Civil Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam PDF

Civil Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam Fourteenth Edition Michael R. Lindeburg, PE Professional Publications, Inc. Belmont, California  Benefit by Registering This Book with PPI Get book updates and corrections....

Civil Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam Fourteenth Edition Michael R. Lindeburg, PE Professional Publications, Inc. Belmont, California  Benefit by Registering This Book with PPI Get book updates and corrections. Hear the latest exam news. Obtain exclusive exam tips and strategies. Receive special discounts. Register your book at ppi2pass.com/register. Report Errors and View Corrections for This Book PPI is grateful to every reader who notifies us of a possible error. Your feedback allows us to improve the quality and accuracy of our products. You can report errata and view corrections at ppi2pass.com/errata. CIVIL ENGINEERING REFERENCE MANUAL FOR THE PE EXAM Fourteenth Edition Current version of this edition: 1 Release History edition version number number update 13 1 New edition. Codes update. Copyright update. 13 2 Minor corrections. 14 1 New edition. Codes update. Additional content. Copyright update. Copyright Ó 2014, Professional Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. All content is copyrighted by Professional Publications, Inc. (PPI). All rights reserved. No part, either text or image, may be used for any purpose other than personal use. Reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, without prior written permission from the publisher is strictly prohibited. For written permission, contact PPI at [email protected]. PPI 1250 Fifth Avenue Belmont, CA 94002 (650) 593-9119 ppi2pass.com PDF ISBN: 978-1-59126-458-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014936761  Water Resources Background and Support Material Support Topics.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Topic I: Background and Support Topic II: Water Resources Topic III: Environmental Environmental Topic IV: Geotechnical Topic V: Structural Topic VI: Transportation Topic VII: Construction Geotechnical Topic VIII: Systems, Management, and Professional Topic IX: Support Material Structural Transportation Construction and Professional Systems, Mgmt, P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m  Where do I find practice problems to test what I’ve learned in this Reference Manual? The Civil Engineering Reference Manual provides a knowledge base that will prepare you for the Civil PE exam. But there’s no better way to exercise your skills than to practice solving problems. To simplify your preparation, please consider Practice Problems for the Civil Engineering PE Exam: A Companion to the Civil Engineering Reference Manual. This publication provides you with more than 915 practice problems, each with a complete, step-by-step solution. Practice Problems for the Civil Engineering PE Exam may be obtained from PPI at ppi2pass.com or from your favorite retailer.  Table of Contents................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Appendices Table of Contents.............. vii Topic IV: Geotechnical Preface to the Fourteenth Edition........... ix Soil Properties and Testing.................35-1 Shallow Foundations......................36-1 Acknowledgments....................... xiii Rigid Retaining Walls.....................37-1 Piles and Deep Foundations.................38-1 Codes and Standards..................... xv Excavations.............................39-1 Special Soil Topics........................40-1 Introduction............................ xvii Topic V: Structural Topic I: Background and Support Determinate Statics.......................41-1 Systems of Units......................... 1-1 Properties of Areas.......................42-1 Engineering Drawing Practice............... 2-1 Material Testing.........................43-1 Algebra................................ 3-1 Strength of Materials......................44-1 Linear Algebra........................... 4-1 Basic Elements of Design...................45-1 Vectors................................ 5-1 Structural Analysis I......................46-1 Trigonometry........................... 6-1 Structural Analysis II......................47-1 Analytic Geometry....................... 7-1 Properties of Concrete and Reinforcing Steel.....48-1 Differential Calculus...................... 8-1 Concrete Proportioning, Mixing, and Placing....49-1 Integral Calculus......................... 