Microbiology Introduction PDF

MICROBIOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY  OUTLINE I. The Main Themes of Microbiology a. The Scope of Microbiology b. Naming and classifying of microorganism c. A brief history of Microbiology Microbiology  The scientific study of microscopic organisms and viruses, and...

MICROBIOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY  OUTLINE I. The Main Themes of Microbiology a. The Scope of Microbiology b. Naming and classifying of microorganism c. A brief history of Microbiology Microbiology  The scientific study of microscopic organisms and viruses, and their roles in human disease as well as beneficial processes. Microorganisms are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye size of a typical bacterium (1 µm) ubiquitous IMPORTANCE FIELDS and OCCUPATIONS Branches of Microbiology Origin of Microorganisms  NAMING AND CLASSIFYING OF MICROORGANISMS  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROORGANISMS  MAJOR GROUPS OF MICROBES Bacteria singular: bacterium relatively simple, unicellular organisms prokaryotes cell wall (peptidogycan) either photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells, but if they have cell walls, the walls lack peptidoglycan found in extreme environments Three Main Groups of Archaeans a. Methanogens b. extreme Halophiles c. extreme Thermophiles Fungi (singular: fungus) eukaryotes cell wall (chitin) multicellular (mushroom, molds) unicellualar ( yeast) Saccharomyses cerevisiae (yeast) Protozoa singular: protozoan unicellular eukaryotic some are photosynthetic; others feed on organic material: free-living; parasitic Algae singular: alga photosynthetic eukaryotes both sexual and asexual reproductive forms cannbe either unicellular or multicellular cell walls ( cellulose) photosynthetic Virus acellular, structurally simple Multicellular Animal Parasites( Helminths) not strictly microorganisms, they are of medical importance parasitic worms Dracunculus medinensis (guinea worm)  BRIEF HISTORY  ROBERT HOOKE (1665)  English natural philosopher  observed slice of cork ( bark from oak tree)  noticed tiny boxes in cork  he called the empty, enclosed spaces cella (small room) -from which today we have the word cell  Hooke’s discovery marked the beginning of the Cell theory— the theory that all living things are composed of cells.  I. BRIEF HISTORY MICROGRAPHIA  This book contained Hooke's descriptions of microscopes and was filled with stunning hand drawn illustrations, including the first microorganism (a common bread mold) made from the objects he saw with his microscope.  I. BRIEF HISTORY ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK  contemporary of Hooke, was a successful tradesman  cloth merchant  Father of Microbiology  first person to have created microscopes to view microbes  first to observed microbes  “animalcules “  “Spontaneous Generation” - life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter  I. BRIEF HISTORY SIMPLE MICROCOPE  Microscope of Anton van Leeuwenhoek  I. BRIEF HISTORY ANIMALCULES  Leeuwenhoek’s drawing on animalcules (bacterial cells)  I. BRIEF HISTORY SPONTANEOUS GENERATION  the notion that life can arise from nonliving  I. BRIEF HISTORY  SPONTANEOUS GENERATION  Regarding the latter, Leeuwenhoek suggested that maggots did not arise from wheat grains, but rather from tiny eggs laid in the grain that he could see in his microscope.  Such divergent observation required a new form of investigation – “EXPERIMENTATION” – and new generation of experimental naturalist arose.  I. BRIEF HISTORY  FRANCESCO REDI  Performed one of history’s first biological experiments to see if maggots could arise from rotting meat.  I. BRIEF HISTORY REDI’S EXPERIMENT  The idea of spontaneous generation could produce larger living creatures soon subsided.  However, what about the mysterious and minute animalcules that appeared to straddle the boundary between the non-living and living world?  I. BRIEF HISTORY  LOUIS PASTEUR (1859)  Disproved the Spontaneous Generation through his experiment in many years  I. BRIEF HISTORY PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT 1  I. BRIEF HISTORY PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT 2A  I. BRIEF HISTORY PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT 2B  The Theory of Biogenesis Rudolph Virchow – challenge the case for spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis ❖ “ Living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells”  SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS Fracostoro Mid-1500s “Contagion” passes among individuals, objects, and air Hooke Late-1600s The compound microscope is used for magnifying small objects; reproductive structures of a mold observed and described Fabricius Early 1700s Fungi cause diseases in plants Jablot Early 1700s Various forms of protozoa observed Needham Mid-1700s Animalcules in broth arise by spontaneous generation Spallanzani