativum” Al Shaver’s disease Tl Thallium toxicity Ferric Ferricyanide “Prussian Blue” Si Silicosis Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) “Alumina” Zr Skin granulosis Zirconium toxicity S Ground coffee vomitus, brown black burns Sulfuric acid Se Contact dermatitis Cl Coagulative necrosis Hydrochloric acid (HCl) Br Bromism/Brominism NaCl and NH4Cl (Muriate of Hartshorn) Mn Parkinsonism Fe Hemochromatosis/Hemosiderosis Deferoxime Mesylate Ni Nickel’s itch (contact dermatitis) 56. Carbon dioxide is stored in: A. Black container – N2 B. Brown container - He C. Blue container – N2o D. Gray container RATIONALE Element Container Nitrogen Black Helium brown Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Blue Oxygen Green Carbon Dioxide Gray Hydrogen Red Vacuum White Chlorine Yellow Acetylene maroon  Waste/anesthetic violet gas disposal 57. Which of the following functional group is the most basic? A. Imine B. Amide C. Amine D. Aniline RATIONALE Imine Amide Amine Aniline Basicity: Aliphatic Amines Aromatic Amines Aliphatic (Alkyl amines) > aromatic amines - there are no aromatic rings directly on the - one or more aromatic rings directly on the 2 > 3 > 1 nitrogen atom nitrogen atom Acidic: - All carbons bonded to Nitrogen are derived from - One or more of the groups bonded to Quaternary (4) alkyl groups nitrogen are aryl groups - Positive charge - No lone pair  Terms to remember: Relationship: Kb = basicity constant  pKa =  Ka =  acid  pKb =  Kb =  base Pkb = (-) logarithm of kb If Ka is > 10  strong acid 58. Ore of Manganese A. Baryte B. Cryolite C. Pyrolusite D. Pyrite RATIONALE Baryte Cryolite Pyrolusite Pyrite BaSO4 Na3AlF6 MnO2 FeS2, Fool’s Gold - usually asked - masks the blue-green color of Fe (contaminant present in glass) 59. The following are basic oxides, EXCEPT: A. Fe2O3  B. SO2 C. B2O3 D. Al2O3 E. Two of these RATIONALE Oxides Hydroxides Hydrides Metal Basic Basic Basic Non-metal acidic Acidic Acidic 60. Which group of cations does Na+ belongs A. Group I B. Group Il C. Group IV D. Group V RATIONALE Cation Groups: CAB CS I Chlorides, insoluble Pb, Hg1+, Ag 1st year PHArma students Na2S insoluble: Cu, Bi, Cd, Pb CBCP (insol – di matitibag) II Acid Sulfide Insoluble CuTin group Na2S soluble: Sn, As, Sb, Hg2+ SASH (sol – pwede ma cut) Na2O2 insoluble: Fe, Co, Ni, Mn III Basic Sulfide Insoluble FeAl group Na2O2 soluble: Al, Cr, Zn AlCruZin IV Carbonate/Phosphate Insoluble Alkaline Earth Metals: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra V Soluble Alkali Metals: H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, NH4 61. This aids in the catalytic hydrogenation of alkyne to alkene: A. Lindlar catalyst B. Pt/Pd/Ni C. PCC D. Grignard's Reagent RATIONALE Lindlar catalyst Pt/Pd/Ni PCC Grignard's Reagent - Alkyne → alkenes - Strong catalysts - Pyridinium chlorochromate - RMgX - Reduces alkynes/alkenes to - Oxidizing agents - Alcohol synthesis: alkanes (Oxidize alcohols to carbonyls) Formaldehyde → 1 alcohol  - alkyne/Alkenes → alkanes Higher aldehydes → 2 alcohol Ketones → 3 62. Reaction between an aldehyde/ketone with hydroxylamine produces A. R-C=N-OH B. R-C=N-NH2  H(R) C. dinitrophenylhydrazone D. alcohol RATIONALE Hydroxylamine (NH2OH) + Carbonyls (aldehyde/ketone) → OXINE R-C=N-OH R–C=N–NH2 dinitrophenylhydrazone alcohol  H(R) Called OXINE Hydrazone Carbonyl + 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine Carbonyl + Hydrazine (NH2NH2) (DNP) Test for aldehyde or ketone (+) yellow, orange, red ppt (indicates presence of carbonyl in structure 63. Aryloxypropanolamine is the chemical classification of what