9-1 Reinforced Concrete: Beams.................50-1 Differential Equations.....................10-1 Reinforced Concrete: Slabs..................51-1 Probability and Statistical Analysis of Data.....11-1 Reinforced Concrete: Short Columns...........52-1 Numerical Analysis.......................12-1 Reinforced Concrete: Long Columns...........53-1 Energy, Work, and Power..................13-1 Reinforced Concrete: Walls and Retaining Walls..54-1 Reinforced Concrete: Footings...............55-1 Topic II: Water Resources Prestressed Concrete......................56-1 Fluid Properties..........................14-1 Composite Concrete and Steel Bridge Girders....57-1 Fluid Statics............................15-1 Structural Steel: Introduction................58-1 Fluid Flow Parameters.....................16-1 Structural Steel: Beams....................59-1 Fluid Dynamics..........................17-1 Structural Steel: Tension Members............60-1 Hydraulic Machines.......................18-1 Structural Steel: Compression Members........61-1 Open Channel Flow.......................19-1 Structural Steel: Beam-Columns..............62-1 Meteorology, Climatology, and Hydrology.......20-1 Structural Steel: Built-Up Sections............63-1 Groundwater............................21-1 Structural Steel: Composite Beams............64-1 Inorganic Chemistry.......................22-1 Structural Steel: Connectors.................65-1 Organic Chemistry........................23-1 Structural Steel: Welding...................66-1 Combustion and Incineration................24-1 Properties of Masonry.....................67-1 Water Supply Quality and Testing............25-1 Masonry Walls..........................68-1 Water Supply Treatment and Distribution......26-1 Masonry Columns........................69-1 Topic III: Environmental Topic VI: Transportation Biochemistry, Biology, and Bacteriology........27-1 Properties of Solid Bodies................... 70-1 Wastewater Quantity and Quality............28-1 Kinematics............................. 71-1 Wastewater Treatment: Equipment and Kinetics................................ 72-1 Processes.............................29-1 Roads and Highways: Capacity Analysis........ 73-1 Activated Sludge and Sludge Processing........30-1 Bridges: Condition and Rating............... 74-1 Municipal Solid Waste.....................31-1 Vehicle Dynamics and Accident Analysis........ 75-1 Pollutants in the Environment...............32-1 Flexible Pavement Design.................. 76-1 Storage and Disposition of Hazardous Materials..33-1 Rigid Pavement Design.................... 77-1 Environmental Remediation.................34-1 Plane Surveying.......................... 78-1 P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m vi C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L Horizontal, Compound, Vertical, and Spiral Curves.......................... 79-1 Topic VII: Construction Construction Earthwork....................80-1 Construction Staking and Layout.............81-1 Building Codes and Materials Testing..........82-1 Construction and Jobsite Safety..............83-1 Topic VIII: Systems, Management, and Professional Electrical Systems and Equipment............84-1 Instrumentation and Measurements...........85-1 Project Management, Budgeting, and Scheduling............................86-1 Engineering Economic Analysis..............87-1 Professional Services, Contracts, and Engineering Law.......................88-1 Engineering Ethics........................89-1 Engineering Licensing in the United States......90-1 Topic IX: Support Material Appendices............................. A-1 Glossary............................... G-1 Index..................................I-1 P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m  Appendices Table of Contents................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1.A Conversion Factors..................... A-1 16.L Dimensions of Seamless Steel Boiler (BWG) 1.B Common SI Unit Conversion Factors........ A-3 Tubing (customary U.S. units)......... A-40 7.A Mensuration of Two-Dimensional Areas...... A-7 17.A Specific Roughness and Hazen-Williams Constants 7.B Mensuration of Three-Dimensional Volumes... A-9 for Various Water Pipe Materials........ A-41 9.A Abbreviated Table of Indefinite Integrals.... A-10 17.B Darcy Friction Factors (turbulent flow)..... A-42 10.A Laplace Transforms.................... A-11 17.C Water Pressure Drop in Schedule-40 11.A Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve.... A-12 Steel Pipe......................... A-46 11.B Chi-Squared Distribution................ A-13 17.D Equivalent Length of Straight Pipe for Various (Generic) Fittings............. A-47 11.C Values of tC for Student’s t-Distribution..... A-14 17.E Hazen-Williams Nomograph (C = 100)...... A-48 11.D Values of the Error Function and Complementary Error Function......... A-15 18.A International Standard Atmosphere........ A-49 14.A Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure 18.B Properties of Saturated Steam by Temperature (customary U.S. units)................ A-16 (customary U.S. units)................ A-50 14.B Properties of Water at Atmospheric Pressure 18.C Properties of Superheated Steam (SI units).......................... A-17 (customary U.S. units)................ A-53 14.C Viscosity of Water in Other Units 19.A Manning’s Roughness Coefficient (design use). A-55 (customary U.S. units)................ A-18 19.B Manning Equation Nomograph............ A-56 14.D Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure 19.C Circular Channel Ratios................. A-57 (customary U.S. units)................ A-19 19.D Critical Depths in Circular Channels........ A-58 14.E Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure 19.E Conveyance Factor, K.................. A-59 (SI units).......................... A-20 19.F Conveyance Factor, K 0................. A-61 16.A Area, Wetted Perimeter, and Hydraulic Radius 20.A Rational Method Runoff C-Coefficients...... A-63 of Partially Filled Circular Pipes......... A-21 20.B Random Numbers..................... A-64 16.B Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe 22.A Atomic Numbers and Weights of the (customary U.S. units)................ A-22 Elements.......................... A-65 16.C Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe 22.B Water Chemistry CaCO3 Equivalents....... A-66 (SI units).......................... A-26 22.C Saturation Concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen in 16.D Dimensions of Rigid PVC and CPVC Pipe Water............................ A-68 (customary U.S. units)................ A-29 22.D Names and Formulas of Important 16.E Dimensions of Large Diameter, Nonpressure, Chemicals......................... A-69 PVC Sewer and Water Pipe 22.E Approximate Solubility Product (customary U.S. units)................ A-30 Constants at 25  C................... A-70 16.F Dimensions and Weights of Concrete Sewer Pipe 24.A Heats of Combustion for Common (customary U.S. units)................ A-33 Compounds........................ A-73 16.G Dimensions of Cast-Iron and Ductile Iron Pipe 24.B Approximate Properties of Selected Gases.... A-74 Standard Pressure Classes 25.A National Primary Drinking Water (customary U.S. units)................ A-35 Regulations........................ A-75 16.H Dimensions of Ductile Iron Pipe 26.A Properties of Chemicals Used in Water Special Pressure Classes Treatment......................... A-82 (customary U.S. units)................ A-36 29.A Selected Ten States’ Standards............ A-83 16.I Standard ASME/ANSI Z32.2.3 35.A USCS Soil Boring, Well, and Geotextile Piping Symbols..................... A-37 Symbols........................... A-85 16.J Dimensions of Copper Water Tubing 37.A Active Components for Retaining Walls (customary U.S. units)................ A-38 (straight slope backfill)................ A-87 16.K Dimensions of Brass and Copper Tubing 37.B Active Components for Retaining Walls (customary U.S. units)................ A-39 (broken slope backfill)................ A-88 P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m viii C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L 37.C Curves for Determining Active and Passive Earth 52.L Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, Pressure Coefficients, ka and kp (with inclined = 0.70 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete, wall face, , wall friction, , and 60 ksi steel)....................... A-123 horizontal backfill)................... A-89 52.M Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 37.D Curves for Determining Active and Passive = 0.75 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete, Earth Pressure Coefficients, ka and kp 60 ksi steel)....................... A-124 (with vertical face, wall friction, , and 52.N Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, sloping backfill, )................... A-90 = 0.80 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete, 40.A Boussinesq Stress Contour Chart 60 ksi steel)....................... A-125 (infinitely long and square footings)...... A-91 52.O Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 40.B Boussinesq Stress Contour Chart = 0.90 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete, (uniformly loaded circular footings)....... A-92 60 ksi steel)....................... A-126 42.A Centroids and Area Moments of Inertia for Basic 58.A Common Structural Steels.............. A-127 Shapes............................ A-93 58.B Properties of Structural Steel at High 43.A Typical Properties of Structural Steel, Aluminum, Temperatures..................... A-128 and Magnesium..................... A-94 59.A Values of Cb for Simply-Supported Beams... A-129 43.B Typical Mechanical Properties of Representative 68.A Section Properties of Masonry Horizontal Metals............................ A-95 Cross Sections..................... A-130 44.A Elastic Beam Deflection Equations......... A-98 68.B Section Properties of Masonry Vertical 45.A Properties of Weld Groups.............. A-102 Cross Sections..................... A-132 47.A Elastic Fixed-End Moments............. A-103 68.C Ungrouted Wall Section Properties........ A-134 47.B Indeterminate Beam Formulas........... A-105 68.D Grouted Wall Section Properties.......... A-135 47.C Moment Distribution Worksheet.......... A-110 69.A Column Interaction Diagram 48.A ASTM Standards for Wire Reinforcement... A-111 (compression controls, g = 0.4)......... A-136 52.A Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 69.B Column Interaction Diagram = 0.60 (round, 4 ksi concrete, (compression controls, g = 0.6)......... A-137 60 ksi steel)....................... A-112 69.C Column Interaction Diagram 52.B Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, (compression controls, g = 0.8)......... A-138 = 0.70 (round, 4 ksi concrete, 69.D Column Interaction Diagram 60 ksi steel)....................... A-113 (tension controls, g = 0.4)............ A-139 52.C Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 69.E Column Interaction Diagram = 0.75 (round, 4 ksi concrete, (tension controls, g = 0.6)............ A-140 60 ksi steel)....................... A-114 69.F Column Interaction Diagram 52.D Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, (tension controls, g = 0.8)............ A-141 = 0.80 (round, 4 ksi concrete, 70.A Mass Moments of Inertia............... A-142 60 ksi steel)....................... A-115 76.A Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Flexible 52.E Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, Pavements (single axles and pt of 2.5).... A-143 = 0.90 (round, 4 ksi concrete, 76.B Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Flexible 60 ksi steel)....................... A-116 Pavements (tandem axles and pt of 2.5)... A-144 52.F Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 76.C Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Flexible = 0.60 (square, 4 ksi concrete, Pavements (triple axles and pt of 2.5).... A-145 60 ksi steel)....................... A-117 77.A Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid 52.G Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, Pavements (single axles and pt of 2.5).... A-146 = 0.70 (square, 4 ksi concrete, 77.B Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid 60 ksi steel)....................... A-118 Pavements (double axles and pt of 2.5)... A-147 52.H Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 77.C Axle Load Equivalency Factors for Rigid = 0.75 (square, 4 ksi concrete, Pavements (triple axles and pt of 2.5).... A-148 60 ksi steel)....................... A-119 78.A Oblique Triangle Equations............. A-149 52.I Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, 84.A Polyphase Motor Classifications and = 0.80 (square, 4 ksi concrete, Characteristics..................... A-150 60 ksi steel)....................... A-120 84.B DC and Single-Phase Motor Classifications 52.J Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, and Characteristics................. A-151 = 0.90 (square, 4 ksi concrete, 60 ksi steel)....................... A-121 85.A Thermoelectric Constants for Thermocouples.................. A-152 52.K Reinforced Concrete Interaction Diagram, = 0.60 (uniplane, 4 ksi concrete, 87.A Standard Cash Flow Factors............ A-154 60 ksi steel)....................... A-122 87.B Cash Flow Equivalent Factors........... A-155 P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m  Preface to the Fourteenth Edition................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. As I mentioned in the preface to the thirteenth edition, I methods or technology it uses for producing (typeset- am chagrined to admit that I never read a single preface ting, illustrating, etc.) its books. For example, decades while I was in college. Out of the prefaces of 100 or so ago, PPI brought out new editions when it stopped textbooks written by witty, clever, dedicated, and inking illustrations with Rapidograph pens and famous experts, I never read a single word. Since then, started rendering illustrations electronically. That I’ve added hundreds of additional books to my library, hardly seems like big news these days. Slightly less and I’ve only read a few of their prefaces. I certainly in the dark ages was PPI’s adoption of Donald have never written to an author and said, “Hey, I loved Knuth’s then-revolutionary TeX programming lan- your preface.” Nor have I ever received such a commu- guage for typesetting complex mathematical material, nication about any book that I have written. So, why as well as the use of XML and MathML for anything does a book even need a preface? that was destined for access via the internet. More recently, the twelfth edition of this book was the first The preface usually explains (a) why the author wanted to be published out of PPI’s proprietary online book to write the book, (b) why the book turned out the way development and maintenance system affectionately it did, and (c) how the book differs from the previous known as OBDAMS. Without these advances in pub- edition. Whereas subsequent chapters after the preface lishing technology, you’d still be holding a book pro- constitute a book’s brain, the preface constitutes a book’s duced on a typewriter with rub-down characters for heart and soul. You don’t have to read its preface for a anything more complex than qwertyuiop. book to have utility. The real “value” is in the subsequent chapters. However, if you want a special connection with This fourteenth edition of the Civil Engineering Refer- the book, if you want to get inside the author’s head, if ence Manual represents a complex agglomeration of the you want to feel what you are learning, you should start reasons mentioned: revisions to exam codes and stan- by reading its preface. dards, addition of new and improved material, changes in how the exam is administered, and new publication New books are written for a variety of reasons; new technology. editions less so. Typically, new editions are written to replace old editions that have become somehow The reasons this fourteenth edition turned out the way inadequate. Although I’ve read some that come close, that it did are as complex as the reasons why it was authors don’t intentionally write books to be inadequate written in the first place. First, like its predecessors, this when they are first published; instead, their books just edition was developed in an