Humanities: Renaissance, Art, and Philosophy PDF

"Man is the measure of all things." - Protagoras **HUMANITIES** = academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. In the, **Renaissance** = Today, the humanities are contrasted with natural, and sometimes social sciences, as well as professional training. = uses methods th...

"Man is the measure of all things." - Protagoras **HUMANITIES** = academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. In the, **Renaissance** = Today, the humanities are contrasted with natural, and sometimes social sciences, as well as professional training. = uses methods that are primarily critical, or speculative, and have a significant historical element as distinguished from the mainly **empirical approaches (derived from concrete, verifiable evidence)** of the natural sciences → unlike the sciences, it has no central discipline. Humanities Include the Study Of: - ancient and modern languages - literature - philosophy - history - archeology - anthropology - human geography - law - politics - religion - art **Humanity Scholars/ Humanists** = Scholars in the humanities = The Renaissance scholars and artists were also called humanities **Humanists** = also describes the philosophical position of humanism → some \"anti-humanist\" scholars in the humanities reject. **Humanities** = secondary schools offer humanities classes usually consisting of literature, global studies and art. Human Disciplines like: - history - folkloristics - cultural anthropology = the manipulative experimental method does not apply = mainly use the comparative method and comparative research Vitruvian Man ------------- = by Leonardo da Vinci = study of humanities may also be attributed to the symmetry and balance in the artwork = demonstrates the blend of mathematics and art during the Renaissance = demonstrates Leonardo\'s deep understanding of proportions = represents a cornerstone of Leonardo\'s attempts to relate man to nature. = made as a study of the proportions of the (male) human body as described in Vitruvius\' De architectura. \"Leonardo envisaged the great picture  chart of the human body he had produced through his anatomical drawings and *Vitruvian Man* as  a *cosmografia del minor mondo* (cosmography of the microcosm). He believed the workings of the human body to be an analogy for the workings of the universe." --- *Encyclopædia Britannica* online De architectura --------------- = treatise on architecture = by the Roman architect and military engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio = dedicated to the emperor Caesar Augustus, as a guide for building projects. Treatise -------- = a systematic exposition/argument in writing with methodical discussion of the facts and principles involved and conclusions. Humanities ---------- = came from the Latin **"humanus"** means human, cultured and refined = man is taught to be **being cultured and refined** = Humans have the characteristics of rationality, benevolence and care '= he is cultured and refined as shown by good tastes and manner indicative of good and proper education. = contains the records of man's quest for answers to the fundamental questions about the world = studies man → the manner in which he conducts himself from the time of his existence to the present (Martin & Jacobus, 2004) = composed of academic disciplines that make it distinctive in both **content and method** → from physical and biological sciences → the social sciences = study of Humanities is devoted to understanding the different phenomena within the human cultural contexts = studies how people process and document the human experience using philosophy, religion, literature, art and history as their way of understanding and recording the world. = studies how individuals' manner of expression varies as they record human experiences. = studies the way of documenting these forms a connection between and among humans of the past, present and future. **Fundamental Principles of Humanities** = used as guides for a better understanding of life and man's existence. 1\. Human nature is inherently good. 6\. Reality is defined by each person. ART --- = diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory or performing artifacts (artworks) = expresses the author\'s imaginative, conceptual ideas, technical skill = intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power **Other Activities Related to Art** - criticism of art - study of the history of art - aesthetic dissemination \[clarification needed of art\] **Three Classical Branches of Art** - painting - sculpture - architecture **Art** = Music, theater, film, dance and other performing arts as well as literature and other media such as interactive media, are included in a broader definition of the arts. **17th century Art Definition** = art referred to any skill or mastery and was not differentiated from crafts or sciences **Modern Art Definition** = after the 17th century → aesthetic considerations are paramount = fine arts are separated and distinguished from acquired skills in general, such as the decorative or applied arts. **General Definition of Art** = the definition of what constitutes art is disputed and has changed over time = general descriptions **mention** an idea of imaginative or technical skill stemming from human agency and creation. = The nature of art and related concepts (creativity and interpretation) are explored in a branch of philosophy → **AESTHETICS.