MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY UNIT 1.pdf

MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Android Framework 1.1 Overview of Android Framework What is Android? Android is an open-source operating system created by Google, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Since its inceptio...

MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Android Framework 1.1 Overview of Android Framework What is Android? Android is an open-source operating system created by Google, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Since its inception, Android has grown to power a wide range of devices, from wearable technology and televisions to car infotainment systems and beyond. Android Framework: The Android framework is a comprehensive set of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that simplifies the process of developing Android applications. This framework provides developers with the tools they need to build, test, and deploy apps efficiently. Here's a closer look at what it offers: Views: These are the UI (User Interface) elements that users interact with. Views include buttons, text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, and more. Each view can be customized in terms of appearance and behavior. Content Providers: These components manage access to a structured set of data. They encapsulate the data and provide mechanisms for defining data security. Content providers are used for accessing and storing data, such as contacts, from other applications. Resource Managers: They handle non-code resources in the application, such as localized strings, layout files, and drawable graphics. This separation allows for a cleaner and more manageable codebase. Notification Managers: This service allows apps to inform users of events without interrupting their current activities. Notifications can appear in various forms, including alerts in the status bar, vibration, or flashing lights. 1.2 Components of Android Framework Activities: Definition: An activity represents a single screen with a user interface. Think of it as a window or a page in your application. Lifecycle: Activities have a lifecycle managed by the Android OS. Key stages include creation, start, resume, pause, stop, and destruction. Proper handling of these stages ensures a smooth user experience and efficient use of resources. Example: In a messaging app, one activity might show a list of conversations, and another activity might display the contents of a specific conversation. Services: Definition: A service is a component that runs in the background to perform long-running operations without a user interface. Types of Services: 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 1  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 o Started Services: Initiated by calling startService(), they run until stopped manually. o Bound Services: These provide a client-server interface, allowing components to bind to the service, interact with it, and then unbind. Example: A music player app might use a service to play music in the background while the user navigates other apps. Broadcast Receivers: Definition: These components allow an app to listen for system-wide broadcast announcements. Function: Broadcasts can be sent by the system or other applications, and broadcast receivers enable apps to respond to such broadcasts. Example: An app might use a broadcast receiver to monitor battery level changes or network connectivity changes. Content Providers: Definition: Content providers manage access to a central repository of data, enabling data sharing between different applications. Function: They offer a standard interface for querying and manipulating data. Content providers use URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers) to query the data. Example: The Contacts app uses a content provider to share contact information with other apps, such as messaging or email apps. 1.3 Application Development Programming Languages: Java: Historically, Java has been the primary language for Android development. It's a robust, object-oriented programming language with extensive libraries and a large developer community. Kotlin: Kotlin, officially supported by Google for Android development, is a modern language that offers a more concise and expressive syntax than Java. It is fully interoperable with Java, allowing developers to use both languages within the same project. Android SDK (Software Development Kit): The Android SDK provides the necessary tools to develop Android applications. This includes libraries, sample code, and documentation. Key components of the SDK: o Android Studio: The official IDE (Integrated Development Environment) for Android development, offering a suite of tools for coding, debugging, and performance analysis. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 2  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 o Emulators: Virtual devices that mimic the hardware and software environment of Android devices, allowing developers to test their apps on various configurations without needing physical devices. o Build Tools: These tools help in compiling and packaging applications. Gradle is the default build system for managing dependencies and automating tasks. Development Process: Creating an Application: o Setup: Install Android Studio and the Android SDK. o Project Structure: Understand the structure of an Android project, including the manifest file, Java/Kotlin code, and resources. o UI Design: Use XML to define UI layouts and Visual Studio or the layout editor in Android Studio to design user interfaces. Testing and Debugging: o Unit Testing: Write tests for individual components to ensure they work as expected. o UI Testing: Test the user interface and interactions to ensure a seamless user experience. o Debugging Tools: Use tools like the Android Debug Bridge (ADB) and the integrated debugger in Android Studio to find and fix issues. Deployment: o Packaging: Compile and package the app into an APK (Android Package) file. o Distribution: Distribute the app through the Google Play Store or other means. