10th Science Marathi (Part-1) PDF

H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma _amR>r _mÜ`_ ED MARATHI MEDIUM I SH BL EP S 10 R TB U BE @K B`Îmm Xhmdr TO ^mJ - 1 T O N amï´>r` e¡j{UH$ g§emoYZ Am{U à{ejU n[afX² KARANATAKA TEXTBOOK SOCIETY (r.) 6th Cross, Malleshwaram, Bengaluru - 560 003. 10th Science Marathi (Part-1) First Edition March 2018 OFFICE OF THE PUBLICATION Second Edition March 2019 KARNATAKA TEXTBOOK SOCIETY th Third Edition March 2020 6 Cross, Malleshwaram, Fourth Edition March 2021 Bengaluru - 560 003. Fifth Edition March 2022 Sixth Edition March 2023 Seventh Edition March 2024 ED I SH IN-KA-89413760 2221839 BL EP S Date: 17August - 2017 R TB U Paper used : Text : 60 GSM Maplitho BE @K Cover page : 190 GSM One Side Coated Board Size : 1/4th Crown Pages : 4 + 10 + 134 = 148 Price : TO T O N ii FOREWORD The National Curriculum Framework, (NCF), 2005, recommends that children’s life at school must be linked to their life outside the school. This principle marks a departure from the legacy of bookish learning which continues to shape our system and causes a gap between the school, home and community. The syllabi and textbooks developed on the basis of NCF signify an attempt to implement this basic idea. They also attempt to discourage rote learning and the maintenance of sharp boundaries between different subject areas. We hope these measures will take us significantly further in the direction of a child-centred system of education outlined in the National Policy on Education (1986). The success of this effort depends on the steps that school principals and teachers will take to encourage children to reflect on their own learning and to pursue imaginative activities and questions. We must recognise that, given space, time and freedom, children generate new knowledge by engaging with the information passed on to them by adults. Treating the prescribed textbook as the sole basis of examination is one of the key reasons why other resources and sites of learning are ignored. Inculcating creativity ED and initiative is possible if we perceive and treat children as participants in learning, not as receivers of a fixed body of knowledge. SH These aims imply considerable change in school routines and mode of functioning. Flexibility in the daily time-table is as necessary as rigour in implementing the annual calendar so that the required number of I BL EP S teaching days are actually devoted to teaching. The methods used for teaching and evaluation will also R TB determine how effective this textbook proves for making children’s life at school a happy experience, U rather than a source of stress or boredom. Syllabus designers have tried to address the problem of curricular BE @K burden by restructuring and reorienting knowledge at different stages with greater consideration for child psychology and the time available for teaching. The textbook attempts to enhance this endeavour by giving higher priority and space to opportunities for contemplation and wondering, discussion in small groups, and activities requiring hands-on experience. The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) appreciates the hard work done TO by the textbook development team responsible for this book. We wish to thank the Chairman of the advisory group in science and mathematics, Professor J.V. Narlikar and the Chief Advisor for this book, T Professor Rupamanjari Ghosh, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, O for guiding the work of this committee. Several teachers contributed to the development of this textbook; N we are grateful to them and their principals for making this possible. We are indebted to the institutions and organisations which have generously permitted us to draw upon their resources, material and personnel. We are especially grateful to the members of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development under the Chairmanship of Professor Mrinal Miri and Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement. Director New Delhi National Council of Educational 20 November 2006 Research and Training iii PREFACE This textbook of Science for Class X is a continuation of our attempt in the Class IX Science textbook to comply with the guidelines of the National Curriculum Framework-2005. We had to work within a limited time frame and also had our own constraints coming in the way of this radical change. The revised and re- structured syllabus for Class X covers selected topics in the broad themes of — Materials, The World of the Living, How Things Work, Natural Phenomena and Natural Resources. We have interpreted the syllabus to present a coherent coverage of scientific concepts related to our daily life on the select topics. It is an integrated approach to science at this level, with no sharp divisions into disciplines such as Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Science. There has been a conscious attempt to address the relevant social concerns in this science textbook wherever possible — the concerns for people with special needs, the issues of gender discrimination, energy and environment have found their