group of drugs? A. ARBs B. Opioids C. β-blockers D. Cholinergic agonists RATIONALE ARBs Opioids β-blockers Cholinergic agonists “-sartan” except Eprosartan Isoquinoline alkaloids “-olol” Neurotransmitter: Byphenylmethyl derivative Phenanthrene derivative ACh (Acetylcholine Organocarbamates (-tigmin) Organophosphates 64. Mајог product for СН3СН=СН2 + HCl → ? A B C D RATIONALE СН3СН=СН2 + HCl → ? СН3СН=СН2 + HCl Hydrohalogenation (Markonikov’s Prop-1-ene rule) Or 1 propene Alkene Halogenation in the presence Alkene halogenation in the presence of organic solvents of water (CH2Cl2/CHCl3/CCl4) 65. A. 3-methylbutanal B. 2-methylbutanal  C. 2-methylpentanal D. 3-methylpentanol RATIONALE butanal – 4C 66. Susceptibility to hydrolysis from most susceptible to least susceptible: A. Amides > Esters > Anhydrides > Acyl Halide B. Acyl Halide > Anhydrides > Esters > Amides C. Esters > Acyl Halides > Anhydrides > Amides D. Anhydrides > Esters > Amide > Acyl Halides RATIONALE Acyl Halides Anhydrides Esters Amides Readily hydrolyzed Least reactive To hydrolyze Esters and Amides: (+) strong base (e.g. NaOH) and heat 67. Whitfields ointment is used as an antifungal and is composed of: A. Benzoic acid and salicylic acid B. salicylic acid and citric acid C. benzoic acid only D. tartaric acid and citric acid RATIONALE Whitfield’s Ointment Benzoic acid – 3%, antifungal property Salicylic acid – 3%, keratolytic agent → dryness of the skin 68. Which of the following anesthetics is the most prone to hydrolysis: A. Xylocaine B. Lidocaine  C. Procaine D. Prilocaine RATIONALE Hydrolysis trend: most susceptible to least susceptible Ester is more susceptible than Amides Acyl Halide > Anhydrides > Esters > Amides Esters Amides (single “i” in name) (double “i” in name) Procaine Xylocaine - Also known as Lidocaine Prilocaine Lidocaine - Also known as Xylocaine 69. Thiols and alcohols are examples of A. Functional isomers B. Isosteres C. Isotopes D. Stereoisomers RATIONALE Thiols Alcohols or or Functional isomers Isosteres Isotopes Stereoisomers - same molecular formula - same number of atoms - same Proton, Atomic number, – conformational and configurational - different functional groups. - same number of valence Element - E.g. butanol and ethyl ether electrons - different atomic mass - e.g. Thiols and Alcohols 70. Used as an anticonvulsant in the treatment of pre-eclampsia A. Sodium potassium tartrate B. Magnesium sulfate  C. Potassium bitartrate D. Sodium sulphate RATIONALE Sodium potassium tartrate Magnesium sulfate Potassium bitartrate Sodium sulphate/Sulfate (NaKC4H4O6) (MgSO4) (KC4H5O6) (Na2SO4) Rochelle Salt Epsom salt Cream of Tartar Glauber’s Salt (Na2SO4⚫10H2O) Sal Seignette Bitter salt Argol Seignette Salt Acid Potassium Tartrate used as a laxative, Treatment for: Ingr. for baking powder to raise Saline laxative sequestering agent in Fehling’s B Pre-eclampsia - anticonvulsant (IM) dough Drying agent for organic solvents Erysipelas fungal infection Fehlings solution: Saline cathartic (PO) - Test for reducing sugar - Reduce copper ion - (+) brick red ppt - (+) sequesterant = no ppt 71. Building up of electrons in an atom result from continually increasing the quantum number A. Hund's Rule B. Afbau's Principle C. Heisenberg Principle D. Pauli's Principle RATIONALE Hund's Rule Aufbau's Principle Heisenberg (Uncertainty) Principle Pauli's Principle - Every orbital in sublevel is - Building up of electrons in an - It’s impossible to determine - No 2 electrons can have the singly occupied (same spin) atom result from continually simultaneously with high same 4 electronic numbers