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 3  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 4  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Android Architecture 2.1 Introduction to Android Architecture: Overview: Android architecture is a comprehensive stack of software components designed to support mobile device functionalities. This architecture is built to be modular and flexible, allowing developers to create applications that can run on a wide range of hardware configurations. It consists of several layers, each responsible for different aspects of the operating system, from core services to the user interface. Key Objectives: Modularity: The architecture is divided into separate layers to manage different functionalities efficiently. Flexibility: Allows developers to create diverse applications with varying complexities. Security and Performance: Ensures that applications run securely and efficiently. 2.2 Layers of Android Architecture: 1. Linux Kernel: Role: Acts as the foundation of the Android architecture, providing core system services such as memory management, process management, security settings, and networking. Features: o Memory Management: Efficient handling of device memory to ensure smooth performance. o Process Management: Manages running processes, enabling multitasking. o Power Management: Optimizes battery usage by controlling power consumption. 2. Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): Role: Serves as an intermediary between the hardware drivers and the higher-level software stack. Features: o Hardware Drivers: Interfaces with device hardware components like the camera, sensors, and audio. o Abstraction: Allows Android to work with a wide variety of hardware without requiring changes to higher-level APIs. 3. Native Libraries: Role: Provides essential functionalities that are written in C/C++ and are exposed to developers through the Android framework. Key Libraries: o WebKit: Web browser engine used to display web content. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 5  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 o OpenGL ES: Graphics library for rendering 2D and 3D graphics. o SQLite: Lightweight database engine for data storage. 4. Android Runtime (ART): Role: Replaces the Dalvik Virtual Machine from Android 5.0 (Lollipop) onwards, providing an environment for running applications. Features: o Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation: Converts bytecode into native code during installation, improving runtime performance. o Garbage Collection: Efficient memory management to reclaim unused memory automatically. o Debugging: Enhanced debugging capabilities for developers. 5. Application Framework: Role: Provides high-level services and APIs to applications, simplifying app development. Key Components: o Activity Manager: Manages the lifecycle of applications, handling transitions between different states. o Content Providers: Facilitates data sharing between applications. o Resource Manager: Manages application resources such as strings, graphics, and layout files. o Notification Manager: Allows apps to display alerts and notifications to the user. o View System: Framework for building user interfaces, handling user interactions. 6. Applications: Role: The top layer where all user-facing applications operate, including pre-installed apps like the home screen, phone, contacts, and third-party applications installed by users. Features: o User Interface: Provides a cohesive and interactive experience for the user. o Interoperability: Enables applications to communicate and share data seamlessly. o Customizability: Allows users to personalize their device experience with different apps and settings. 2.3 Key Components of the Application Framework: 1. Activity Manager: Function: Manages the lifecycle and navigation of activities within an application. Importance: Ensures that applications maintain consistent state and behavior, handling configuration changes and resource management effectively. Lifecycle States: o Active: The activity is in the foreground, interacting with the user. o Paused: The activity is partially obscured but still visible. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 6  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 o Stopped: The activity is completely hidden but retains state information. o Destroyed: The activity is terminated, and resources are reclaimed. 2. Content Providers: Function: Manages access to a structured set of data across different applications. Importance: Facilitates data sharing, enabling apps to query, insert, update, and delete data. Examples: Contacts app shares contact data with other apps, media content providers manage access to media files. 3. Resource Manager: Function: Provides access to non-code resources such as strings, graphics, and layout files. Importance: Supports localization, enabling apps to adapt to different languages and regions. Features: o String Resources: Manage text for different locales. o Drawable Resources: Manage images and shapes. o Layout Resources: Define the user interface layout for different screen sizes and orientations. 