** NATURE OF THE ARTS ------------------ = the following are identified natures of the Arts from the **point of view of different artists and philosophers:** 1\. Art or arts is of **Aryan root** 2\. Art → one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man. 3\. Refers to the skillful arrangement or composition of some common but significant qualities of nature: 4\. Art is **subjective** → employs the use of perception, insights, feelings and intuition 5\. It is the **heightened expression of human dignity and weaknesses** felt and shared so powerfully in a world increasingly aware of its successes and failures 6\. It is **man's expression of himself as an individual** and how he views his existence 7\. Art also **provides enjoyment and stimulation** specially when people understand them. FUNCTIONS OF ART ---------------- 1. Express freely oneself 2. Socially express his need for display, celebration and communication 3. Physically express the need for utility of functional objects. **THE FORMS OF ART DIFFERENTIATED** = matrix below shows the difference of the art forms as identified:  **Functional Art Forms** = those which may benefit the cause of man's existence = art forms which give people sustenance as a need for life to be better. = benefit is mostly financial in nature **Functional art** **=** generally **applied art** \[ art created for use, not necessarily everyday use, but designed to serve a purpose and with an aesthetic in mind \] = art that **serves a function**, but is **designed artistically** for the purpose of beauty = meet a need for use, and are works of art as well. **Non-Functional Art Forms** = serves **no** **utilitarian purpose** = in direct contrast with functional art = encompasses paintings, sculptures and all manner of fine art. = seek to engage with the viewer on an intellectual, emotional or aesthetic level → exploration of these sensibilities, rather than their utilitarian merits, determines the artworks\' worth **ART AND PHILOSOPHY** ### ARTS = study of beauty and taste - = concerned with nature of art and used as a basis for interpreting and evaluating individual works of art = branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste = examines subjective and sensory-emotional values, or aka judgements of sentiment and taste ### PHILOSOPHY OF ART = study of the nature of art, including concepts: - Interpretation - Representation - Expression - Form = one cannot do away with philosophy when explaining an artwork = one cannot produce an artwork without considering the importance of philosophy behind its production **THE ARTISTIC PHILOSOPHERS** 1. **PLATO** = known for his dialogues together with Socrates = loved and hated arts = seen as a good literary stylist = great story teller = considered art as threatening = believed "through arts can be used to train citizens to have an ideal society using arts to accomplish this should be strictly controlled." = also explained that the physical world is a copy of a perfect, rational, eternal, and changeless → called **FORMS** **Plato's Ideas of the Arts/ His TRUTHS:** 1. Art is imitation 2. Art is Dangerous **Forms** = perfect ideals = more real than physical objects = called them **"the Really Real"** World of the Forms = rational and unchanging = the world of physical appearances is changeable and irrational, and only has reality to the extent that it succeeds in imitating the Forms. **Mind or Soul** = belongs to the ideal world = the body and its passions are stuck in the muck of the physical world **Self-control** = or control of the passions = essential to the soul that wants to avoid temptation of sensuality, greed, ambition, and move on to the Ideal World in the next life. 2. **ARISTOTLE** = student of Plato = first distinguished between "what is good and what is beautiful" " the universal elements of beauty are manifested by order, symmetry and definiteness. = exemplified in his *poetics,* physical manifestation of beauty is affected by size **What the Poets imitated by Aristotle** 1. Things and events which have been or still are 2. Things which are said to be seen and are probable 3. Things which essentially are \*Considered art as imitation or a representation of nature and his emphasis of the art is on POETRY which for him is more philosophical than Philosophy itself\* **3. IMMANU EL KANT** = main interest is BEAUTY that is a matter of TASTE, not art = explained that TASTE can be both SUBJECTIVE and UNIVERSAL = beauty is a question of form and color is NOT IMPORTANT **Kinds of Aesthetic Responses according to Kant:** 1. Beauty results in pleasure if there is order, harmony, and symmetry 2. Beauty leads to a response of awe that overwhelms the viewers of the art **ARTIST VS ARTISAN** ### Artist = person engaged in an activity related to creating art, practicing the arts, or demonstrating an art = term is often used in the entertainment business, especially in a business context: musicians and other performers ### Artiste = French for artist = is a variant used in English only in this context; this use is becoming rare = Term used to describe writers Artisan = French → Artisan = Italian → Artigiano = skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or strictly decorative. = practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist = dominant producers of consumer products before the Industrial Revolution = In ancient Greece → artisan were drawn to agoras and often built workshops nearby **ART FORMS** = arts refer to the theory → human application and physical expression of creativity found in human cultures and societies through skills and imagination in order to produce objects, environments and experiences = Visual arts, literature, performing arts = it is important that his self-expression and creativity are explicit. Architecture ------------ = how we present ourselves across the earth's landscape → changes with styles, technologies, cultural adaptations = represents human ideals in buildings Ex: court houses, churches, temples = most functional form of art Sculpture --------- = Hard or plastic materials worked into three-dimensional art objects = designs → freestanding objects, in reliefs on surfaces, or in environment ranging from tableaux to context that envelops the spectator **Variety of Media:** - Clay - Wax - Stone - Metal - Fabric - Glass - Wood - Plaster - Rubber - Random "found" objects = materials are carved, molded, cast, wrought, welded, sewn, assembled, or shaped and combined Painting -------- = application of pigments to a support surface that establishes an image, design, or decoration = as a medium has survived for thousands of years and is, along with drawing and sculpture = one of the oldest creative media Dance ----- = movement of the body in a rhythmic way, usually to music and within a given space, for the purpose of expressing an idea/emotion = taking delight in the movement = powerful impulse channeled by skillful performers into something intensely expressive = delights spectators who feel no wish to dance themselves Music ----- = artform who's medium is sound = general definitions include common elements: - Pitch -- governs melody and harmony - Rhythm -- associated with tempo, meter, articulation - Dynamics -- loudness, softness - Sonic Qualities of timbre and texture -- termed the "color" of a musical sound. Theatre/Theater --------------- = collaborative form of performing art = Uses live performers -- actors/ actresses = presents the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place often a stage = performers communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, dance Literature ---------- = any body/ collection of written work = refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value = sometimes deploys language in ways that differ from ordinary usage = classified according to whether it is fiction or nonfiction, and whether prose or poetry. **APPRECIATIONG ARTS** 1. Give a good physical description of the artwork based on their knowledge of art elements and materials 2. Analyze artwork in terms of what the artist's message and the learner's subjective reaction to the works -- including thoughts and feelings 3. Perceive the art work in context of history -- enlightens learners' of artists' intention - adds understanding to meaning 4. Give meaning to the artwork based on description, analysis, context 5. Judge artwork if good or bad based on perception and aesthetic, cultural value ' **SUBJECT AND CONTENT** Subject = Main idea = the essence of the piece. = The subject matter or topic is entirely up to the artist. Example: The Mona Lisa \[subject: woman\] **REPRESENTATIONAL ART** = Art which represents something = art which is clearly identifiable = a painting or sculpture that is clearly recognizable for what it claims to be. Example: - tree in a landscape - apple in a still life - figure in a portrait. **NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART** = do not rely on representation or *mimesis* \[representation or imitation of the real world\] = Indicate a departure from reality in the depiction of imagery in art = highly subjective and can be difficult to define = focus on the elements of the artwork (form, shape, line, color, space, and texture) in terms of the aesthetic value of the work = meaning will always be personal to the viewer unless the artist has made a statement **THE SOURCES OF SUBJECT** 1. NATURE = The broadest sense, = the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. "Nature" = refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general." 2. PEOPLE = most interesting subject = may be real or imagined = presented as individuals or groups = and may perform tasks as how they do in their everyday life 3. HISTORY = the depiction of factual events that occurred in the past = purpose is either to remember important events of long ago = teach lessons of the past 4. LEGEND = legends present to viewers of the art something tangible even when unverified. = Art brings life to these stories. 5. RELIGION = Religion has played an enormous role in inspiring works of visual arts, music, architecture and literature through ages. = It was also established that art is considered the handmaid of religion. 6. MYTHOLOGY = come from stories of gods and goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome, Norse and Egyptians. = These so-called deities of the mythological world depict present humanlike behaviours 7. DREAMS AND FANTASY = The wonder of the unconscious = unconscious is made to be understood = hidden meaning behind each work 8. TECHNOLOGY = The modernity of the present = use of machines, skyscrapers, robotics technology, line transportation machineries as cars, ships and motorcycles = advancement **WAYS OF PRESENTING THE SUBJECT** 1. NATURALISM = depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. = very accurate precise details = portrays things as they are = Depict pieces showing the idealized human form = should be depicted clearly 2. REALISM = distorted, blurred and undetailed unlike naturalism which is detailed = Represent subject matter truthfully = without artificiality and avoiding speculative fiction and supernatural. = details of light and colour = \"realist\" in their subject matter, and emphasize the mundane, ugly or sordid. 3. ABSTRACTION = finds roots in 'intuition' (of the artist) and 'freedom' (for the artist as well as for the viewer) = artist use their imagination to look beyond what we can physically see and translate intangible emotions onto the canvas = artist moves away from reality **Forms of Abstraction** a. **Distortion** = alteration of the original shape = any change made to the size, shape, or visual character of a form = convey a feeling/enhance visual impact Elongation = art subject is lengthened, protracted or extended Mangling = subject is cut or lacerated, mutilated, hacked, with repeated blows b. **Cubism** = presentation of abstract figures through use of: cone, cylinder, sphere, triangle, square, cube, circle c. **Symbolism** = use of a visible sign of an idea to convey to the viewers the message of his work. = key involves studying the background and personality of the artist and his inspiration in producing the