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microbio schistosomiasis type of trematodes, blood flukes, dioecious (male) two sucker oral and ventral sucker first intermediatehost- mollusk clam and snail (asexual) second intermediate- depending of the parasite (sexual occur in human) j...

microbio schistosomiasis type of trematodes, blood flukes, dioecious (male) two sucker oral and ventral sucker first intermediatehost- mollusk clam and snail (asexual) second intermediate- depending of the parasite (sexual occur in human) japonicum, mansoni, haematobium found in fresh water penetration of the skin by cercaria (tailed fork) then to the blood stream japonicum - inferior mesentry of the intestinal haematobium and mansoni - urinary bladder mansoni - south africa haematobium- middle east japonicum- asia eg. philippines, china and indonesia egg present -liver, spleen,urinary bladder diasease SHISTOSOMIASIS/ BELHARZIASIS assymptomatic- common chronic infection - symptomatic early acute 2-3 weeks swimmer itch or clam digger itch hematuria- blood in urine (haematobium) katayama fever 1-2 month swollen lymphnode (lymphandenopathy) enlarge spleen and lever (hepatoslenomegaly) japonicum cause liver cancer mansoni colon haematobium cause cancer of the urinary bladder TREATMENT artemisinin, praziquantel, oxamniquine *drug of choice* praziquantel ASCARIS large round worm - lumbricoide color creamy white mature in the small intestine and lay egg and eliminated by through feces occur more in children DISEASE ASCARASIS asymptomatic- not aware that infected until adult worm present in the stool symptomatic worm induce allergic reaction and cause asthma attach and eosinophilia (LOFFLER SYNDROME) laboratory egg and adult worm - feces larvae - spatum TREATMENT Mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel  VERMICULARIS/ PINWORM OR SEATWORM color yellow (female) mature in the large intestine and migrate to the perianal region where lay egg (usually at night) retorinfection pinworm egg may migrate back into host autoinfection hand and mouth transmission egg casuse hypersensity reaction that cause ANAL ITCHINESS disease ENTEROBIASIS laboratory scotch tape method or cellopane tape method treatment MEBENDAZOLE, ALBENDAZOLE, PYRANTEL WHIP WORM/ TRICHIURA color anterior colorless posterior pink mature in small intestine and migrate to colon and lay egg and passed through feces disease TRICHIURIASIS -heavy infection reesemble ulcerative colitis -chronic dysentery laboratory egg in stool treatment MEBENDAZOLE AND ALBENDAZOLE HOOKWORM : AMERICANUS AND DUODENALLE americanus NEW duodenalle OLD americasus cutting plate duodenalle teeth penetrate of the skin by FILARIFORM LARVAE mature in small intestine and attach to intestine wall by their cutting plate or teeth and feed in blood disease HOOKWORM INFECTION "ground itch" -pneumonia with eosinophilia in lung laboratory stool present with thin shelled egg treatment METABENDAZOLE, PYRANTEL, IRON SUPPLEMENT WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI (bancofti filariasis worm), BRUGIA MALAYI (malayan filarial worm) bancrofti and malayi are mosquito born parasite (vector) adult worm and larvae - microfilariae color - creamy white microfilariae have delicate transparent covering sheath migration of may occur at night nocturnal and at day diural or with no clear cut timing sub-periodic world wide caused by bancrofti philippines cause by malayi typical vector are mansonia, anopheles, aedes manifesting obstruction of the lymphatic vessel by causing edema of the limb asymptomatic - present of microfilariae in the peripheral blood, adult worm can be found in the lymphatic system acute stage of infection - marked fever, inflammation of the lymph nodes lymphadenitis, male genital (bancrofti filiariasis) epididymitis and orchitis inflammation of the arm and legs - adenolymphagitis, swelling of the subcutaneous tissue calabar swelling chronic filariasis- elephantiasis and fluid of in the scrotum hydrocele commonly seen in bancrofti laboratory giemsa stained peripheral blood stained detecting microfilariae, blood specimen at night especially bancroft migrate at nocturnal treatment diethycabamazine ,ivermectin , albendazole *(combination with dietylcabamazine and albendazole)* HERPES SIMPLE VIRUS hsv1 and hsv2, herpesviradae HSV is presen t in oral and genital secretion hsv 1 kissing hsv 2 genital to genital gingiovastomatitis - primary hsv1 mouth herpes labiasis (FEVER BLISTER OR COLD SORE)- HS1 AND HSV2 lesion in the lips hepectic whitlow- finger both hsv 1 and 2 ezcema herpeticum- occuring to children with eczema hsv can be opportunistic pathogen herpes gladiatorum - hsv infection of the body after play sport wrestling or playing rugby (sport) laboratory tzanck smear to demonstrate inclusion of bodies known as cowdry type A treatment ACYCLOVIR TUBERCULOSIS (MYOCOBACTERIUM TUBERCOLOSIS) m tubercolosis main caused of tb m bovis causes tb in cattle or animal and indivual with aids caused by m avium intracellilar complex m africanum cause in africa M tuberculosis transmited by persion to persion, respiratory droplet, airborne M bovis ingesting contaminated cow milk can developed GASTROINTESTINAL TUBERCULOSIS primary infection (PRIMARY COMPLEX) infection in childhood it may affect part of the lung this lesion is called GHON COMPLEX secondary or reactivation pulmonary tuberculosis - caused by tubercle bacili that have survived in the pimary lesion which can adapt again disseminated tuberculosis- also called extrapulmonary tuberculosis characterized by multiple disseminated lesion in the lymph nodes may aggrevate and ulcerate forming called SCROFULA laboratory  acid fast staining of spatum collection early in the morning and second collection 1 hour after first colllection culture using lowenstein jensen chest xray skin test - tuberculin skin test using ppd purified protein