4. Notification Manager: Function: Enables applications to display alerts and notifications to the user. Importance: Keeps users informed of important events and updates. Features: o Notification Channels: Categorize notifications, allowing users to customize their preferences. o Heads-Up Notifications: Display important alerts that require immediate attention. o Persistent Notifications: Keep users informed about ongoing events or background tasks. 5. View System: Function: Framework for building user interfaces, handling user interactions, and rendering graphical elements. Importance: Provides the building blocks for creating interactive and visually appealing applications. Components: o Views: Basic building blocks like buttons, text fields, and images. o ViewGroups: Containers for organizing views into layouts. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 7  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Recap: The Android architecture is a layered stack of software components designed to provide a robust, flexible, and secure environment for mobile applications. Each layer has distinct responsibilities, from the Linux kernel managing core system services to the application framework providing high- level APIs for app development. Understanding these layers and components is crucial for developing efficient, reliable, and user-friendly Android applications. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 8  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 3.1 Introduction to Android Virtual Machine: The Android operating system, developed by Google, initially utilized the Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) for running applications. Later, with the release of Android 5.0 (Lollipop), Google transitioned to the Android Runtime (ART). Both DVM and ART serve as the runtime environment for executing applications on Android devices. They provide an abstraction layer between the application code and the hardware, enabling applications to run on a wide range of devices without modification. Key Concepts: Virtual Machine (VM): A software emulation of a physical computer that runs programs like a physical machine. Bytecode: Intermediate code generated by the compiler from the source code. In Android, this bytecode is executed by the DVM or ART. Runtime Environment: The environment in which applications are executed. It includes the VM, libraries, and other supporting software. 3.2 Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM): The Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) was the cornerstone of the Android operating system from its inception until Android 4.4 (KitKat). It was specifically designed for mobile devices, prioritizing low memory consumption and efficient performance. 3.2.1 Optimization for Low Memory Requirements: Lightweight Footprint: DVM is optimized to run multiple instances with a minimal memory footprint. Each Android application runs in its own instance of the DVM, allowing for efficient multitasking. Shared Memory: Uses shared memory spaces for common libraries, reducing overall memory usage across applications. 3.2.2 Register-Based Architecture: Register-Based vs. Stack-Based: Unlike the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) which is stack- based, the DVM uses a register-based architecture. This means that it uses a set of registers for storing operands and intermediate results, which reduces the number of instructions and the need for constant memory access. Efficient Execution: The register-based approach is generally more efficient on the ARM processors commonly found in mobile devices, as it aligns better with their hardware architecture. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 9  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 3.2.3 Dalvik Executable (.dex) Format: Compact Format: The DVM executes files in the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format, which is a compressed format that is optimized for minimal memory usage. Multiple.class files (Java bytecode) are converted into a single.dex file during the build process. Faster Load Times: The.dex format allows for faster load times and reduced memory usage compared to traditional Java bytecode. 3.2.4 Just-In-Time (JIT) Compilation: On-the-Fly Compilation: The DVM uses JIT compilation to translate bytecode into native machine code at runtime. This approach balances the benefits of interpretation (quick startup) with the performance of compiled code. 3.3 Android Runtime (ART): With the introduction of Android 5.0 (Lollipop), Google replaced DVM with the Android Runtime (ART). ART brings several enhancements aimed at improving the performance, efficiency, and debugging capabilities of Android applications. 3.3.1 Ahead-of-Time (AOT) Compilation: Pre-Compilation: Unlike DVM's JIT compilation, ART uses Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation. During the installation of an app, ART compiles the bytecode into native machine code. This process happens once, and the resulting machine code is stored on the device. Performance Improvements: AOT compilation leads to significantly faster app launch times, smoother performance, and reduced CPU usage during app execution, as the code is already in a native format. 3.3.2 Improved Garbage Collection: Garbage Collection (GC): ART introduces a more efficient garbage collection mechanism. GC is the process of reclaiming memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use by the application. Concurrent GC: ART's garbage collector operates concurrently, meaning it runs in parallel with the application. This reduces pause times and enhances the overall responsiveness of applications. Low-Latency GC: The low-latency garbage collection in ART minimizes the impact on application performance, making it more suitable for real-time applications. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 10  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 3.3.3 Enhanced Debugging and Profiling: Debugging Tools: ART provides improved support for debugging with detailed diagnostic information, making it easier for developers to identify and fix issues. Profiling: Advanced profiling tools in ART allow developers to monitor and optimize the performance of their applications. Profiling helps in identifying performance bottlenecks and optimizing resource usage. 3.3.4 Memory Allocation and Efficiency: Efficient Memory Management: ART's memory allocator is designed for efficient memory usage and better performance. It reduces memory fragmentation and improves the overall management of memory resources. Enhanced Heap Management: The memory heap in ART is more efficiently managed, reducing the likelihood of memory leaks and improving application stability. 3.3.5 Compatibility and Transition: Backward Compatibility: ART maintains backward compatibility with existing Dalvik bytecode, ensuring that apps built for older versions of Android can still run on devices using ART. Smooth Transition: The transition from DVM to ART was designed to be seamless for developers, requiring minimal changes to existing codebases. 3.3.6 Code Verification and Security: Enhanced Code Verification: ART includes improved code verification processes, ensuring that bytecode is correctly and safely executed. This reduces the risk of runtime errors and enhances application security. Security Features: ART also incorporates security enhancements that protect applications from various vulnerabilities, making it more robust against malicious attacks. Summary of Key Differences Between DVM and ART: Feature Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) Android Runtime (ART) Compilation Method Just-In-Time (JIT) Ahead-Of-Time (AOT) Slower startup, balanced runtime Faster startup, improved runtime Performance speed speed Garbage Collection Simple GC, longer pauses Concurrent, low-latency GC Memory Higher memory consumption Improved memory efficiency Management 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 11  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Feature Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) Android Runtime (ART) Debugging & Basic tools Advanced tools Profiling Code Verification Basic verification Enhanced verification Security Standard security Enhanced security features Practical Implications for Developers: Development Workflow: The shift to ART has streamlined the development workflow, allowing developers to focus more on app functionality and performance optimization without worrying about runtime performance issues. Testing and Debugging: With ART's enhanced debugging and profiling tools, developers can more effectively diagnose and resolve performance bottlenecks, memory leaks, and other issues. User Experience: End users benefit from faster app launch times, smoother animations, and more responsive applications, leading to an overall better user experience. Real-World Application and Case Studies: High-Performance Apps: Applications that demand high performance, such as games and multimedia apps, have seen significant improvements with ART due to reduced latency and better memory management. Enterprise Solutions: Enterprise applications benefit from ART's enhanced security and stability features, making Android a more viable platform for business-critical applications. Startup Efficiency: ART's AOT compilation has led to noticeable improvements in app startup times, enhancing the user experience for apps that require quick access and responsiveness. Hands-On Activities and Assignments: 1. Exploring.dex Files: o Task: Convert a simple Java application into a.dex file and explore its contents. o Tools: Use dx or d8 tool provided in the Android SDK. 2. Creating and Running Apps on DVM and ART: o Task: Develop a basic Android app and test its performance on devices/emulators running DVM (Android 4.4) and ART (Android 5.0+). o Tools: Use Android Studio to build and deploy the app on different Android versions. 3. Profiling and Debugging: o Task: Use Android Studio's profiling tools to analyze an app's performance, memory usage, and identify potential bottlenecks. o Tools: Android Studio Profiler, Logcat, and Debugger. 4. Comparative Analysis: 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 12  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 o Task: Perform a comparative analysis of app performance metrics (startup time, memory usage, CPU usage) between DVM and ART. o Tools: Use benchmarking tools and Android Studio's profiling features. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 13  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Android Security Model 4.1 Introduction to Android Security Overview: Linux Kernel Foundation: Android’s security model is fundamentally built on the robust security of the Linux kernel. This foundation provides essential features such as process isolation, user-based permissions, and a secure environment for application execution. Layered Security Approach: Android employs a comprehensive security strategy that encompasses operating system security, application security, and user security. This layered approach ensures that even if one security mechanism is bypassed, others can still provide protection. Operating System Security: Secure Boot: Ensures that the device only runs software that is verified by the manufacturer. Verified Boot: Checks the integrity of the device’s firmware and