ethical and professional evolve into obsolescence and inadequacy over time. Now manner. This means that only the NCEES published and then, however, the reason behind publishing a new outline of exam subjects guided me when I wrote this edition is more complex. edition. It may seem strange to you that a book designed For example, sometimes a perfectly good book can to help you pass the civil PE exam would not be based on become suddenly obsolete due to an external event. This the actual exam content; however, though not associated book has had many “sudden” new editions (and this with NCEES in any way, both PPI and I share its pas- fourteenth edition is no exception), which were triggered sion for exam security. Therefore, no actual exam content by some change to the civil PE exam. Typical exam is present in this book. changes that have required publishing a new edition of Second, as a professional engineer, I understand it is my this book include revisions to the codes and standards responsibility to protect the public, while still helping on which the civil PE exam is based, as well as changes qualified applicants to prepare for their future careers as to the exam’s body of knowledge, format, administra- engineers. This means that to help you review and learn tion, and emphasis on (i.e., number of questions for) the engineering concepts necessary to pass the civil PE each subject. exam (and thus, go on to protect the public), PPI went Other times, new editions are driven by authors’ desire far beyond industry standards in getting content checked to add new material or to improve preexisting material. and reviewed, edited, and proofread. Sometimes they’re driven by a need to incorporate accu- mulated corrections. Finally, this book is the way that it is because I wrote it to be the kind of textbook I would want to help me learn Rarely, due to the huge amount of work involved, new the concepts needed to pass the civil PE exam. You editions are initiated when a publisher changes the won’t have to go very far to find someone who will tell P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m x C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L you that this book goes far beyond the subjects covered largest replacement of content that took place in this on the civil PE exam. This is true. I have my own idea of edition occurred in order to make material consistent what engineering concepts the civil PE exam should with the NCEES-adopted codes and standards. (The cover, and I’ve woven those concepts into this book. actual codes and standards used by this book are listed You may disagree with this practice. Indeed, history in this book’s “Codes Used to Prepare This Book” sec- has shown that my expectations of what an engineer tion of the front matter.)” with a minimum of four years of experience should know are very high. (You would probably have to read trade The structural chapters reflect NCEES’ reliance on and industry publications every day to have the knowl- specific editions and releases of ACI 318, ACI 530 and edge that I want you to have when you go in to take 530.1, AISC Steel Construction Manual, ASCE7, the your civil PE exam.) However, I’ve incorporated those IBC, NDS, the PCI Design Handbook, and AASHTO concepts because I don’t just want you to review or LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. learn “some engineering” from this book. Instead, I want For concrete, solutions based on ACI 318 App. C may you to actually be a better engineer for having read it. not be used on the exam. This book provides solutions Think of passing your exam as icing on the cake of being using only ACI 318 Chap. 9 (the so-called “unified”) a great engineer. methods. Regardless of why I wrote this edition, or why this edition turned out the way that it did, inevitably, PPI’s Custo- For steel, you may still use either LRFD or ASD on the mer Care (what PPI calls “Customer Service”) depart- exam. Therefore, this book presents both solving meth- ment will need to answer the pre-purchase questions such ods in parallel so regardless of which method you choose as, “What has changed?” and, “Do I really need to pur- to study—load and resistance factor design or allowable chase this book?” and, “I have the 6th edition. Can I use stress design—you will be supported. it?” This department also has to deal with irate custo- For masonry, only ASD may be used on the exam, with mers who purchased the previous edition 25 months ago the exception that strength design (SD) Sec. 3.3.5 may and swear they would have waited if they had known be used for walls with out-of-plane loads. This book that Michael Lindeburg was writing a new edition. (Hey, provides ASD solutions, followed by SD solutions for everyone: I’m always writing a new edition. But, only the additional reference. publisher knows when it is coming out.) As with the thirteenth edition, this book contains a To answer those questions and to help the Customer chapter covering some bridge topics. Bridge rating is Care department answer such questions, I’m writing not specifically identified by NCEES as an exam sub- this script: “Yes. You absolutely need to get this new ject, although bits and pieces of bridge design, analysis, edition. The author didn’t