derivative treatment antiKOSH, antiTB, DOT (direct observe treatment short course), vaccination= BCG MUMP (EPIDEMIC PAROTITIS) communicable disease causing salivary gland to be inflammed cause by mump virus member of paramyxovivaridae transmission AIRBORNE respiratory droplet virus infect salivary gland incubation of 18-21 days complication orchitis and meningitis laboratory urine sample, CSF, spatum treatment MMR vaccination at 15 month MALARIA PLASMODIUM INFECTED FEMALE ANAPHOLE divided into 3 stage cold, hot, sweating allergic response to shizont and to antigen released following release of merozoites, chill, head ache, muscle pain, joint pain, then spiking fever then followed with drenching sweat, splenomegaly often present and anemia is prominent brain (cerebral malaria) and kidney the dark urine color is due to kidney damage black water fever laboratory Giemsa stained and Wright stained thick treatment chloroquine, parenteral quinine ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFFICIENCY SYNDROME caused by an RNA virus under retroviruses called human immuno difeciency virus, virus possess the enzyme reverse transcriptase that integrare its genome into host cell's DNA, it possess a glycoprotein known as gp120 that bind to the CD4+ receptor on helper t cell and macrophages, another envelope glycoprotein gp41 facillitate adsoption of the virus to the CD4+ T CELLS transmission sexual, parenteral (blood transfussion, tattooing, ear pierce, injection), transplacental HIV is not transmitted through kissing, coughing,sneezing, insect bite, swimming pool clinical finding incubation year to 10 years where patient is asymptomatic patient is present with flulike,chronic diarrhea,lymphadenopathy this occur after 1 month of exposure to a patient with AIDS, the symptoms will subside followed by long period of latency (approximately 8 years) which patient will present with opportunistic infection and malignance, this time patient will have very low CD4+ T CELL count and considered as AIDS making them more susceptible to opportunistic infection and wasting syndrome (diarrhea and weight loss), lesion on the togue and mouth (hairy leukoplakia due to EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS), the hall mark of aids is KAPOSI SARCOMA (soft tissue cancer) infection with puemonia, mycobacterium tuberculosis avium intracellulare and severe CYTOMEGALOVIRUS indicative of very low CD4+ count patient does not die with aids but with pnuemonia laboratory diagnosis ELISA - FIRST TEST WESTERN BLOT - CONFIRMATORY treatment REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR -azidothymidine, dideoxycytidine PROTEASE INHIBITOR - indinavir, saquinavir PEDICULOSIS PUBIS / PUBIC LICE visible to naked eye, parasitic insect that feed on blood of the host, primarily attached to pubic hair, and other parts of the body such as chest beard moustache armpit and hair transmission sexual contact, towel, linens or clothes finding cause pruritus an red spot and itchy diagnosis identification attached to hair treatment insecticidal cream and permecthrin DENGUE vector aedes aegyti, albopictus aedes albopictus known as Asian tiger mosquito in the philippine that breed in vegetation (banana and abaca) finding high grade fever (3-6 days) and subsides and reappear after (2-3 days) pattern called CAMEL BACK, SADDLE BACK fever is accompanied with muscle and bone pain BREAK BONE, severe headache and retro-orbital pain (eye pain) rash over the knees and elbow HERMAN SIGN on the 3 or 5th day the rash over face thrunk and extremities DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER OR SHOCK SYNDROME bleeding loss of plasma in the blood Diagnosis serology MAC ELISA TREATMENT denvaxia - sanofi pasteur ZIKA VIRUS associated with microcephaly in newborn family of flaviviradae vector aedes aegyti, albopictus mother to fetus- passed to fetus from pregnant mother that cause microcephaly and fetal brain defect sexual contact - spread by infected man to his partner, virus is present more in semen than blood blood transfussion clinical does not show symptoms or may show only mild symptoms symtomatic head ache, joint pain, conjuctivitis, rash treatment none MONONUCLEOSIS EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS double stranded RNA family of herpesviradae virus The B lymphocyte are the major target of the EBV which can cause latent infaction of B cells strongly assosicated with transformation to nasopharyngeal carcicoma, burkitt lymphoma, and other b cell lymphomas. the virus cause opportunistic infection in the tongue and mouth (HAIRY CALL ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA) in AIDS patient transmission exchange of saliva infection also known as kissing disease finding lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly diagnosis hematologic examination (blood) of lymphocytosis known as DOWNEY CELL detection of antobodies againts ciral capsid antigen treatment none POLIOMYELITIS family of picornaviradae, virus is naked no envelope but it outer covering the capsid is resistant to adverse environemental condition. 3 type of poliomyelitis 1,2,3 type 1 polio is shed from feces month after infection transmission ingesting contaminated food and water and nasal secretion and mouth droplet diagnosis feces, CSF,throat secretion (spatum) treatment plecornaril - antiviral inhibiting penetration host cell vaccine -OPV or SABIN , IPV or SALK RABIES RNA family of bullet-shaped virus Rhabdoviradae. rabies primarly involving warm-blooded animal (DOG) the virus replicaes initially at the site of bite and travel along perpheral nerves, reaches the CNS and SHED through the saliva diagnosis histopathologic of negri bodies treatment prophalaxis - human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) Immediate rabies immunoglobulin vaccine 5 DOSES 3 DAYS APART, IM ROTATE INJECTION SITE VACCINE COVER FOR 2 YEARS