operating system to prevent unauthorized modifications. Application Security: Isolated Processes: Each application runs in its own process with a unique user ID, ensuring that applications cannot access each other’s data unless explicitly allowed. Permissions Model: Applications must declare the permissions they require in their manifest files, and users must grant these permissions. User Security: User Authentication: Supports various authentication mechanisms such as passwords, PINs, patterns, and biometrics (fingerprint, face recognition). Encryption: Full-disk encryption and file-based encryption to protect user data. 4.2 Key Security Features Sandboxing: Process Isolation: Each app operates within its own sandbox, a restricted environment that isolates it from other apps and system processes. This isolation is achieved using the Linux kernel’s user separation features. Instance of ART/DVM: Each app runs with its own instance of the Android Runtime (ART) or the Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM). This separation helps prevent one app from accessing the memory or resources of another, enhancing security and stability. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 14  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Permissions: Granular Control: Android’s permission model is designed to give users granular control over what an app can access. Permissions are categorized into ‘normal’ and ‘dangerous’. While normal permissions are automatically granted, dangerous permissions (like accessing the camera, contacts, or location) require explicit user approval. Runtime Permissions: From Android 6.0 (Marshmallow) onwards, permissions are requested at runtime, not just during installation. This ensures users are prompted for permissions in the context of when they are needed, improving transparency and control. Application Signing: Developer Signature: Every app must be signed with the developer’s private key before it can be installed on a device. This signing ensures the integrity and authenticity of the app. Signature Verification: During installation, the Android system verifies the app’s signature. If the signature does not match the one expected (e.g., if the app has been tampered with), the installation is blocked. 4.3 Security Enhancements Regular Updates and Patches: Monthly Security Patches: Google releases monthly security updates to address vulnerabilities discovered in the Android ecosystem. These updates are crucial for maintaining the security of devices. OS Updates: New Android versions include security enhancements, new features, and bug fixes. Users are encouraged to update their devices to benefit from these improvements. Google Play Protect: Real-Time Scanning: Google Play Protect is a comprehensive security service that continuously scans apps in the Google Play Store for malware and other threats. It uses machine learning algorithms to detect suspicious behavior and potential vulnerabilities. App Verification: Before apps are listed on the Play Store, they undergo a rigorous vetting process. Play Protect also scans apps installed from third-party sources. Safety Net: An additional layer of protection, Safety Net checks the device’s integrity and verifies that it is not rooted or compromised. It also provides API services to developers for enhancing app security. Additional Security Measures: Device Encryption: Android supports both full-disk encryption (FDE) and file-based encryption (FBE). Encryption ensures that data cannot be accessed without the proper credentials, protecting it from unauthorized access even if the device is stolen. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 15  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Network Security: Android provides network security features such as VPN support, HTTPS enforcement, and secure Wi-Fi connections to protect data in transit. App Security Improvements: Google continuously improves app security by providing developers with tools and best practices. Features like the Android Jetpack Security library help developers implement secure encryption, key management, and credential storage. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 16  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Setting Up a Testing Environment 5.1 Importance of a Testing Environment A well-configured testing environment is essential in mobile application development to ensure the quality and reliability of your apps. Here are some critical reasons: Cross-Device Compatibility: Mobile devices come in various screen sizes, hardware configurations, and operating system versions. A testing environment helps ensure that your application performs well across these different devices and configurations. Bug Identification: Identifying and fixing bugs in the development stage is crucial. A testing environment simulates real-world usage scenarios to uncover issues before the app reaches end-users. Performance Optimization: Testing environments allow developers to measure and optimize the performance of their apps, ensuring they run smoothly without consuming excessive resources. User Experience: Ensuring a consistent and intuitive user experience across different devices is vital for user satisfaction. Testing environments help evaluate and refine the user interface and interactions. Security: Security vulnerabilities can be identified and addressed within a controlled environment, preventing potential exploits when the app is deployed. Regression Testing: Ensures that new changes or additions do not negatively impact existing functionality. Testing environments facilitate automated and manual regression tests. 