said piece of work d. **Fauvism** = 20th-century modern artists = emphasized painterly qualities and strong color = over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism = color, strong in the eyes e. **Dadaism** = Dadaism is a protest movement in the art that is playful and experimental = "Dada" means a "hobby horse" = nonsensical = revolt against tradition because it does not follow the principles in art = shows the wickedness of society in its presentation. = aim is to shock and provoke its viewers f. **Futurism** = capture the mechanical energy of modern life. Surrealism = This method mirrors the evils of the present society = Surrealism means super realism = influenced by Freudian psychology → activities of the subconscious state of mind = mostly exemplifying violence and cruelty. = aim is to reveal the deep and ugly part of human nature. **LESSON ONE: THE PROCESS OF ART PRODUCTION** **Medium** = materials **Technique** **=** familiarity with the medium being manipulated = mastery **Curation** = Derived from "curare" \[ to take care \] = process that involves managing, overseeing and assembling an artistic collection **LESSON TWO: THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE VISUAL ARTS** **GRAPHIC OR TWO-DIMENSIONAL ART** **I. DRAWING** = The fundamental skill needed in the visual arts. **Different Media for Drawing** 1. **Pencil** = Made of graphite = different softness and hardness = different thickness **Shading Techniques**  2. **INK** = one of the oldest material for drawing = allows for a great variety of qualities, depending on the tools and technique used in the application. 3. **PASTEL** = composed of dry pigment held together by a gum binder = compressed into sticks. **Kinds of Pastel** **a. soft pastel** **b. hard pastel** **c. oil pastel** **Pastel Techniques** **Stippling** - Using pastel of different colors to produce small marks, thus, creating a pattern. **Feathering** - Using the point of the pastel to make parallel strokes creating a feather-like effect. **Scumbling** \- It is like layering but using pastel. \- pastel is lightly drawn on top of an existing color but the color of the first layer visible. **Impasto** \- The technique of thickly applying the pastel \- creating an opaque effect. **Sgrafitto** \- Technique that applies a thick deposit of pastel \- using a blunt pen, scrapes it off to reveal the underlying color. 4. **Charcoal** = An organic medium that comes from burnt wood. **Kinds of Charcoal** **Compressed Charcoal** = The vine charcoal = thin sticks that is easy to blend and erase. **Manufactured Charcoal** = Made from loose charcoal = mixed with a binder and pressed into sticks. **5. Paper** = The most common surface used in two-dimensional art. **Three Types of Paper** - **Hot-pressed Paper** → smooth - **Cold-pressed Paper** → moderate texture. - **Rough Paper** → the most texture (tooth). **II. PAINTING** = process of applying paint onto a smooth surface (ground/support) like paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster. **Pigment** - Part of the paint that gives color. **Different Media for Painting** **1. Watercolor** - Pigments are mixed with water and applied to paper. **2. Gouache** - The pigment has been mixed with water and added with a chalk-like material to give it an opaque effect. **3. Oil Paints** \- Pigments are mixed with oil as its binder. \- dense painting medium and gives rich, beautiful colors \- Discovered by a Flemish painter, Jan Van Eyck in the 15th century. **4. Tempera** - Pigment is mixed with egg yolk (sometimes with the white) as binder. **5. Fresco** \- Pigment is mixed with water \- applied on a portion of the wall with wet plaster. \- used for mural paintings. **6. Arcylic** - Modern medium with synthetic paint using acrylic emulsion as binder. **III. MOSAIC** = Wall or floor decorations = made of small tiles/irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass called **tesserae**. **IV. COLLAGE** = from a French word **"coller"** \[ to stick \] = technique of making art by gluing or pasting on a firm support materials or found objects. **V. PRINTMAKING** = Process used for making reproductions of graphic works. = repeated transfer of a master image from a printing plate (matrix) onto a surface. **Printmaking Techniques** **1. Relief Painting (Raised)** = The oldest method of printmaking. = involves cutting away certain parts of the surface = leaving the 'raised' part to produce the image. **2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed)** = the lines of the image are cut or incised to a metal plate. **3. Surface Printing (Flat)** = Includes all processes in which printing is done from a flat surface. **PLASTIC OR THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARTS** **I. Sculpture** = from the Latin word "sculpere" \[ carve \] = the art or practice of creating three dimensional forms or figures. **Three Kinds of Sculptures** **1. Freestanding →** can be viewed from all sides **2. Relief →** figures project from the background **Two Variations of Relief Sculpture:** **3. Kinetic (mobile)** - sculpture that is capable of movement by wind, water or other forms of energy. **LESSON THREE: THE PROCESS OF CREATING SCULPTURES** **Subtractive Process** = removing or cutting away pieces of the material **Additive Process** = involves construction of a figure by putting together bits of material/ welding together metal parts **Process of Substitution** = aka ***casting*** = involves using a mold to produce a 3d figure in another material **DIFFERENT MEDIA OF SCULPTURE** 1. **Stone \[sub\]** = A natural medium.Hard and relatively permanent. 2. **Wood \[sub\]** = Also a natural medium = It varies in hardness and durability depending on the kind of tree it came from. 3. **Metal \[additive\]** = It has three unique qualities: tensile strength, ductility and malleability. 