natural place in this book. Students have been encouraged to get into the debates on some of the management concerns (for sustainable development, for example) so that they can arrive at their own decisions after a scientific analysis of all the facts. This book has some features which are meant to enhance its effectiveness. The theme of each chapter has ED been introduced with examples from daily life, and if possible, by a relevant activity that the students have to perform. The entire approach of the book is, in fact, activity-based, i.e., the students are required to SH construct knowledge themselves from these activities. The emphasis is not on definitions and technical terms, but on the concepts involved. Special care has been taken so that the rigour of science is not lost while simplifying the language. Difficult and challenging ideas, which are not to be covered at this stage, I BL EP S have often been placed as extra material in the boxes in light orange. The excitement of doing science R TB comes from pursuing the unknown — the students would have the opportunity to think and explore U somewhat beyond the syllabus and may feel the urge to continue their scientific expedition at higher levels. BE @K All such box items, including brief biography of scientists, are, of course, non-evaluative. Solved examples are provided, wherever felt necessary, to clarify a concept. The in-text questions after a main section are for the students to check their understanding of the topic. At the end of each chapter, there is a quick review of the important points covered in the chapter. We have introduced some multiple choice questions in the exercises. There are problems of different difficulty levels answers to the multiple-choice questions and numericals, and hints for the difficult questions are included at the end of the book. TO This book has been made possible because of the active participation of many people. I wish to thank Professor Krishna Kumar, Director, NCERT, Prof. G. Ravindra, Joint Director, NCERT, and Professor T Hukum Singh, Head, Department of Education in Science and Mathematics, NCERT, specially for their O keen interest in the development of the book and for all the administrative support. I wish to put on record my sincere appreciation for Dr Anjni Koul, the membercoordinator of the textbook development N committee, for her extraordinary commitment and efficiency. It has been a real pleasure working with my textbook development team and the review committee. The chosen editorial team worked extremely hard, on tight deadlines, to bring the book close to the shape that we dreamt of. Fruitful discussions with some members of the MHRD Monitoring Committee helped in providing the final touches to the book. I do not have the words to acknowledge the professional and personal inputs I received from some of my close friends during the preparation of this book. We warmly welcome comments and suggestions for improvement from our readers. Rupamanjari Ghosh Professor of Physics School of Physical Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi iv TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE CHAIRMAN, ADVISORY GROUP FOR TEXTBOOKS IN SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS J.V. Narlikar, Emeritus Professor , Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Ganeshkhind, Pune University, Pune CHIEF ADVISOR Rupamanjari Ghosh, Professor, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi MEMBERS Alka Mehrotra, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi Animesh K. Mohapatra, Reader, Regional Institute of Education, Ajmer ED B.B. Swain, Professor (Retd.), Department of Physics, Utkal University, Orissa B.K. Sharma, Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi SH B.K. Tripathi, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi I Brahm Parkash, Professor, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi BL EP S Charu Maini, PGT, Salwan Public School, Gurgaon, Haryana R TB U Dinesh Kumar, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi BE @K Gagan Gupta, Reader, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi H.L. Satheesh, TGT , DM School, Regional Institute of Education, Mysore Ishwant Kaur, PGT, DM School, Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal J.D. Arora, Reader, Hindu College, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh TO Meenambika Menon, TGT, Cambridge School, Noida, Uttar Pradesh Puran Chand, Professor and Jt. Director (Retd.), Central Institute of Educational Technology T NCERT, New Delhi O Reeta Sharma, Reader, Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal N R.P. Singh, Lecturer, Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya, Kishan Ganj, Delhi Satyajit Rath, Scientist, National Institute of Immunology, JNU Campus, New Delhi S.K. Dash, Reader, Regional Institute of Education, Bhubaneswar Sunita Ramrakhiani, PGT, Ahlcon Public School, Delhi Uma Sudhir, Eklavya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh Vandana Saxena, TGT, Kendriya Vidyalaya-4, Kandhar Lines, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi Vinod