write it for nothing. He wrote and construction are implicit in other civil engineering it because the exam changed. He wrote it because it is activities that are covered on the exam. Given the great better. He wrote it because it’s more helpful, easier to likelihood of future transportation funding shortfalls, understand, more complete, and better organized. This even with the ongoing dedicated and noble efforts of edition differs from the 6th (or 7th, or 8th, etc.) edition our state DOTs, I feel that all professional engineers in several hundred thousand ways. No, a zillion ways. should be able to speak about the U.S. transportation You won’t know everything that’s changed, but you infrastructure. This bridges chapter is a stub that I will benefit from the changes. You don’t use obsolete intend to continue to flesh out in future editions accord- technology like a buggy whip, leaded fuel, a rotary-dial ing to my own observations. phone, carbon paper, or an IBM Selectric typewriter any more, do you? Instead, you drive a motorized car, use The transportation chapters reflect NCEES’ reliance on unleaded fuel, talk ‘hands-free’ on your cell phone, send specific editions of AASHTO A Policy on Geometric emails (from this same phone!), and type on your perso- Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book), AASHTO nal laptop. The iPad™ has changed your life, and so will Guide for Design of Pavement Structures, AASHTO this book. Still not convinced you need this edition? Let Roadside Design Guide, AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical me put it another way: You wouldn’t study for your Pavement Design Guide, AASHTO Guide for the Plan- driver’s license test using a 1968 copy of the DMV laws, ning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities, AI would you? No, you wouldn’t. So, why then, would you The Asphalt Handbook, NRC Highway Capacity Man- take a book based on obsolete material into the most ual, FHWA Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices important examination of your career? Don’t be penny- (MUTCD), FHWA Hydraulic Design of Highway Cul- wise and pound-foolish. In fact, don’t be foolish, period. verts, and PCA Design and Control of Concrete You need this fourteenth edition.” Mixtures. To satisfy the marketing department, which inevitably The construction chapters reflect NCEES’ reliance wants to know what’s changed since the thirteenth edi- on specific editions of ACI 318, ACI 347, ACI SP-4, tion, I’ll say: “This book is completely consistent with the AISC Steel Construction Manual, ASCE 37, NDS, NCEES exam content and breadth-and-depth format, CMWB Standard Practice for Bracing Masonry Walls and it is equally representative of the codes and stan- During Construction, and OSHA Occupational Safety dards NCEES has adopted for the exam. In fact, the and Health Standards for the Construction Industry. P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m  P R E F A C E T O T H E F O U R T E E N T H E D I T I O N xi Still, the majority of what NCEES considers to be “con- You and I are associates in the same honorable profes- struction” was already present in this book and con- sion, and we’re also members of the same species. In tinues to be covered in other chapters. Earthwork, those regards, we exist to help each other. Helping you foundations, slope stability, compaction, temporary review and learn the subjects in the chapters that follow structures, and other geotechnical subjects are in their was always foremost in my mind. I considered helping own chapters, as are formwork, engineering economics, you conduct an ethical review that you could be proud construction law, and many other construction subjects. of in every word that I wrote. This book is proof that Although there is no single chapter titled “Construc- I’ve been here for you. Now, you need to go out and do tion” that contains everything NCEES thinks you your best to serve humanity, and that starts by passing should know, this book presents the Construction topic your PE exam. to the same degree of detail as other topics—regardless of where you read it. Michael R. Lindeburg, PE Sidebar S.1 contains the statistics of what distinguishes this edition from the previous editions. Sidebar S.1. New Edition Statistics chapters with new material, 7 chapters with revisions to existing material, 51 new equations, 64 revised equations, 33 new tables, 6 revised tables, 9 new examples, 40 revised examples, 19 new appendices, 7 revised appendices, 22 new figures, 70 revised figures, 1 new index entries, 364 P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m  Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Every new edition is a lot of work, for someone. Some- Julia Lopez, Scott Marley, Ellen Nordman, Heather times, as when new content is needed, the work of bring- Turbeville, and Ian A. Walker ing out a new edition falls to the author; sometimes the work falls to the publisher’s editorial and production Management: Sarah Hubbard, director of product staff, as when existing content is reformatted and reor- development and implementation; Cathy Schrott, pro- ganized; and sometimes the work falls to one or more duction services manager; and Chelsea Logan, Magnolia subject matter