4. **Plaster \[casting\]** = It is finely ground gypsum mixed with water and poured into mold. 5. **Terra cotta (cooked earth) \[sub/add\]** = Baked clay or clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high temperature. 6. **Glass \[add/sub\]** = Made by heating and cooling a combination of sand and soda lime. 7. **Plastic \[add/casting\]** = Synthetic medium made from organic polymers. **LESSON FOUR: ARCHITECTURE** = Art of deigning buildings and other structures which will serve a definite function. **Construction Principles** a. **Post and Lintel** = Makes use of two vertical support (post) and spanned by a horizontal beam (lintel). It is invented by the Greeks. b. **Arch** = A Roman invention that consists of separate pieces of wedge-shaped blocks called voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle. - **Barrel Vault** -- A succession of arches. - **Groin Vault** -- A structure that is formed by intersecting arches resulting in four openings. - **Dome** -- Structure with the shape of an inverted cup. c. **Truss** = System of triangular fo rms assembled to form a rigid framework. d. **Cantilever** = A structure that makes use of a beam or slab that extends horizontally into space beyond its supporting post. e. **Buttress**\ = A structure that is built as a support for the wall. **LESSON 5 -- MEDIA OF ARCHITECTURE** **Compressive Strength** = Refers to those materials that can support heavy weights without crumbling or breaking down. **Materials** = used for Creating Building and Infrastructures: a. **Stones and Bricks** = Stones are favored over other materials for its durability, adaptability to sculptural treatment and its use for building simple structures in its natural state. b. **Lumber (wood)** = All parts of a building can be constructed using wood except the foundations. c. **Iron and Steel** = Provide stronger and taller structures with less use of material when compared to stone or wood. d. **Concrete** = Mixture of cement and water, with aggregates of sand and gravel. **LESSON 6 -- LITERATURE AND COMBINED ARTS** **Literature** = Art of combining spoken or written words and their meanings into forms which have artistic and emotional appeal. **Types of Literature** A. **Poetry** = It used to follow strict rules to the number and length of lines and stanzas but in recent years they have become more free-flowing B. **Fiction** = Written work that is not real and which uses elaborate figurative language. C. **Non-fiction** = Subject matter comes from real life. D. **Drama** = Includes all plays or any written works that are meant to be performed. **LESSON 7 : MUSIC, MEDIA IN MUSIC, SOME GENRES OF MUSIC** **MUSIC** = Defined as the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions that express various ideas and feelings. **MEDIA IN MUSIC** **A. VOCAL MEDIUM** = The oldest and most popular medium for music is the human voice. - **Soprano -** Highest female singing voice. - **Contra Alto -** Female singing voice that is low and rich in quality. - **Tenor-** Highest adult male singing voice. - **Bass** - Male singing voice that is low and rich in quality. - **Baritone -** Male singing voice that is between tenor and bass. **B. INSTRUMENTAL MEDIUM** = Materials that produce/create sound **Traditional Instruments of Music:** **String Instruments** - Provide basic orchestral sounds. A. **Woodwind Instruments --** Create sounds by blowing into them. B. **Brass Instruments** -- Have cup-shaped mouthpieces and expands into a bell-shaped end. C. **Percussion Instruments** -- Makes sound by hitting them. D. **Keyboard Instruments** -- Make sound by means of a keyboard which consist of a series of black and white keys. **GENRES OF MUSIC** - **Classical Music** = European tradition that covered the years of 1750 to 1830. = Forms such as the symphony, concerto, and sonata were standardize. - **Folk Music** = Originated in the traditional popular culture or is written in such a style. - **Pop Music** = Began in the 1950s and is inspired in the tradition of rock and roll. - **Jazz** = Originated in the African-American communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. - **Blues** = Originated from the African Americans in the deep South of the United States in the late 19th Century. - **Rock Music** = Form of popular music that evolved from rock and roll and pop music. - **Alternative Music** = A style of rock music that emerged from the independent music of the 1980s and gained popularity in the 1990s. **LESSON 8 -- DANCE, TYPES OF DANCE** **DANCE** = Is said to be the oldest of arts. = the man's gestures express emotions through rhythmic movements. **Types of Dance** **a. Ethnologic (ethnic)** = Includes folk dances associated with a national and/or cultural groups. **b. Social or Ballroom** = Type of dancing that are generally performed in pairs. **c. Ballet** = Originated in the royal courts of the Medieval era. **d. Social or Ballroom** = Sometimes called contemporary or interpretative dances. = represent rebellion against the classical formalism of ballet. **e. Musical Comedy (musicale)** = Refers to those dances performed by one dancer or a group of dancers. **LESSON 9 -- DRAMA AND THEATRE** **DRAMA** = Genre of literature that is intended to be **acted-out or performed on stage** in front of an audience. **THEATRE** = Combined art that includes music, dance, painting, sculpture, and architecture. **GENRES OF DRAMA (DIYANNI, 2000):** **Tragedy** = literature's greatest dramatic genre. **Melodrama** = Emphasizes the never ending battle between good and evil wherein good always wins. **Comedy** = Exact opposite of tragedy. **Satire** = Portrays human weakness and criticized human behavior to pave the path to some form of salvation for human actions. **Farce** = Light humorous play in which the emphasis is on the jokes, humorous physical action, exaggerated situations and improbable characters. **LESSON 10 -- CINEMA** **CINEMA** = Series of images that are projected onto a screen to create the illusion of motion. **GENRES OF MOTION PICTURES** **Feature Films**\ = Commonly shown in movie theaters. **Animated movies** = Use images created by artists/ animators. **Documentary movies** = deal primarily with facts, not fiction. **Experimental films** = Sequence of images, literal or abstract, which do not necessarily form a narrative. **Educational Films** = Specifically intended to facilitate learning at home or classrooms. **PEOPLE BEHIND A MOTION PICTURE** **Actors** = Play the roles of the characters. **Producer** = handles finances. **Screenwriter** = develops stories and ideas for the screen = adapts interesting written pieces of work as motion pictures. **Director** = Studies the script, plans and visualizes how the film should be portrayed and guides the actors and the production crew as they carry out the project. **ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE ARTS** **STRAIGHT LINES** = are geometric, impersonal and differ in the direction that they take. The straight lines may move from left to right, start from the top going down, slant or move up and down forming angles. Whatever is the direction, each kind indicates a specific type of emotion **TWO TYPES OF LINES** **Horizontal** = moves from left to right = depends on how u start the line **Vertical** = top to bottom vice versa **Diagonal lines** = slanting **Lines** = can be seen on a bingo **Zigzag** = opposite = angular = series = has angles = continuous **Curved** = flexibility = freedom = can be on opposite directions = pa-letter c **PROPERTIES OF COLORS** **Colors** = big impact on the artwork = for example, if they want their ppt to be yellow (yellow=intellectual capacity) = composed of a series of wave lengths which strike the retina of the eyes and how we view these colors = A ray of light contains all the colors of the visible spectrum- red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (ROYGBIV). = The visible spectrum was discovered by sir Isaac Newton when light was allowed to pass through a glass prism. **PROPERTIES OF COLOR** **HUE** = It is the name given to the color, for example; red, green, violet and blue. = they area the names **Primary Colors** = RED, YELLOW and BLUE = authentic color = is not a result of mixing **Secondary Colors** = mixed primary colors = produced. = These are ORANGE, GREEN and VIOLET. **intermediate hues** = primary + secondary = which are RED ORANGE, BLUE GREEN and BLUE VIOLET. **Tertiary Hues** = in equal mixture any two secondary hues **VALUE** = lightness or darkness of a color **Shade** - When black is combined with hue. **Tint** - When white is added with hue. **COLOR HARMONY** = is one method of establishing color quality in a composition. = There are several ways of creating harmony that an artist can use. The most common are the following: **Monochromatic harmony** = a single-color composition = shade and tint changes **Complementary Harmony** = results when two colors that are opposite each other in the color wheel are place side by side. **Analogous** = results when hues that are adjacent or beside each other in the color wheel is used in a composition. Color temperature - refers to the relative warmth or coolness of a color. **Warm colors** = are colors that have YELLOW as its dominant component **Cool colors** = have blue as their dominant component. **Light and Shadow** = use of shading -- shadow = walang masyadong gagalawin -- light = most visible in sketches **Shapes** = formed when two ends of a line meet to enclose an area. = result of lines = combi of curved lines = combi of straight and curved Picture plane = any flat surface onto which the artwork is created. **Negative shapes** = these are between the shapes that are not occupied by any form. = In painting, these spaces can be as important as the shaped themselves. = In sculpture and architecture, the shape of the artwork can be determined by viewing the work against its background (Marquarot&Eskilson, 2005). **CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES\ Natural Shapes** = seen in nature = leaves, mountains, flowers, and seashells **Abstract Shapes** = have little or no resemblance to natural objects. **Non-objective or biomorphic shapes** = seldom have reference to recognizable objects, but most often show a similarity to some organic forms. **Geometric shapes** = these are triangles, rectangles, squares, cylinders, cubes. = size and angles **Texture** = sense of touch = can be perceived by the eyes. = depends on used medium **Oil paint** -- smooth **Gouache** -- rough **Space** - An illusion in the graphic arts. It is created by techniques that adds depth and distance to two-dimensional art. In sculpture and architecture, however, space is actually present. **Methods of Creating Space** **Overlapping planes (interposition)** = create space when an object covers a part of another object which is behind it. = bag over umbrella = the items need to seen = items need to be both visible **Relative size** = objects that appear large/big indicate nearness and small-sized objects as distant. = Aside from creating illusion of space, this can also be interpreted as power and import. = layo -- liit = lapit -- laki **Position on the picture plane (relative height)** = In some paintings, spacial representation is based upon the position of objects relative to the bottom of the frame.