Kumar, Reader, Hans Raj College, Delhi University, Delhi MEMBER-COORDINATOR Anjni Koul, Lecturer, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), besides expressing its gratefulness towards the members of the Textbook Development Committee for their contribution in the development of the Science Textbook for Class X, also acknowledges the contribution of the following members for reviewing, editing, rening, and nalisation of the manuscript of the book. Kanhiya Lal, Principal (Retd.), Directorate of Education, NCT, Delhi; Ranveer Singh, Lecturer, Sarvodaya Bal Vidyalaya, Timarpur, Delhi; Bharat Poorey, Professor (Retd.), Govt. Post Graduate College, Indore; Gagandeep Bajaj, Lecturer, S.P.M. College, Delhi University, Delhi; Ravinder Kaur, TGT, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohini, Delhi; Renu Puri, TGT, N.C. Jindal Public School, New Delhi; Sarita Kumar, Reader, Acharya Narendra Dev College, Delhi University, Delhi; Shashi Prabha, Lecturer, DESM, NCERT, Delhi; Rashmi Sharma, Lecturer, NERIE, Shillong; Sushma Jaireth, Reader, DWS, NCERT, New Delhi; Y.P. Purang, Addl. Director of Education (Retd.), NCT, Delhi; Neeta Agarwal, TGT, D.L.D.A.V. Model School, Pitampura, Delhi; Roma Anand, TGT, D.L.D.A.V., ED Pitampura, Delhi; Veer Pal Singh, Reader, DEME, NCERT, New Delhi and S.L. Varte, Lecturer, DESM, NCERT, New Delhi. SH The Council also acknowledges the valuable contribution of Sunita Farkya (Professor, DESM), Pushplata Verma (Assistant Professor, DESM), K.C. Tripathi I BL EP S (Professor, DEL) and Jatindra Mohan Misra (Professor, DEL) in updating Chapter R TB 16 titled "Sustainable Management of Natural Resources", and also in the review of U this textbook. BE @K The contribution of R.S. Sindhu, Professor (Retd.), DESM; V.P. Srivastava, Professor (Retd.), DESM; R.K. Parashar, Rachna Garg (Professors, DESM); V.V. Anand, Professor (Retd.), RIE Mysore; S.V. Sharma (Professor, RIE Mysore); V.P. Singh (Professor, RIE Ajmer); R. Joshi, Associate Professor (Retd.), DESM; C.V. Shimray, Ruchi Verma (Associate Professors, DESM); Ram Babu Pareek (Associate Professor, RIE Ajmer); A.K. Srivastava, Rejaul Karim Barbhuiya, Pramila TO Tanwar (Assistant Professors, DESM); R.R. Koireng (Assistant Professor, DCS); V. Tangpu (Assistant Professor, RIE Mysore) and Akhileshwar Mishra (Head Master, T DMS, RIE Bhubaneswar), in the review of this textbook in 2017-18 are acknowledged. O Special thanks are due to Hukum Singh, Professor and Former Head, DESM, N NCERT, New Delhi, for providing all academic and administrative support. The Council also gratefully acknowledges the support provided by the APC Ofce of DESM, administrative staff of DESM; Deepak Kapoor, Incharge, Computer Station, DESM; Saima and Arvind Sharma, DTP Operators and Rajesh Handa, Illustrator; Mohd. Qamar Tabrez and Musarrat Parveen, Copy Editors; Seema Yadav, Proof Reader. The efforts of the Publication Department, NCERT are also highly appreciated. vi ªÀÄÄ£ÀÄßr 2005£ÃÉ gÁ¶çÖÃAiÄÀ ¥o À åÀPªæÀ ÄÀ ªÄÀvÄÀÛ gÁ¶çÖÃAiÄÀ ¥o À åÀª¸ À ÄÀ« Û £À DzÁsgz À À ªÄÉÃ¯É ga À vª À ÁzÀ J£ï.¹.E.Dgï.n 10£AÉiÄÀ vg À UÀ wÀ AiÄÀ «eÁ£ Õ À ¥o À åÀ¥ÄÀ¸PÛÀªÀ £À ÄÀß AiÄÀxÁªv À ÁV Û ªÄÀgÁp ¨ÁsµU É É C£ÄÀªÁzÀ ªiÀÁr ¥¸ æÀ ÄÀv Û À ¸Á°£°À è eÁjUÆ É ½¸¯À ÁUÄÀwzÛ.É F ¥o À åÀ¥ÄÀ¸PÛÀª À £ À ÄÀß MlÄÖ 7 ªiÀÁzåÀsªÄÀU¼À ° À è ºÆ É gvÀ g À ¯ À ÁVz.É NCF -2005gÀ ¥o À åÀPªæÀ ÄÀzÀ J®è ªÊÉ²µöÖÀåU¼ À £À ÄÀß ºÆ É A¢z.É 2005gÀ gÁ¶ÖçÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀoÀåPÀæªÀÄªÀÅ F PÉ¼ÀV£À ªÉÊ²µÀÖöåUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢zÉ. PÀ°PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß fÃªÀ£ÀzÀ CªÀ±ÀåPÀvÉUÀ¼ÉÆA¢UÉ eÉÆÃr¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ. PÀAoÀ¥ÁoÀ «zsÁ£À¢AzÀ PÀ°PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀÄÄPÀÛUÉÆ½¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ. ED ¥ÀoÀå¥ÀÅ¸ÀÛPÀUÀ¼À ºÉÆgÀvÁV ¥ÀoÀåPÀæªÀÄªÀ£ÀÄß ²æÃªÀÄAvÀUÉÆ½¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ. SH eÁÕ£ÀzÀ C©üªÀÈ¢ÞUÉ PÀ°PÁ C£ÀÄ¨sÀªÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß §¼À¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ. I ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ ¥ÀæeÁ¸ÀvÁÛvÀäPÀ ¤ÃwAiÀÄ£ÀéAiÀÄ ªÀÄPÀÌ¼À CªÀ±ÀåPÀvÉUÀ½UÉ vÀPÀÌAvÉ ¸ÀàA¢¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ. BL EP S R TB U ²PÀëtªÀ£ÀÄß EA¢£À ºÁUÀÆ ¨sÀ«µÀåzÀ fÃªÀ£ÁªÀ±ÀåPÀvÉUÀ½UÉ ºÉÇAzÀÄªÀAvÉ ªÀiÁqÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ. BE @K «µA À iÄÀU¼ À À ªÄÉÃgU É ¼ À £ À ÄÀß «ÄÃj CªÅÀU½ À UÉ ¸ª À ÄÀUæÀ zÈÀ¶ÖAiÄÀ ¨Æ É Ãz£ Às A É iÄÀ£ÄÀß C¼ª À r À ¸ÄÀªÅÀzÄÀ. ±Á¯ÉAiÀÄ ºÉÆgÀV£À §zÀÄQUÉ eÁÕ£À ¸ÀAAiÉÆÃd£É. ªÀÄPÀÌ½AzÀ¯ÉÃ eÁÕ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß C©üªÀÈ¢Þ¥Àr¸ÀÄªÀÅzÀÄ. TO 10£ÉÃ vÀgÀUÀwAiÀÄ «eÁÕ£À ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀzÀ°è CAvÀUÀðvÀ «zsÁ£À (Integrated Approach), T gÀZÀ£ÁvÀäPÀ «zsÁ£À (Constructive Approach) ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÀÄgÀÄ½AiÀiÁPÁgÀzÀ «zsÁ£À (Spiral O Approach) UÀ¼À£ÀÄß C¼ÀªÀr¸À¯ÁVzÉ. N ¥ÀoÀå¥ÀÅ¸ÀÛPÀUÀ¼À «µÀAiÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ C¨sÁå¸ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ «zÁåyðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß AiÉÆÃZÀ£É ªÀiÁqÀÄªÀAvÉ ªÀiÁr, ZÀlÄªÀnPÉUÀ¼À ªÀÄÆ®PÀ eÁÕ£À ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄÄªÀAvÉ ªÀiÁqÀÄªÀ ¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀß ªÀiÁqÀ¯ÁVzÉ. ¥ÀoÀåªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼Æ É A¢UÉ CvÀåAvÀ CªÀ±ÀåPÀ fÃªÀ£À ªÀiË®åUÀ¼À£ÀÄß CAvÀUÀðvÀªÁV §¼À¸À¯ÁVzÉ. F £ÀÆvÀ£À ¥ÀoÀå¥ÀÅ¸ÀÛPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀjÃPÁë zÀÈ¶Ö¬ÄAzÀ gÀavÀªÁV®è. §zÀ¯ÁV CªÀÅUÀ¼ÀÄ «zÁåyðUÀ¼À ¸ÀªÁðAVÃt ªÀåQÛvÀé «PÀ¸À£ÀPÉÌ ¥ÀÇgÀPÀªÁVªÉ. vÀ£ÀÆä®PÀ CªÀgÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀévÀAvÀæ ¨sÁgÀvÀzÀ ¸Àé¸ÀÜ¸ÀªÀiÁdzÀ GvÀÛªÀÄ ¥ÀæeÉUÀ¼À£ÁßV ªÀiÁqÀÄªÀ ¥ÀæAiÀÄvÀß £ÀqÉ¢zÉ. vii ¤vÀå fÃªÀ£ÀzÀ°è «eÁÕ£ÀªÀÅ J¯Áè ºÀAvÀUÀ¼À®Æè AiÀÄ±À¹ìUÉ CvÀåªÀ±ÀåPÀªÁVzÉ. gÁ¶ÖçÃAiÀÄ ¥ÀoÀåPÀæªÀÄ-2005gÀAvÉ «eÁÕ£ÀzÀ ¥ÀjPÀ®à£ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß CxÀðªÀiÁrPÉÆAqÀÄ ¥ÀjÃPÉëAiÀÄ°è GvÀÛªÀÄ CAPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄÄªÀÅzÀgÀ eÉÆvÉUÉ «eÁÕ£ÀªÀ£ÀÄß fÃªÀ£ÀzÀ ¸ÀPÀ® PÉëÃvÀæUÀ¼À®Æè §¼À¸ÀÄªÀ ¸ÁªÀÄxÀåðªÀ£ÀÄß ¨É¼É¹PÉÆAqÀÄ fÃªÀ£ÀzÀ°è AiÀÄ±À¸Àì£ÀÄß UÀ½¸ÀÄªÀAvÉ ªÀiÁqÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. CzÀÄ ¸ÀºÀPÁj PÀ°PÉUÀÆ ¥ÀÇgÀPÀªÁVgÀ¨ÉÃPÀÄ. F ¥o À åÀ¥ÅÀ¸ÛÀPª À ÅÀ «zÁåyð ¸ßÉÃ» ºÁUÆ À ²PëÀPÀ ¸ßÉÃ»AiiÀÁVz.É «eÁÕ£À P° À PÉ ¸A À vÆ É Ãµz À ÁAiÄÀPÀ ºÁUÀ Æ CxÀ ð ¥À Ç tðªÁUÀ Ä ªÀ A vÉ ªÀ i ÁqÀ ® Ä F ¥À o À å ¥À Å ¸À Û P À ª À Å ¸À Æ PÀ Û ª ÁzÀ zÁjAiÀ Ä £À Ä ß gÀÆ¦¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉAiÉÄAzÀÄ £ÁªÀÅ ¨sÁ«¸ÀÄvÉÛÃªÉ. F ¥ÀoÀå¥ÀÅ¸ÀÛPÀªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉZÀÄÑ GvÀÛªÀÄ¥Àr¸À®Ä vÀdÕjAzÀ, ²PÀëPÀjAzÀ, «zÁåyðUÀ½AzÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÉÇÃµÀPÀjAzÀ gÀZÀ£Á ¸À®ºÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀÄvÀÄÛ nÃPÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÁéUÀw¸ÀÄvÉÛÃªÉ. gÁdåz° À ,è F ¥ÄÀ¸PÛÀª À £ À ÄÀß P£ À ßÀqÀ ªÄÀgÁp, v® É ÄUÄÀ ªÄÀvÄÀÛ v« À Ä¼ÄÀ ªiÀÁzåÀsªÄÀU½ À UÉ ¨ÁsµÁAvj À ¹zÀ ED J®è ¸ÀA¥À£ÀÆä® ªÀåQÛUÀ½UÉ, PÁAiÀÄðPÀæªÀÄ ¸ÀAAiÉÆÃd£É ªÀiÁrzÀ PÁAiÀÄðPÀæªÀiÁ¢üPÁjUÉ, ¸ÀÄAzÀgÀªÁV rn¦ PÁAiÀÄðªÀ£ÀÄß ¤ªÀð»¹gÀÄªÀ rn¦ D¥ÀgÉÃlgïUÀ¼ÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ ¸ÀA¸ÉÜUÉ, SH ¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀªÀ£ÀÄß CZÀÄÑPÀmÁÖV ªÀÄÄ¢æ¹ «vÀj¹gÀÄªÀ ªÀÄÄzÀæPÀgÀÄUÀ½UÉ F ¸ÀAzÀ¨sÀðzÀ°è PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¥ÀoÀå¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ ¸ÀAWÀªÀÅ ºÀÈvÀÆàªÀðPÀ PÀÈvÀdÕvÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß C¦ð¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ. I BL EP S R TB U J£ï. ªÀÄAdÄ²æÃ, ¨sÁ.D.¸ÉÃ. BE @K ªÀåªÀ¸ÁÜ¥ÀPÀ ¤zÉðÃ±ÀPÀgÀÄ PÀ£ÁðlPÀ ¥ÀoÀå¥ÀÄ¸ÀÛPÀ ¸ÀAWÀ(j) ¨ÉAUÀ¼ÀÆgÀÄ TO T O N viii Marathi Translation Committee 1. Smt. Asha B. Nesarkar, Retd. Head Mistress, Mahila Vidyalaya High School, Belagavi. 2. Shri. Vishwanath N. Patil, Asst. Teacher, Mahila Vidyalaya High School, Belagavi. 3. Shri. Mahendra V. Kamble, Asst. Teacher, Ghataprabha High School, Salamwadi, Talk. Hukkeri, Dist. Belagavi. ED Marathi Review Committee SH Shri J.V. Ghadi, H.M., New Girls High School, Shahapur, Belgaum. I BL EP S Shri A.V. Patil, A.M., Marathi Vidyalaya, Vijaypur - 586101 R TB U Shri R.D. Gurav, A.M., V.B.S.S. High School, Atiwad Taluk, Belgaum Dist. BE @K Sugesstions and guidence N. Manjushri, I.A.S. TO Managing Director, Karnataka Textbook Society (R.) Bengaluru - 560 003. T O N Shri Gangannaswamy H.G. Deputy Director, Karnataka Textbook Society (R.) Bengaluru - 560 003. Co-ordinator Smt. Leelavathi K. S. Senior Asst. Director, Karnataka Textbook Society (R.) Bengaluru-560 003. ix AZwH«$_{UH$m ^mJ-1 NCERT àH$aU àH$aU àH$aUmMo Zm§d n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ H«$_m§H$ H«$_m§H$ I àH$aU 1 amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m Am{U g_rH$aUo 1-20 (Chemical Reactions and Equations) ED II àH$aU 2 Amåb, AëH$br Am{U jma 21-44 SH (Acids, Bases and Salts) I BL EP S III àH$aU 5 OrdZ à{H«$`m 45-72 R TB U (Life Processes) BE @K IV àH$aU 6 {Z`§ÌU Am{U g_Ýd` 73-88 (Control and Coordination) V àH$aU 11 {dÚwVeº$s 89-117 TO (Electricity) T VI àH$aU 12 {dÚwV àdmhmMm Mw§~H$s` n[aUm_ 118-133 O (Magnetic Effects of Electric Current) N CÎmao 134 (Answers) x "dñVwpñWVr {dkmZ ZgVo- Ogo eãXH$moe dmL>‘¶ gm{hË¶ ZgVmo' 1 - ‘m{Q>©Z EM. {’$ñMoa àH$aU-1 amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo (Chemical Reactions and Equations) Amnë¶m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb Imbrb n[apñWVtMo H$miOrnyd©H$ {ZarjU H$am Am{U {dMma H$éZ H$m¶ KS>ob Vo gm§Jm O|ìhm - n CÝhmù¶m‘Ü¶o XÿY gm‘mÝ¶ (ImobrÀ¶m) Vmn‘mZmbm R>odbo AgVm. n bmoI§S>r Vdm / n°Z / {Iim Oa AmÐ©Vm Agboë¶m dmVmdaUmV R>odë¶mg ED n Ðmjm§Mo {H$ÊdZ hmoUo (Am§~Uo). n AÞ {eOdbo OmVo. SH n Amnë¶m e[aamV AÞmMo nMZ hmoUo. I n AmnU œmgmoÀN>dmg H$aUo. BL EP S R TB darb gd© n[apñWVr‘Ü¶o nXmWm©À¶m ñdén d ‘yi aMZo‘Ü¶o WmoS>çm à‘mUmV ~Xb U hmoVmo. AmnU ‘mJrb dJm©‘Ü¶o ^m¡{VH$ d amgm¶{ZH$ ~Xbm{df`r {eH$bm AmhmV. Ooìhm BE @K EImXm amgm¶{ZH$ ~Xb KS>Vmo Voìhm AmnU amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Pmbr Ago åhUVmo. amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m åhUOo dmñV{dH$ AW© H$m¶ Amho ¶m{df¶r H$XmMrV Vwåhmbm AmíM¶© dmQ>ob. AmnUmbm H$go g‘OUma H$s amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m KS>br Amho ? ¶m àíZm§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU H$mhr CnH«$‘ H$é¶m. TO CnH«$‘ 1.1 T I~aXmar : ¶m CnH«$‘mgmR>r {M‘Q>m O {ejH$m§ À ¶m ghmæ¶mMr ‘°¾o {e¶‘Mr Vma N JaO Amho. {dÚmÏ¶mª Z r S> m o ù ¶m§ À ¶m g§ a jUmgmR> r H$mhr n[aYmZ Ho$ë¶mg CÎm‘ ~Z©a dm°M½bmg ‘°¾o{e¶‘ hmoB©b. n 3-4 g|. ‘r bm§ ~ rMr ‘°¾o{e¶‘Mr Vma g±S>nonaZo AmH¥$Vr 1.1: hdoamIV ‘°dm°¾Mo{e¶‘Mr Vma OmiUo Am{U ‘°½Zo{e¶‘Mr ½bmg‘Ü¶o Jmoim H$aUo. KmgyZ ñdÀN> Ho$br. n Vr {M‘Q>çmZo KÅ> nH$S>m. pñnarQ²>Mm {Xdm qH$dm ~Z©aÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo noQ>dm Am{U AmH¥$Vr_Ü`o XmI{dë¶mà‘mUo dm°M½bmg‘Ü¶o Jmoim H$am. ‘°¾o{e¶‘Mr Vma OmiVmZm Vr e³¶Vmo Vw‘À¶m S>moù¶mnmgyZ Xÿa R>odm. n Vwåhr H$m¶ {ZarjU Ho$bm ? 2 {dkmZ AmH¥$Vr 1.1 - ‘°¾o{e¶‘Mr Vma hdoV OmiUo Am{U ‘°¾o{e¶‘ Am°³gmB©S> dm°M ½bmg‘Ü¶o O‘m H$aUo. AmnU {ZarjU Ho$bo H$s, ‘°¾o{e¶‘Mr Vma àIa Á¶moVrZo OiVo Am{U nm§T>è¶m MwUm©V énm§VarV hmoVo. ho MwU© åhUOoM ‘°¾o{e¶‘ Am°³gmB©S> hmo¶. ¶m ‘°¾o{e¶‘ Am°³gmB©S>Mr {Z{‘©Vr ‘°¾o{e¶‘ Am{U hdoVrb Am°pŠgOZÀ¶m {H«$¶o‘wio Pmbr. CnH« CnH«$‘$‘1.2 1.2 nnn[ajm n[ajmZir‘Ü¶o Zir‘Ü¶oboSbo>ZSm¶Q´ >oQ>M>oQo>MÐmdU >Zm¶Q´ o ÐmdU¿¶m.¿¶m. Ë¶m‘Ü¶onmonmo nnË¶m‘Ü¶o Q>°{e¶‘Am¶mo Q>°{e¶‘ Am¶moS>mSB©>SmB©>MSo>MÐmdU o ÐmdU{‘gim. {‘gim. nnVwåVwhr åhrH$m¶ H$m¶{Z[ajU {ZarjUHo$bm Ho$bm? ? CnH«$‘ 1.3 n M§MwnmÌm‘Ü¶o qH$dm n[ajmZir‘Ü¶o OñVmMo H$mhr VwH$S>o ¿¶m ED n Ë¶m‘Ü¶o {dab hm¶S´>moH$bmoarH$ Amåb qH$dm gëâ`w[aH$ Amåb {‘gim (Am.1.2) SH n I~aXmar : AmåbmMr H$miOrnyd©H$ hmVmiUr H$am. I n OñVmÀ¶m VwH$S>çm§ ^modVr H$mhr KS>V Agë¶mMo Vwåhr {ZarjU Ho$bo H$m ? BL EP S R TB U PmH$U darb VrZ CnH«$‘m§déZ AmnU Ago åhUy BE @K eH$Vmo H$s, Imbrb {Xboë¶m {ZarjUmÀ¶m H$mMoMrZir AmYmao amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m KS>br H$s Zmhr dm¶y ho R>ady eH$Vmo :- M§MwnmÌ n ^m¡{VH$ AdñWo‘Ü¶o ~Xb {dab gëâ`w[aH$ Amåb n a§Jm‘Ü¶o ~Xb TO n dm¶y ‘wº$ hmoUo OñVmMo VwH$S>o n Vmn‘mZm‘Ü¶o ~Xb T Am. 1.2 OñVmMr {dab gëâ`w[aH$ O Amåbmer {H«$¶m hmoD$Z Amnë¶m g^modVmbÀ¶m ~Xbm§Mo AmnU N hm¶S´>moOZ dm¶y ‘w³V hmoUo {Z[ajU H$aV AgVmo, AmnU nmhÿ eH$Vmo H$s Amnë¶m g^modVmbr {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m KS>V AgVmV. AmnU ¶m nmR>m‘Ü¶o {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m§Mm Am{U Ë¶m§À¶m g§km d aoUwgwÌm§Zr Xe©{dÊ¶mMm Aä¶mg H$aUma AmhmoV. 1.1 amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aUo ( Chemical Equations) CnH«$‘ 1.1 Mo AmnU Ago dU©Z H$é eH$Vmo H$s Ooìhm ‘°¾o{e¶‘Mr Vma Am°pŠgOZ ~amo~a Omibr Va Ë¶mMo ‘°¾o{e¶‘ Am°³gmB©S>‘Ü¶o énm§Va hmoVo. amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m§À¶m dU©ZmMr dm³¶aMZm hr A{Ve¶ bm§~Q> AgVo. Vr AmnU dm³¶ aMZm WmoS>³¶mV g§{jßV {bhÿ eH$Vmo. Ë¶mgmR>r gdm©V gmonm ‘mJ© åhUOo amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m empãXH$ g{‘H$aUmÀ¶m ñdénmV {bhrUo. amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo 3 darb amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m empãXH$ g_rH$aUmÀ¶m ñdénmV Aer hmoVo. ‘°¾o{e¶‘ + Am°pŠgOZ ‘°¾o{e¶‘ Am°³gmB©S> (1.1) A{^{H«$¶mH$maHo$ CËnmXrV amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o (1.1) Á¶m nXmWm©‘Ü¶o amgm¶{ZH$ ~Xb hmoVmo Vo nXmW© ‘°¾o{e¶‘ Am{U Am°pŠgOZ AmhoV Ë¶m§Zm A{^{H«$¶mH$maHo$ Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o Omo qH$dm Oo Z{dZ nXmW© V¶ma hmoVmV Ë¶m§Zm CËnmXrVo Ago åhUVmV. Ogo ¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o ‘°¾o{e¶‘ Am°³gmB©S> ho CËnmXrV Amho. empãXH$ g_rH$aUm‘Ü¶o A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m§nmgyZ CËnmXrVm‘Ü¶o ~Xb hmoVmo ho A{^{H«$¶mH$maHo$ d CËnmXrVo ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o ~mUmMo {MÝh H$mTy>Z Xe©{dbo OmVo. A{^{H«$¶mH$maHo$ hr emãXrH$ g{‘H$aUmÀ¶m S>mì¶m ~mOybm {b{hVmV d Ë¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o A{YH$ (+) {MÝh R>odVmV. Ë¶mMà‘mUo, CËnmXrVo gwÜXm g_rH$aUmÀ¶m COì¶m ~mOybm ED {b{hVmV d Ë¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o A{YH$ (+) {MÝh R>odVmV. CËnmXrVmH$S>o Agbobo ~mUmMo SH Q>moH$ A{^{H«$¶oMr {Xem Xe©{dVo. 1.1.1 amgm¶{ZH$ g‘rH$aUmMo boIZ (Writing a Chemical Equations) I BL EP S amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aUo {b{hÊ¶mgmR>r AmUIr H$moUVr g§{já d gmonr nÜXV Amho ? R TB amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aUm§À¶m‘Ü¶o Oa AmnU eãXm§À¶m EodOr amgm¶{ZH$ gwÌm§Mm dmna U Ho$bm Va AmUIr g_rH$aU g§{já Am{U Cn¶moJr hmoB©b. amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU ho BE @K amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Xe©{dVo. Oa Vwåhr ‘°¾o{e¶‘, Am°pŠgOZ Am{U ‘°¾o{e¶‘ Am°³gmB©S> ¶m§Mo ñ‘aU Ho$bmV Va empãXH$ g_rH$aU Ago {bhÿ eH$Vmo. Mg + 02 MgO ---- (1.2) ~mUmÀ¶m S>mì¶m d COì¶m ~mOybm AgUmè¶m ‘wbÐì¶m§À¶m AUy§Mr g§»¶m ‘moOm TO Am{U VwbZm H$am. XmoÝhr ~mOybm ‘wbÐì¶m§À¶m AUy§Mr g§»¶m g‘mZ Amho ? Oa Agob Va g_rH$aU g§VwbrV Amho. Oa Zgob Va g_rH$aU Ag§VwbrV (Ag‘Vmob) Amho. T H$maU g_rH$aUmÀ¶m XmoÝhr ~mOybm dñVw‘mZ g‘mZ Zmhr. Aem àH$maMr amgm¶{ZH$ O g_rH$aUo hr amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m§Mo amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU gm§JmS>o AgVmV. g_rH$aU N (1.2) ho ‘°¾o{e¶‘ hdoV OmiUo ¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶oMo amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU gm§JmS>m Amho. 1.1.2 amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aUm§Mo g§VwbZ (Balanced a Chemical Equations) B¶Îmm ZddrÀ¶m dJm©‘Ü¶o {eH$boë¶m dñVw‘mZmÀ¶m Aj¶VoMm {Z¶‘ AmR>dm. amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o dñVw‘mZmMr {Z{‘©Vr qH$dm Zme hmoV Zmhr. åhUOoM amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H« $ ¶o ‘ Yrb CËnm{XVm§ À `m ‘w b Ðì¶m§ M o EHy $ U dñVw ‘ mZ ho A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m‘Yrb ‘wbÐì¶m§À¶m EHy$U dñVw‘mZmBVHo$M AgVo. Xþgè¶m eãXm§V gm§Jmd¶mMo Pmë¶mg amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶onydu Am{U amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶oZ§Va ‘wbÐì¶m§À¶m AUy§Mr g§»¶m g‘mZ AgVo. åhUyZM Amnë¶mbm amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aUmMr aMZm g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mMr JaO Amho. 4 {dkmZ amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU (1.2) g§VwbrV Amho. AmVm AmnU Q>ßß`m-Q>ßß`mZo amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mg {eHy$¶m. CnH«$‘ 1.3 gmR>r amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU Ago Xe©{dbo OmVo. (qPH$) OñV + gëâ`warH$ Amåb qPH$ gë’o$Q> + hm¶S´>moOZ darb empãXH$ g_rH$aU Imbrb à‘mUo amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU ñdénmÀ¶m Xe©{dbo OmVo- Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 ---(1.3) AmVm AmnU ~mUmÀ¶m XmoÝhr ~mOybm AgUmè¶m ‘ybÐì¶m§À¶m AUy§Mr g§»¶m VnmgyZ nmhÿ¶m. ‘ybÐì¶ A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m§À¶m CËnm{XVm§À¶m AUy§Mr AUy§Mr g§»¶m (S>mdr ~mOy) g§»¶m (COdr ~mOy) ED Zn 1 1 SH H 2 2 S 1 1 I O 4 4 BL EP S ~mUmÀ¶m XmoÝhr ~mOybm ‘wbÐì¶m§À¶m AUy§Mr g§»¶m g‘mZ Agë¶m‘wio g_rH$aU R TB U (1.3) g§VwbrV (g‘Vmob) amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU Amho. BE @K AmVm AmnU Imbrb amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU g§VwbrV(g‘Vmob)H$aÊ¶mMm à¶ËZ H$é¶m Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2 -------(1.4) nm¶ar I : amgm`{ZH$ g_rH$aU g§VwbrV (g_Vmob) H$aV AgVmZm àW_V: àË`oH$ aoUwgwÌm^modVr Mm¡H$Q> AmIyZ ¿`m. g_rH$aU g_Vmob H$aV AgVmZm Mm¡H$Q>rÀ`m TO AmV H$moUVmhr ~Xb H$éZ ZH$m. Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2 -------(1.5) T nm¶ar II : `m Ag§VwbrV g_rH$aUm‘Yrb (1.5) {d{dY ‘wbÐì¶m§À¶m AUy§Mr O N g§»¶m ¶m§Mr ¶mXr H$am. ‘ybÐì¶ A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m§ _Yrb CËnm{XVm§_Yrb AUy§Mr AUy§Mr g§»¶m (S>mdr ~mOy) g§»¶m (COdr ~mOy) Fe 1 3 H 2 2 O 1 4 nm¶ar III : Á¶m g§¶wJm‘Ü¶o AUw§Mr OmñVrV OmñV g§»¶m AgVo Ë¶mnmgyZ§M g_rH$aU g§VwbrV H$aUo gmo¶rMo AgVo. ‘J Vo A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$ qH$dm CËnmXrV Agy eH$Vo. Ë¶m g§¶wJm‘Yrb OmñVrV OmñV AUw§Mr g§»¶m AgUmè¶m ‘wbÐì¶mMr {ZdS> H$amdr. ¶m {ZîH$fm©Mm Cn¶moJ H$éZ AmnU Fe3O4 Mr {ZdS> H$é¶m Am{U Ë¶mVrb Am°³grOZ KoD$. g_rH$aUmÀ¶m COì¶m ~mOybm Mma Am°pŠgOZ AUy AmhoV Am{U S>mì¶m ~mOybm EH$M Amho. amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo 5 Am°pŠgOZMo AUy g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r - Am°pŠgOZMo AUy A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m‘Ü¶o CËnm{XV ‘Ü¶o 1) ‘yi énmV 1 (H O ‘Ü¶o) 2 4 (Fe O ‘Ü¶o) 2 4 2) g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 1x4 4 AUy§Mr g§»¶m g‘mZ H$aVmZm AmnU ho bjmV R>odbo nm{hOo H$s, amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o ^mJ KoUmè¶m ‘wbÐì¶m§À¶m qH$dm g§¶wJm§À¶m aoUwgwÌm‘Ü¶o ~Xb H$é eH$V Zmhr. CXmhaUmW©, Am°pŠgOZ AUybm g§Vw{bV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU 4 hm ghJwUH$ H O 2 gmR>r {bhmdm Ogo 4H O VgoM H O4 qH$dm (H O)4 Ago {bhÿ eH$V Zmhr. AmVm 2 2 2 ED H$mhr à‘mUmVrb g§VwbrV g{‘H$aU Ago hmoB©b. (1.6) SH Fe + 4 H O 2 Fe O + H 3 4 2 (H$mhr à‘mUmV g§VwbrV g_rH$aU) I BL EP S nm¶ar (IV) : Fe Am{U H AUy AOyZhr g§VwbrV Pmbobo ZmhrV. nwT>rb g§VwbZ {H«$¶m R TB U Mmby R>odÊ¶mgmR>r Ë¶mn¡H$s H$moUVohr EH$ ‘wbÐì¶ ¿¶m. AmVm AmnU H$mhr BE @K à‘mUmVrb g§VwbrV g_rH$aUm‘Ü¶o hm¶S´>moOZ AUy g§VwbZmgmR>r KoD$¶m. hm¶S´>moOZ AUyMr g§»¶m g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r COì¶m ~mOybm hm¶S´>moOZMo 4 aoUy KoD$¶m. hm¶S´>moOZMo AUy A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m‘Ü¶o CËnm{XVm‘Ü¶o TO 1) ‘yi énmV 8 (4H O ‘Ü¶o) 2 2 (H ‘Ü¶o) 2 T 2) g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 8 2x4 O g_rH$aU Ago hmoB©b - N Fe + 4 H O 2 Fe O + 4 H 2 4 (1.7) 2 (H$mhr à‘mUmV g§VwbrV g_rH$aU) nm¶ar (V) darb g_rH$aU VnmgyZ nhm. Am{U g§Vw{bV Zgbobo {Vgao ‘wbÐì¶ ¿¶m. Vwåhmbm g§VwbrV Zgbobo EH§$M ‘wbÐì¶ {e„H$ am{hbobo {‘iob Am{U Vo åhUOo bmoI§S> (bmoh) Amho. bmoI§S>mMo AUy A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m‘Ü¶o CËnm{XVm‘Ü¶o 1) ‘yi énmV 1 (Fe ‘Ü¶o) 3 (Fe O ‘Ü¶o) 3 4 2) g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r 1x3 3 6 {dkmZ Febm g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r, S>mì¶m ~mOybm bmoI§S>mMo VrZ AUy KoD$¶m. 3 Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4 H2 (1.8) nm¶ar (VI) : eodQ>r g§VwbrV g_rH$aUmMr gË¶Vm nS>VmiyZ nmhÊ¶mgmR>r AmnU XmoÝhr ~mOyÀ¶m àË¶oH$ ‘wbÐì¶m§À¶m AUy§Mr g§»¶m ‘moOmdr bmJVo. 3 Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2........ (1.9) (g§VwbrV g{‘H$aU) g_rH$aU (1.9) À¶m XmoÝhr ~mOyÀ¶m ‘wbÐì¶mÀ¶m AUy§Mr g§»¶m g‘mZ Amho. ho g_rH$aU AmVm g§VwbrV Amho. ¶m amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mÀ¶m nÕVrbm [hQ>-A±S>-Q´>m¶b nÕV Ago åhUVmV. Ogo AmnU g{‘H$aU g§VwbrV H$aÊ¶mgmR>r AO‘mdyZ nmhÊ¶mgmR>r gdm©V bhmZ nyU© g§»¶m ghJwUH$ åhUyZ Cn¶moJ Ho$bm. nm¶ar (VII) : ^m¡{VH$ AdñWm§Mr g§km {b{hUo : darb g§VwbrV g_rH$aU (1.9) ED H$miOrnyd©H$ VnmgyZ nhm. ¶m g_rH$aUm‘Yrb àË¶oH$ A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$ Am{U CËnmXrV SH ¶m§À¶m ^m¡{VH$ AdñWm - ~Ôb H$mhr gm§JrVbo Amho H$m ? ¶m g_rH$aUm‘Ü¶o Ë¶m§À¶m ^m¡{VH$ AdñWm§À¶m~Ôb H$moUVrhr ‘m{hVr {Xbobr Zmhr. amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aUmbm I BL EP S A{YH$ ‘m{hVrnyU© ~Z{dÊ¶mgmR>r A{^{H«$¶mH$maHo$ d CËnmXrVo ¶m§À¶m amgm¶{ZH$ R TB gwÌm§~amo~a Ë`m§À`m ^m¡{VH$ AdñWm§Mr Zm|X Ho$bobr Amho. A{^{H«$`mH$maHo$ Am{U U CËnmXrVo Oa dm`yén, Ðdén, Obr` Am{U ñWm`y AdñWoV AgVrb Va Vo (g), (l) BE @K (aq) Am{U (S ) `m g§Ho$V AjamZo AZwH«$_o Xe©{dbo OmVmV. Oa A{^{H«$`mH$maH$ qH$dm CËnmXrV nmÊ`mVrb (Obr`) ÐmdU ñdénmV ApñVËdmV Agob Va hm eãX Obr` ÐmdU (aq ) Ago {b{hVmV. g{_H$aU (1.9) g§VwbrV Ago hmoB©b. TO 3Fe(s) + 4 H2O (g) Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)........(1.10) `m amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o g§Ho$V{bnr (g) hr H2O gmR>r dmnabr Amho ho Ago T Xe©{dVo H$s `m amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o nmUr dm\o$À`m ñdénmV dmnabo Amho. `mMr O Zm|X ¿`mdr. N Zoh‘r amgm¶{ZH$ g{‘H$aUm‘Ü¶o ^m¡{VH$ AdñWm§Mm g‘mdoe Ho$bobm ZgVmo Omon¶ªV {deofV: Amnë¶mbm Ë¶mMr JaO dmQ>V Zmhr, Vmon¶ªV Ë¶m§Mm Img C„oI Ho$bobm ZgVmo. H$mhr doim amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶|À¶m AQ>rZwgma Vmn‘mZ, Xm~, CËàoaH$ BË¶mXr A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o g{‘H$aUm‘Yrb ~mUmÀ¶m da qH$dm Imbr Xe©{dbo OmVmV. CXmhaUmW©- CO (g) + 2H2(g) 340 atm CH3OH (1) (1.11) gy¶©àH$me 6CO2 (aq)+12 H2O(1) (C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (aq) + 6O2(aq)+6H2O(1) harVÐì¶ --- (1.12) g_rH$aU (1.2) nwñVH$m‘Ü¶o) {Xbobo Amho Vo Vwåhr ¶m nm¶è¶m§Mm dmna H$éZ g§VwbrV H$é eH$Vm ? amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo 7 àíZ : 1. ‘°¾o{e¶‘Mr {’$V hdoV OmiÊ¶mnydu Vr H$m ñdÀN> Ho$br nm{hOo ? 2. Imbrb amgm¶{ZH$ Aq^{H«$¶m g§VwbrV g_rH$aUmÀ¶m ñdénmV {bhm. 1) hm¶S´>moOZ + ³bmoarZ hm¶S´>moOZ ³bmoamB©S> 2) ~oar¶‘ ³bmoamB©S> +A°ë¶w{‘Zr¶‘ gë’o$Q> ~oar¶‘ gë’o$Q>+ A°ë¶w{‘Zr¶‘ ³bmoamB©S> 3) gmoS>r¶‘ + nmUr gmoS>r¶‘ hm¶S´>m°³gmB©S> + hm¶S´>moOZ 3. Imbrb A{^{H«$¶m§gmR>r g§VwbrV amgm¶{ZH$ g_rH$aU Ë¶m§À¶m ? amgm¶{ZH$ nXmWmªÀ¶m ^m¡{VH$ AdñWogh {bhm. i) ~oar¶‘ ³bmoamB©S>Mo ÐmdU Am{U gmoS>r¶‘ gë’o$Q>Mo Obr¶ ED ÐmdU ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o {H«$¶m hmodyZ A{dÐmì¶ ~oar¶‘ gë\o$Q> Am{U gmoS>r¶‘ ³bmoamB©S>Mo ÐmdU {‘iVo. SH ii) gmoS>r¶‘ hm¶S´>m°H$gmB©S> ÐmdU (Obr¶) Am{U hm¶S´>mo³bmoarH$ I BL EP S AmåbmMo ÐmdU (Obr¶) ¶m§Mr {H«$¶m hmodyZ gmoS>r¶‘ R TB U ³bmoamB©S>Mo ÐmdU Am{U nmUr V¶ma hmoVo. BE @K 1.2 amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m§Mo àH$ma (Types of Chemical Reactions) amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o EH$m ‘wbÐì¶mMm AUy Xþgè¶m ‘wbÐì¶mÀ¶m AUy‘Ü¶o énm§VarV hmoV Zmhr ho AmnU ZddrÀ¶m dJm©‘Ü¶o {eH$bmo AmhmoV. {‘lUmVyZ AUy Zï> hmoV ZmhrV qH$dm Ë`m‘Ü¶o H$moRy>ZVar `oD$Z {_giV ZmhrV dmñV{dH$ TO amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o AUy‘Yrb ~§Y VwQ>Ê¶mMr {H«$¶m hmodyZ ZdrZ ~§Y T {Z‘m©U hmoVmV d Z{dZ nXmW©mMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. Vwåhr àH$aU 3 d 4 ‘Ü¶o AUyVrb O ~§YmÀ¶m àH$mam{df¶r Aä¶mg H$amb. N 1.2.1 g§¶moJ A{^{H«$¶m (Combination Reactions) CnH«$‘ 1.4 n M§MwnmÌm‘Ü¶o WmoS>çm à‘mUmV M§MwnmÌ H° $ ëer¶‘ Am° ³ gmBS> qH$dm MwZH$ir ¿¶m. nmUr n ¶m‘Ü¶o hiwdmanUo nmUr {‘gim. H°$ber¶‘ Am°³gmB©S> n AmH$¥Vr1.3 ‘Ü¶o XmI{dë¶mà‘mUo MM § nwmÌmbm ñne© H$am. AmH¥$Vr 1.3 H°$ber¶‘ Am°³gmB©S>Mr n Vw å hmbm Vmn‘mZmVrb ~Xb nmÊ¶m~amo~a {H«$¶m hmoD$Z MwÝ¶mMr OmUdVmo H$m? {Zdir V¶ma hmoVo. 8 {dkmZ H°$ëer`_ Am°³gmB©S>Mr nmÊ¶m~amo~a ObX {H«$¶m hmoD$Z {dar Joboë¶m MwÝ¶mMr (H°$ber¶‘ hm¶S´>m°³gmB©S>) {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo d ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV CîUVm ‘wº$ hmoVo. CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca (OH)2 (aq) + CîUVm -----(1.13) MwZH$ir MwÝ¶mMr {Zdir ¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o H°$ëer¶‘ Am°³gmB©S> Am{U nmUr ¶m§Mm g§¶moJ hmoD$Z H°$ber¶‘ hm¶S´>m°³gmB©S> ¶m EH$mM CËnm{XVmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. Á¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o XmoZ qH$dm OmñV A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$m§nmgyZ EH$M CËnmXrV {‘iVo Ë¶mbmM g§¶moJ A{^{H«$¶m Ago åhUVmV. Vwåhr OmUVm H$m ? ED Ooìhm q^Vrbm MwÝ¶mMr a§Jg’o$Xr Ho$br OmVo Ë¶mdoir MwÝ¶mÀ¶m {ZdirMo ÐmdU darb {H«$¶oZo (1.13) V¶ma hmoVo H°$ëer¶‘ hm¶S´>°m³gmB©S>Mr hdoVrb SH H$m~©Z S>m¶ Am°³gmB©S> ~amo~a hiwdmanUo {H«$¶m hmodyZ q^Vrda H°$ëer¶‘ H$m~m}ZoQ>Mm nmVi Wa V¶ma hmoVmo. a§Jg’o$Xr Ho$ë¶mZ§Va XmoZ Vo VrZ {Xdgm§Zr I BL EP S H°$ber¶‘ H$m~m}ZoQ> V¶ma hmoVo Am{U q^Vrbm MH$mH$Umar M‘H$ àmá hmoVo. ¶oWo R TB U ‘wÔm‘hÿZ Zm|X H$amdrer dmQ>Vo