Mid-1700s Heat destroys animalcules in broth Jenner Late 1700s Vaccination against smallpox is successful  SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS Ehrenberg Early-1800s Many of the microscopic animalcules are called bacteria Henle Mid-1800s Living organisms could cause disease Semmelweis Mid-1800s Chlorine hand washing prevents disease spread Snow Mid-1800s Water is involved in disease transmission Pasteur Mid-1800s Spontaneous generation does not occur  SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS Ehrenberg Early-1800s Many of the microscopic animalcules are called bacteria Henle Mid-1800s Living organisms could cause disease Semmelweis Mid-1800s Chlorine hand washing prevents disease spread Snow Mid-1800s Water is involved in disease transmission Pasteur Mid-1800s Spontaneous generation does not occur GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY LOUIS PASTEUR  Proved that yeast are the organisms that are responsible for the chemical process of wine “  fermentation”  I. BRIEF HISTORY LOUIS PASTEUR  Germ Theory of Disease- which states that diseases may result from microbial infection. recommended a practical solution for the “wine disease” problem: heat the grape juice to destroy all the evidence of life  PASTEURIZATION  heating technique to kill the pathogens  I. BRIEF HISTORY  LOUIS PASTEUR  Hisexperiment demonstrated that yeast and bacterial cells are tiny, living factories in which important chemical changes takes place.  Infections could cause disease- GERMS  I. BRIEF HISTORY  ROBERT KOCH  He developed methods of staining bacterial cells and preparing permanent visual records.  In 1877, he accepted an appointment to the Imperial Health Office, and while there, he observed a sliced potato on which small masses of bacterial cells, which he termed “colonies”, were growing and multiplying.  I. BRIEF HISTORY ROBERT KOCH  tried adding gelatin to his broth to prepare a solid culture surface in a culture (Petri) dish  innoculated bacterial cells on the surface and set the dish aside to incubate  withing 24 hours, visible colonies were present on the surface  THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS Joseph Lister (1865) Great Britain Developed the principles of aseptic surgery Otto Obermeier (1868) Germany Observed bacterial cells in relapsing fever patients Ferdinand Cohn (1872) Germany Established bacteriology as a science; produced the first bacterial taxonomy scheme Gerhard Hansen (1873) Norway Observed bacterial cells in leprosy patients Ernst Karl Abbe (1878) Germany Developed the oil-immersion lens and Abbe condenser for the compound microscope  THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS Friedrich Loeffler (1883) Germany Isolated diphtheria bacillus Georg Gaffky (1884) Germany Cultivated the typhoid bacillus Hans Christian Gram Denmark Introduced staining system to (1884) identify bacterial cells Elie Metchnikoff (1884) Ukraine Described phagocytosis Paul Ehrlich (1885) Germany Suggested some dyes might control bacterial infections  THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS Daniel E. Salmon (1886) United States Studied swine plague Emile Roux and France Identified the diphtheria tOxin Alexandre Yersin (1888) Shibasaburo Kitasato Japan Isolated the tetanus bacillus (1889) Emilvon Behring (1890) Germany Developed the diphtheria antitoxin Sergius Winogradsky Russia Studied the biochemistry of soil (1891) bacteria  THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS Dimitri Ivanowsky Russia Studied tobacco mosaic disease from (1892) which he isolated a filterable agent Richard Pfeiffer (1892) Germany Identified a cause of meningitis William Welch (1892) United States Isolated the gas gangrene bacillus Theobald Smith (1893) United States Proved that ticks transmit Texas fever Masaki Ogata (1897) Japan Discovered that rat fleas transmit plague  THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS Ronald Ross (1898) Great Britain Showed mosquitoes can transmit malaria Kiyoshi Shiga (1898) Japan Isolated a cause of bacterial dysentery Martinus Beijerinck Netherlands microbiology and provided some of (1899) the first clues for viruses as infectious agents Walter Reed (1901) United States Studied mosquito transmission of yellow fever in Cuba David Bruce (1903) Great Britain Proved that tsetse flies transmit sleeping sickness  THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS Almroth Wright (1903) Great Britain Described opsonins to assist phagocytosis Jules Bordet (1906) France Described opsonins to assist phagocytosis Albert Calmette (1906) France Developed immunization process for tuberculosis Howard Ricketts (1906) United States Showed that ticks transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever Charles Nicolle (1909) France Proved that lice transmit typhus fever DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY DIVISIN OF MICROBIOLOGY DIVISIN OF MICROBIOLOGY