**\#** Those objects found at the bottom of the frame will appear closer to the viewer. Foreground = the bottom part. Middle ground = where the horizon is. **Background** = the topmost part. **Color** is also = used to give the illusion of distance. Warm colors advance and make objects look closer while cool colors recede making objects look farther away. = strong colors -- nearer = cool colors -- farther **Perspective** = deals with effect of distance on the appearance of objects. = It enables the viewer to perceive distance and to see the position of objects in space. **Linear perspective** = give the perception distance by means of converging lines. It has to do with the direction of lines and with the size of objects. = focal point/ point where the parallel lines meet **Aerial perspective (gradient)** = the effect of haze, mist or atmosphere on the object. Near objects are seen in detail with the full intensity of color and as objects recede, details are loss and objects appear grayer. **ELEMENTS OF MUSIC** = rhythm, harmony = not only vocal but also instrumental **Rhythm** = is a movement or pattern with uniform recurrence of accented and accented beat Slow rhythm = sad **Melody** = is the succession of tones arranged in such a way as to give it a musical sense. It may also refer to the rising and falling of the tune in time. = rising and falling **Harmony** = is the sounding of a series of group of tones in the same time. = It may also refer to the pleasing sound that is produced when two or more **Timbre** = unique quality of sound being produced = is tonal quality or the character of the tone that is produced by an instrument or by the human voice. **Form** = is the structure or the framework of a composition **Vocal Forms** **Opera** = is a drama set to music complete with actions, costumes and scenery = classical = blending harmony **Cantata** = is a religious story told in music without actions = interpretation using emotions and feeling **Moro-moro** = is a Philippine drama set to music which depicts the conflict between the Christians and the Muslims. **Instrumental Forms** **Sonata** = is a long composition for solo instruments (piano, Violin) Symphony = is a sonata for the orchestra **Dynamics** = is the loudness and softness of the sound in music indicated by symbols to regulate the volume of the sound. pp pianissimo -- very soft p piano -- soft mp mezo piano -- half soft ff fortissimo -- very loud crescendo -- gradually becoming louder decrescendo -- gradually becoming softer **ELEMENTS OF DANCE** **Music** = plays an important role in the dance to which it is closely related. It should be melodic and harmonious and fits into the movements of the dance. = depends on the music what the choreography will be **Movement** = how the dancers use their bodies to move and create organized patterns = use of hands and coordination with the body **Choreography** **=** there should be unity = refers to how the steps and movements are connected for it to be performed in an organized manner. = pattern = manner of execution **Technique** = is the skill of the dancer in executing the movements. **Design** = is the planned organization or patterns of movement in time and space. **Costume** = The type of dance performed and the costumes worn relate closely to the customs, beliefs, and environment of the people. = Costumes enhance the effect of the dance. = give meaning **ELEMENTS OF DRAMA** = Drama is basically one of the genres of literature that is written primarily to be performed. The performance is done by actors on stage before a live audience. **Plot** = is the over-all structure of the play. = concerned about what the story is all about. \- Exposition \- Complication \- Resolution = provides dimension = you know the beginning, middle, and end Setting = locale and period in which the story takes place. It includes the scenery, props and costumes used in staging = contributes to the essence of the message Characters = the persons involved in the story. They may seem real to the audience depending on how the playwright structures the dialogues to make the characters come to life. Dialogue = refers to the words uttered by the characters in the story. It what the characters use when conversing with each other or when expressing his thoughts and emotions = congruent with acting = adlib -- natural, and gives flow, adds flavor to the drama **Theme** = is what the story means. = It is how the individual elements are put together to give the story significance and perspective. **ELEMENTS OF THEATER** **The Playwright's** = role is to work out the plot in terms of the actual actions to be performed and dialogue to be spoken by actors within the limited facilities of the stage. **The Performers** = are the ones who portray the characters in a play. **The Director** = works with the the playwright to present which is interpreted and translated into dramatic action. **Production Design** = includes the scenery, props, make-up, costumes, lights, music, sound and all other special effects used in a theater production. = responsible for the aesthetic of the stage = all about design, style **ELEMENTS OF CINEMA (MOTION PICTURE)** **Acting and the Stars.** = Acting is the art of portraying or impersonating a character in the story. **Set and Directors** = should know the setting of the story and build artificial sets. **Music and Musical Director** = The musical director is in charge of selecting, composing new songs, writing orchestration, preparing background music,\# creating musical scores and supervising all recording. = responsible for the soundtrack = arranges music **Color** = in the movies is an innovation in cinematography. It costs twice as much as the black and white films. = ditto papasok ang quality of the film (there are many elements but their responsibility is the same) **Make-up, Hair and Costume Design.