experts, as when specialized knowledge is Molcan, and Julia White, editorial project managers required to integrate changes in standards, codes, and This edition incorporates the comments, questions, sug- federal legislation. Sometimes, one player shoulders a gestions, and errata submitted by many people who have disproportionate share of the load; sometimes one player used the previous edition for their own preparations. As gets off easier than another. an author, I am humbled to know that these individuals have read the previous edition in such detail as to notice This fourteenth edition was one of those new editions typos, illogic, and other errata, and that they subse- where a lot of people contributed. If anything, the author quently took the time to share their observations with (and, my hand is up) got off the easiest. Yes, there is new me. Their suggestions have been incorporated into this content. However, the biggest content changes were edition, and their attention to detail will benefit you and updates to the transportation chapters. Regarding those all future readers. The following is a partial list (in alpha- changes, this book is the beneficiary of Norman R. Voigt, betical order) of some of those who have improved this PE, PLS, and Akash Rao, PE, LEED AP. Mr. Voigt book through their comments. revised the transportation chapters in accordance with A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (Green Book), sixth edition; the Roadside Design Guide Ben Boudreaux; Cody Kimball; Andrew Lloyd; (RDG), fourth edition; the Mechanistic-Empirical Pave- Daniel Loring; Benjamin A. Morse; Eric Newman; ment Design Guide: A Manual of Practice, interim edi- Lindsey Riemenschneider; Matthew Scarborough tion, July 2008; Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts This edition shares a common developmental heritage (FHWA-NH1-01-020), September 2011 edition; the High- with all of its previous editions. There are hundreds way Capacity Manual (HCM), fifth edition; and Design and hundreds of additional people that I mentioned by and Control of Concrete Mixtures, fifteenth edition. name in the acknowledgments of those books. They’re Mr. Rao updated the bridge design chapters to be con- not forgotten, and their names will live on in the tens of sistent with AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifica- thousands of old editions that remain in widespread tions, sixth edition. I would also like to thank Joshua T. circulation. For this edition, though, there isn’t a single Frohman, PE, for contributing his time and engineering contributor that I intentionally excluded. Still, I could expertise to this edition. have slipped up and forgotten to mention you. I hope Now, I’d like to introduce you to the “I couldn’t have you’ll let me know if you should have been credited, done it without you” crew. The talented team at PPI but were inadvertently left out. I’d appreciate the that produced this edition is the same team that pro- opportunity to list your name in the next printing of duced the new edition of Practice Problems for the Civil this edition. Engineering PE Exam, and the team members deserve Near the end of the acknowledgments, after mentioning just as many accolades here as I gave them in the a lot of people who contributed to the book and, there- Acknowledgments of that book. As it turns out, produc- fore, could be blamed for a variety of types of errors, it is ing two new books is not twice as hard as producing one common for an author to say something like, “I take new book. Considering all of the connections between responsibility for all of the errors you find in this book.” the two books, producing this edition is greatly compli- Or, “All of the mistakes are mine.” This is certainly true, cated by the need for consistency with and cross- given the process of publishing, since the author sees references to the Practice Problems. Producing a set of and approves the final version before his/her book goes interrelated books is not a task for the faint of heart. to the printer. You would think that after more than 35 years of writing, I would have figured out how to Editing and Production: Tom Bergstrom, David Chu, write something without making a mistake and how to Nicole Evans, Hilary Flood, Kate Hayes, Tyler Hayes, proofread without missing those blunders that are so P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m xiv C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L obvious to readers. However, such perfection continues to elude me. So, yes, the finger points straight at me. All I can say instead is that I’ll do my best to respond to any suggestions and errata that you report through PPI’s website, ppi2pass.com/errata. I’d love to see your name in the acknowledgments for the next edition. Thank you, everyone! Michael R. Lindeburg, PE P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m  Codes and Standards................