5.2 Installing Android Studio Android Studio is the official integrated development environment (IDE) for Google's Android operating system. Here’s a detailed guide to setting up Android Studio: 1. Download and Install Android Studio: o Visit the official Android Studio download page. o Download the appropriate installer for your operating system (Windows, macOS, Linux). o Follow the installation instructions provided on the download page. The installer will guide you through the setup process, including the installation of the Android SDK, Android Emulator, and other essential tools. 2. Configure SDK: o SDK Manager: After installation, launch Android Studio. The first time you open it, the Welcome to Android Studio dialog appears, prompting you to configure the SDK. Click on "Configure" > "SDK Manager". o Select SDK Platforms: In the SDK Manager, you can select the Android versions (SDK platforms) you wish to develop for. It’s generally a good idea to install the latest version and any additional versions you plan to support. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 17  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 o SDK Tools: Ensure you have installed essential SDK tools such as Android SDK Build-Tools, Android Emulator, and Google Play services. These tools are necessary for building, testing, and running your applications. 3. Create a Virtual Device: o AVD Manager: Android Studio includes the AVD (Android Virtual Device) Manager, which lets you create and manage virtual devices that emulate the configurations of actual Android devices. o Create New Virtual Device: ▪ Open the AVD Manager from the top toolbar or by navigating to "Tools" > "AVD Manager". ▪ Click on "Create Virtual Device". ▪ Select the hardware profile that matches the device you wish to emulate. Common profiles include Pixel devices, Nexus devices, and generic phone/tablet profiles. ▪ Click "Next" and select the system image (Android version) you want to run on the virtual device. ▪ Configure additional settings such as RAM, internal storage, and other hardware properties. ▪ Click "Finish" to create the virtual device. o Managing Virtual Devices: You can create multiple virtual devices to test your application on different configurations. The AVD Manager allows you to start, stop, and delete virtual devices as needed. 5.3 Using Emulators Emulators are critical tools in the Android development process, providing an efficient way to test applications without the need for multiple physical devices. 1. Understanding Emulators: o Emulators mimic real device hardware and software environments, allowing developers to test apps in conditions similar to real-world usage. o They support various screen sizes, resolutions, hardware specifications, and Android versions, ensuring comprehensive testing coverage. 2. Advantages of Using Emulators: o Cost-Effective: Emulators eliminate the need for multiple physical devices, reducing hardware costs. o Flexibility: Developers can quickly switch between different device configurations to test their apps on various setups. o Convenience: Testing can be done directly on the development machine, streamlining the development workflow. 3. Setting Up and Running Emulators: o Launching Emulators: After creating a virtual device using the AVD Manager, you can launch it by selecting the device and clicking the play button. o Deploying Applications: When you run your application from Android Studio, you can choose to deploy it to an emulator or a connected physical device. Select the emulator you’ve set up to test your app. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 18  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 o Debugging: Emulators provide robust debugging features. You can use Android Studio’s debugger to set breakpoints, inspect variables, and step through your code to identify and fix issues. o Snapshots and Quick Boot: Emulators support taking snapshots, allowing you to save the state of an emulator and quickly return to it later. Quick Boot dramatically reduces the time it takes to start an emulator, making testing more efficient. 4. Additional Tips: o Testing Different Scenarios: Emulators allow you to simulate various scenarios like network conditions, battery levels, and sensor inputs. Use these features to test how your app behaves under different conditions. o Automated Testing: Integrate automated testing frameworks like Espresso or UI Automator with emulators to run automated tests and ensure your app's functionality. o Regular Updates: Keep your emulators and SDK tools up to date to take advantage of the latest features and improvements. By setting up a comprehensive testing environment, you can ensure that your Android applications are robust, performant, and provide a seamless user experience across a wide range of devices and configurations. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 19  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 Installing Android Studio or Genymotion 6.1 Installing Android Studio 6.1.1 System Requirements: Before installing Android Studio, make sure your system meets the following requirements: Operating System: o Windows: Microsoft® Windows® 7/8/10 (32- or 64-bit). o macOS: Mac® OS X® 10.10 (Yosemite) or higher. o Linux: GNOME or KDE desktop. RAM: o Minimum: 4 GB RAM. o Recommended: 8 GB RAM or more. Disk Space: o Minimum: 2 GB of available disk space for Android Studio, plus at least 4 GB for the Android SDK, emulator system images, and caches. Java Development Kit (JDK): o Android Studio includes an embedded JDK, so no separate installation is required. Other Requirements: o 1280 x 800 minimum screen resolution. o Internet connection for initial setup and subsequent updates. 