** = These people are responsible for applying the specific type of make-up, hairstyle and costume to the actors before they face the camera. = responsible for beauty and aesthetics of the actors **Sound, Camera and Special Effects** = Technicians. Sound technicians are responsible for making the dialogue clear and music of fine quality. They make sure that there is no background noise. = technical = the ones who operate **PRINCIPLES OF ART** **FORM** = refers to how specific elements in the artwork are organized to produce a unified whole. Form is further classified into: - Primary Features. = HOW IT APPEARS = What is your interpretation = we can Identify the medium, what colors used, is there blending, what is the texture = This is how the artwork appears to the viewers.Its physical attributes in terms of medium, color, texture and size. - Secondary Features. = find where subject is placed = proportion = This refers to balance, proportion, unity an harmony that are used to create the whole composition. **CONTENT** = message can be hidden = abstract painting message = hard to explain = message can be factual, conventional, subjective = refers to the message the artists wants to convey through his art. The levels of content are: - **Factual** - **Conventional level** - **Subjective level** **CONTEXT** = refers to the various circumstances that influence how a work of art was produced and interpreted. The two types of context are: = the theme, the time it was created, depends on the artist - **Primary context** = pertains to the characteristic of the artist, his personality, beliefs, interests and values. = personality of artist is reflected - **Secondary context** = pertains to the setting. The historical period, time in which the work was produced. = location **PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN** **BALANCE** **= there must be a variety of colors** **Example: fauvism** = distribution of the visual weight of objects, color, texture and space. = to make the viewers see and feel design as stable. **Three** **types of balance:** **SYMMETRICAL BALANCE** = kung ano nasa isa, yun din nasa isa = one side's composition of colors should be the same as the otherside = results when the elements used on one side of the design are similar to those on the other side. **ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE** **= balance but one side is dominant and the other side is light** = is when the sides of the composition are different but still looked balanced. **RADIAL BALANCE** **= space can be part of balance** = is achieved when the elements are arranged around a central point. **EMPHASIS** = is the part of the design that catches the viewers attention. = The artist will usually make one area stand out by contrasting it with other areas. **MOVEMENT** **= patter and flow** **= gumagalaw ang isang artwork** = is the path the viewers eye takes when looking through the work of art. Such movement can be implied along lines edges, shape, and color within the work of art. - **Repetition** **= weaving -- patterns are common** **= example: red, green, yellow or different colors but hearts** = works with patterns to make the work seem active. = The repetition of elements of design creates unity within the artwork. - **Rhythm** **= what is formed from the pattern** = is created when one or more elements of design are used repeatedly to produce a feeling of organized, continuous, sometimes flowing movement. To keep rhythm exciting and active, variety is important. - **Variety** **= furniture making the engravings are different** **= bulaklak dahoon, next new design but they are together** **=** is the use of several elements of design that adds interest in order to hold the viewers attention and guide the viewer's eye through and around the work of art. - **Unity** = artwork is a whole = is the feeling of harmony between and among the parts of the work of art, which creates a feeling of completeness in the composition. **THE RULE OF THIRDS AND THE SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES** **THE RULE OF THIRDS** **= 9 equal parts** **= placing an object in one of the intersecting points creates a pleasing composition** **= no balance because the subject isn't in the middle** **= disregards balance** = The surface with two equally spaced vertical lines and two equally spaced horizontal lines. = These lines divide the picture plane into nine equal parts with four intersecting points. = Based on studies, placing an object in one of the intersecting point results in a pleasing composition. = Balance is achieved by placing another object at the point opposite the first one. **THE SEVEN DA VINCIAN PRINCIPLES** 1. **Curiosita** **= curiosity** **= we as students have many questions** **= to search and to know** = is approaching life with a heightened level of wonder and continuous searchto know and learn more. 2. **Dimostrazione** **= demonstration** **= test the knowledge** **= experiences of success and failure** = is the commitment to test knowledge and to persist in this task, which includes experiencing both success and failures in undertaking. 3. **Sensazione** **= sense** **= individuals have different types of senses: sight, hear, smell, taste** = is experiencing life through refinement of the senses. 4. **Sfumato** **= uncertainties** **= not all opportunities we want will align to us** **= circumstances in our life we have to accept** **= people come and go** = is accepting life's paradoxes and uncertainties. It is knowing and realizing that not everything is cause and effect and that events happen that even logic can explain. 5. **Arte/Scienza** **= science** **= you need to use science** **= use science and tech properly** = is finding a balance between art and science or logic and imagination. 6. **Corporalita** = **self-care processes** **= physical and emotional care** = is taking care of one's body. Ensuring that healthy habits are practiced and sustained. A sound mind is usually the product of a sound body and vice versa. 7. **Connessione** **=** is realizing that all things are interconnected. It is discovering patterns in the way things work and how things and lives work out. = As much as life is unpredictable the universe is composed of connected patterns. From the shapes of atoms, pattern of our genes to the pattern of heredity in our lives