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. The information that was used to write and update PCI: PCI Design Handbook: Precast and Prestressed this book was based on the exam specifications at the Concrete, Sixth ed., 2004, Precast/Prestressed Concrete time of publication. However, as with engineering Institute, Chicago, IL practice itself, the PE examination is not always based on the most current codes or cutting-edge technology. TRANSPORTATION DESIGN STANDARDS................................................................................................................................. Similarly, codes, standards, and regulations adopted by state and local agencies often lag issuance by several AASHTO: AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement years. It is likely that the codes that are most current, Structures (GDPS-4-M), 1993, and 1998 supplement, the codes that you use in practice, and the codes that American Association of State Highway and Transpor- are the basis of your exam will all be different. tation Officials, Washington, DC PPI lists on its website the dates and editions of the AASHTO: A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways codes, standards, and regulations on which NCEES has and Streets, Sixth ed., 2011, American Association of announced the PE exams are based. It is your respon- State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washing- sibility to find out which codes are relevant to your exam. ton, DC AASHTO: Guide for the Planning, Design, and Opera- STRUCTURAL DESIGN STANDARDS tion of Pedestrian Facilities, First ed., 2004, American................................................................................................................................. Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- AASHTO: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifica- cials, Washington, DC tions, Sixth ed., 2012, American Association of State AASHTO: Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC Guide: A Manual of Practice, Interim ed., 2008, Amer- ACI 318:1 Building Code Requirements for Structural ican Association of State Highway and Transportation Concrete, 2008, American Concrete Institute, Farm- Officials, Washington, DC ington Hills, MI AASHTO: Roadside Design Guide, Fourth ed., 2011, ACI 530:2 Building Code Requirements for Masonry American Association of State Highway and Transpor- Structures, 2008, and ACI 530.1: Specifications for tation Officials, Washington, DC Masonry Structures, 2008, American Concrete Insti- AI: The Asphalt Handbook (MS-4), Seventh ed., 2007, tute, Detroit, MI Asphalt Institute, Lexington, KY AISC:3 Steel Construction Manual, Thirteenth ed., FHWA: Hydraulic Design of Highway Culverts, Hydraulic 2005, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Design Series No. 5, Publication No. FHWA-HIF-12-026, Chicago, IL Third ed., 2012, U.S. Department of Transportation, ASCE7: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC Structures, 2005, American Society of Civil Engineers, HCM: Highway Capacity Manual (HCM 2010), 2010 Reston, VA ed., Transportation Research Board, National Research IBC: International Building Code, 2009 ed. (without Council, Washington, DC supplements), International Code Council, Inc., Falls MUTCD: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Church, VA 2009 (including Revisions 1 and 2, May 2012), U.S. NDS:4 National Design Specification for Wood Con- Department of Transportation, Federal Highway struction ASD/LRFD, 2005 ed., and National Design Administration, Washington, DC Specification Supplement, Design Values for Wood PCA: Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, Fifteenth Construction, 2005 ed., American Forest & Paper ed., 2011, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL Association/American Wood Council, Washington, DC 1 2 ACI 318 App. C solving methods may not be used on the exam. CONSTRUCTION DESIGN STANDARDS................................................................................................................................. Allowable stress design (ASD) methods must be used on the exam, except that strength design (SD) Sec. 3.3.5 may be used for walls with out-of-plane loads. ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural 3 Either ASD or LRFD may be used on the exam. Concrete, 2008, American Concrete Institute, Farm- 4 ASD methods for wood design must be used on the exam. ington Hills, MI P P I * w w w. p p i 2 p a s s. c o m xvi C I V I L E N G I N E E R I N G R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L ACI 347: Guide to Formwork for Concrete, 2004, Amer- MUTCD-Pt 6: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control ican Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI (in ACI Devices—Part 6, “Temporary Traffic Control,” 2009, SP-4, Seventh ed. appendix) U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC ACI SP-4: Formwork for Concrete, Seventh ed., 2005, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI NDS: National Design Specification for Wood Construc- AISC: Steel Construction Manual, Thirteenth ed., tion ASD/LRFD, 2005 ed., American Forest & Paper 2005, American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Association/American Wood Council, Washington, DC Chicago, IL OSHA: Safety and Health Regulations for Construction, ASCE 37: Design Loads on Structures During Con- 29 CFR Part 1926 (U.S. Federal version), U.S. Depart- struction, 2002, American Society of Civil Engineers, ment of Labor, Washington, DC Reston, VA CMWB: Standard Practice for Bracing Maso