6.1.2 Download and Setup: Step-by-Step Installation Guide 1. Download Android Studio: o Visit the official Android Studio download page. o Click the "Download Android Studio" button and accept the terms and conditions. 2. Install Android Studio: o Windows: ▪ Run the downloaded.exe file. ▪ Follow the setup wizard, selecting the standard installation option. ▪ Configure the Android SDK, Android Virtual Device (AVD), and necessary components. o macOS: ▪ Open the downloaded.dmg file. ▪ Drag and drop Android Studio into the Applications folder. ▪ Open Android Studio and follow the setup wizard. o Linux: ▪ Extract the downloaded.zip file. ▪ Open a terminal and navigate to the extracted directory. ▪ Run./studio.sh to launch Android Studio. ▪ Follow the setup wizard. 3. Configure Android Studio: o First Run Configuration: 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 20  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 ▪Select the standard installation type for the recommended settings. ▪Download the required SDK components. o SDK Manager: ▪ Open SDK Manager from the "Welcome to Android Studio" screen or from File > Settings > Appearance & Behavior > System Settings > Android SDK. ▪ Ensure that the latest Android SDK, SDK Tools, and SDK Platform-Tools are installed. o AVD Manager: ▪ Create a new Android Virtual Device (AVD) for testing. ▪ Choose a device definition (e.g., Pixel 4) and a system image (e.g., Android 11.0). 6.1.3 First Project: Create and Run Your First "Hello, World!" Project 1. Start a New Project: o Open Android Studio and click on "Start a new Android Studio project". o Choose a project template (e.g., Empty Activity) and click "Next". 2. Configure Your Project: o Name: Enter a project name (e.g., HelloWorld). o Package Name: Set your package name (e.g., com.example.helloworld). o Save Location: Choose a location to save your project. o Language: Select the programming language (Java or Kotlin). o Minimum API Level: Choose the minimum API level (e.g., API 21: Android 5.0 Lollipop). 3. Create the Project: o Click "Finish" to create the project. o Android Studio will generate the necessary files and directories. 4. Write Your Code: o Open MainActivity.java or MainActivity.kt. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 21  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 o Replace the existing code with the following (Java): Or, in Kotlin: 1. Run Your Project: o Click the green "Run" button or press Shift + F10. o Select the virtual device you created earlier. o Android Studio will build your project and launch the emulator. o You should see "Hello, World!" displayed on the screen. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 22  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 6.2 Installing Genymotion 6.2.1 Why Genymotion?: Genymotion is a popular Android emulator that provides fast and reliable virtual devices for testing. Benefits include: o High performance: Faster than the standard Android Emulator. o Wide range of devices: Emulate various Android devices and versions. o User-friendly interface: Easy to configure and use. o Cloud-based option: Run emulators on powerful cloud servers. 6.2.2 Download and Install: Steps to Install Genymotion 1. Download Genymotion: o Visit the Genymotion website. o Create an account or log in if you already have one. o Download the Genymotion installer for your operating system (Windows, macOS, or Linux). 2. Install Genymotion: o Windows: ▪ Run the downloaded.exe file. ▪ Follow the installation wizard. ▪ Install VirtualBox if prompted (required for Genymotion). o macOS: ▪ Open the downloaded.dmg file. ▪ Drag and drop Genymotion into the Applications folder. ▪ Install VirtualBox if prompted. o Linux: ▪ Open a terminal and navigate to the downloaded file. ▪ Install VirtualBox if not already installed. ▪ Make the Genymotion file executable (chmod +x genymotion-.bin). ▪ Run the installer (./genymotion-.bin). 3. Set Up Genymotion: o Launch Genymotion. o Log in with your Genymotion account. o Select the "Add" button to create a new virtual device. o Choose a device model and Android version from the available options. o Download and deploy the virtual device. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 23  MOBILE ARCHITECTURE AND SECURITY – UNIT 1 6.2.3 Integration with Android Studio: Configure Genymotion with Android Studio for Seamless Testing 1. Install Genymotion Plugin in Android Studio: o Open Android Studio and go to File > Settings (or Android Studio > Preferences on macOS). o Navigate to Plugins and click on "Browse repositories". o Search for "Genymotion" and click "Install". o Restart Android Studio to activate the plugin. 2. Configure Genymotion: o Open Genymotion and start a virtual device. o In Android Studio, click on the Genymotion icon in the toolbar. o Configure the Genymotion plugin by providing the path to the Genymotion installation directory. 3. Run Your Project on Genymotion: o Open your project in Android Studio. o Click the green "Run" button or press Shift + F10. o In the device chooser dialog, select the running Genymotion virtual device. o Android Studio will build your project and deploy it to the Genymotion emulator. 4. Benefits of Using Genymotion: o Speed: Faster boot time and performance compared to standard emulators. o Stability: Reliable and consistent performance across different configurations. o Versatility: Test your apps on a wide range of virtual devices and Android versions. o Debugging: Use Genymotion's advanced features like GPS simulation, battery level control, and network conditions to test different scenarios.. 7 CE D SOCET(CSE-CS) 24