H$s, g§J‘adarMo amgm¶{ZH$ gwÌhr CaCo 3 BE @K Amho. Ca(OH)2 (aq)+CO2 (g) CaCO3(S) +H2O(1) (1.14) (Calcium Hydroxide) (Calcium Carbonate) AmVm AmnU g§¶moJ A{^{H«$¶oÀ¶m H$m§hr CXmhaUm§Mr MMm© H$é. I) H$moH$Mo ÁdbZ TO C(S)+O2(g) CO2(g) (1.15) H2(g) Am{U O2(g) ¶m§À¶m g§¶moJmZo nmÊ¶mMr {Z{‘©Vr T ii) O 2H2(g) +O2 (g) 2H2O (l) (1.16) N gmÜ¶m ^mfoV AmnU Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s, Ooìhm XmoZ qH$dm A{YH$ nXmW© (‘wbÐì¶o qH$dm g§¶wJo) ¶m§Mm g§¶moJ hmoD$Z EH$M CËnmXrV V¶ma hmoVo Ë¶m A{^{H«$¶obm g§¶moJ A{^{H«$¶m Ago åhUVmV. AmnU CnH«$‘ 1.4 Mo {Z[ajU Ho$bo H$s, Á¶m‘Ü¶o ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV CîUVm ‘wº$ hmoVo. Ë¶m A{^{H«$¶o‘wio {‘lU Ja‘ hmoVo. Á¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o CîUVm ‘wº$ hmodyZ CËnmXrVmMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo Ë¶m A{^{H«$¶obm Cî‘mXm¶r qH$dm CîUVmOZH$ amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Ago åhUVmV. Cî‘mXm¶r A{^{H«$¶oMr AmUIr H$mhr CXmhaUo - I) Z¡g{J©H$ dm¶yMo ÁdbZ CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) CO2(g) + 2H2O (g) ------- (1.17) ii) Vwåhr OmUVm AmhmV, ídgZ hr Cî‘mXm¶r {H«$¶m Amho. ? amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo 9 Amnë¶mbm ‘mhrV Amho H$s, Amnë¶mbm Ord§V amhÊ¶mgmR>r D$O}Mr JaO Amho. AmnU Or COm© ImV Agboë¶m AÞm‘YyZ KoV AgVmo. Ë¶mMr nMZ {H«$¶m hmoVmZm AÞmMo AnKQ>Z hmoD$Z gmÜ¶m nXmWm©V énm§Va hmoVo. CXmhaUmW© : ^mV, ~Q>mQ>m Am{U nmd ¶m§À¶m‘Ü¶o H$~m}XHo$ AgVmV. Ë¶m H$~m}XH$m§Mo {dKQ>Z hmodyZ ½byH$moOMr {Z{‘©Vr hmoVo. Amnë¶m e[aamVrb noer‘Ü¶o ½byH$moOMm Am°pŠgOZ~amo~a g§¶moJ hmoVmo Am{U D$Om© nwa[dbr OmVo. Ë¶m {H«$¶oMo Img Zm§d Amho ídgZ, ¶m {H«$¶oMm Aä¶mg Vwåhr ghmì¶m nmR>mV H$amb. C H O (aq)+6O (aq) 6 12 6 2 6 CO (aq) + 6H O (l) + COm© (1.18) 2 2 (½byH$moO) iii) ^mOrnmbm Hw$OyZ H§$nmoñQ> ‘Ü¶o énm§VarV hmoVmo ho gwÜXm Cî‘mXm¶r A{^{H«$¶oMo ED CXmhaU Amho. CnH«$‘ 1.1 ‘Ü¶o KS>boë¶m A{^{H«$¶oMm àH$ma AmoiIm OoWo EH$ CËnmXrVmÀ¶m SH {Z{‘©Vr~amo~a CîUVm ~mhoa nS>Vo. I BL 1.2.2. AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$¶m (Decomposition Reaction) EP S R TB U CnH«$‘ 1.5 BE @K n H$moaS>çm CËH$bZ ZbrHo$‘Ü¶o hiwdmanUo ZmH$mH$S>o dm¶y XadiUo 2gm ’o$ag gë’o$Q>Mo ñ’$Q>rH$ ¿¶m. n ’o$ag gë’o$Q> ñ’$Q>rH$mÀ¶m a§JmMr CËH$bZ ZirMo Vm|S> eoOmè¶mH$S>o CËH$bZ Z{bH$m Zm|X H$am. TO qH$dm Vw‘À¶mH$S>o H$é ZH$m ’o$ag gë’o$Q>Mo n AmH¥$Vr 1.4 ‘Ü¶o XmI{dë¶m ñ’$Q>rH$ à‘mUo CËH$bZ Z{bHo$bm ~Z©a ~Z© a T O qH$dm pñnarQ>À¶m {Xì¶mÀ¶m N Á¶moVrZoa CîUVm Úm. AmH¥$Vr 1.4 n CîUVm {Xë¶mZ§Va ñ’$Q>rH$m§À¶m CËH$bZ ZbrHo $ Vrb ’o$ag gë’o$Q> ñ’$Q>rH$mbm a§JmMo {ZarjU H$am. CîUVm XoD$Z dmg KoÊ¶mMr ¶mo½¶ nÕV ’o$ag gë’o$Q> ñ’$Q>rH$mMm {hadm a§J ~Xbë¶mMo Vw‘À¶m {ZXe©Zmg Ambo H$m ? Vwåhmbm J§YH$ OiÊ¶mMm {d{eï> / bmjUrH$ dmg Ambm Agob. 2FeSO4(s) CîUVm Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g) ----------- (1.19) ’o$ag gë’o$Q> ’o$arH$ Am°³gmB©S> ¶m amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o AmnU Ago {ZarjU Ho$bo$ H$s EH$mM A{^{H«$¶m H$maH$mMo AnKQ>Z hmoD$Z gmÜ¶m CËnmXrVm§‘Ü¶o Ë¶mMo énm§Va hmoVo. ¶mbmM AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$¶m Ago åhUVmV. ’o$ag gë’o$Q>À¶m ñ’$Q>rH$mbm (FeSO4.7H2O), Ooìhm 10 {dkmZ CîUVm {Xbr OmVo Ë¶mdoir Ë`mÀ`m ñ’$Q>rH$mMm a§J ~XbVmo d ñ’$Q>rH$m‘Yrb nmUr {ZKyZ OmVo. Ë¶mMo AnKQ>Z ’o$arH$ Am°³gmB©S> (Fe2O3), gë’$a S>m¶Am°³gmB©S> (SO2) d gë’$a Q´>m¶Am°³gmB©S> (SO3) ¶m‘Ü¶o hmoVo. ’o$arH$ Am°³gmBS> KZén Amho. VgoM SO2 Am{U SO3 ho dm¶yén AmhoV. H° $ ëer¶‘ H$m~m} Z o Q > M o AnKQ> Z H° $ ber¶‘ Am° ³ gmBS> Am{U H$m~© Z S>m¶Am°³gmB©S>‘Ü¶o hmoVo Ooìhm H°$ëer¶‘ H$m~m}ZoQ>bm CîUVm {Xbr OmVo, hr ‘hËdmMr AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$¶m {d{dY H$maImÝ¶m§‘Ü¶o Cn¶moJmV AmUbr OmVo. H°$ëer¶‘ Am°³gmB©S>bm MwZH$ir qH$dm "³drH$ bmB©‘ Ago åhUVmV. Ë¶mMo AZoH$ Cn¶moJ AmhoV - Ë¶mn¡H$s EH$ {g‘|Q>À¶m {Z{‘©Vr‘Ü¶o hmoVmo. Ooìhm AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$¶m CîUVm XoD$Z KS>dyZ AmUbr OmVo Ë¶mbmM Am¡îUrH$ AnKQ>Z Ago åhUVmV. ED CaCO3 (s) CîUVm CaO (s) + CO2(g) SH MwZIS>r MwZH$ir I CnH«$‘ 1.6 ‘Ü¶o Am¡îUrH$ AnKQ>ZmMo AmUIr EH$ CXmhaU {Xbo Amho. BL EP S R TB U CnH«$‘ 1.6 BE @K n CËH$bZ Z{bHo$‘Ü¶o 2gm boS> Zm¶Q´>oQ>Mo MyU© ¿¶m. {M‘Q>m CËH$bZ Z{bH$m n {M‘Q>çmÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo CËH$bZ Z{bH$m boS> Zm¶Q´>oQ> nH$S>m Am{U AmH¥$Vr 1.5 ‘Ü¶o TO XmI{dë¶mà‘mUo ~Z©aÀ¶m Á¶moVrZo ~Z©a CîUVm Úm. T n AmnU H$m¶ {ZarjU Ho$bm ? Oa VoWo O H$mhr ~Xb Pmbm Agob Va Ë¶mMr AmH¥$Vr 1.5 boS> Zm¶Q´>oQ>bm CîUVm XoUo Am{U N Zm|X H$am. Zm¶Q´>moOZ S>m¶Am°³gmB©S>Mr ‘w³VVm Vwåhr ‘wº$ Pmboë¶m Vn{H$ar dm’$m§Mo {ZarjU H$amb. Ë¶m dm’$m (NO2) Zm¶Q´>moOZ S>m¶Am°³gmB©S>À¶m AmhoV. Vr amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H$¶m KS>br Vr nwT>rbà‘mUo - 2Pb (NO ) (s) CîUVm 2PbO (S) + 4NO (g) + O (g) ----- (1.21) 2 2 2 2 boS> Zm¶Q´>oQ> boS> Am°³gmB©S> Zm¶Q´>moOZ Am°³grOZ S>m¶Am°³gmB©S> CnH«$‘ 1.7 Am{U 1.8 ‘Ü¶o AmUIr H$mhr AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$é¶m. amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo 11 CnH«$‘ 1.7 ßb°ñQ>rH$ ‘J Am°pŠgOZ h¡S´>moOZ n EH$ ßb°ñQ>rH$Mm ‘J ¿¶m d Ë¶mÀ¶m Vimbm XmoZ {N>Ð nmS>m Ë¶m XmoZ n[ajmZir {N>Ðm‘Ü¶o a~ar n§n ~gdm. AmH¥$Vr nmUr 1.6 ‘Ü¶o XmIdë¶mà‘mUo XmoZ J«m’$mB©S> nmUr H$m~©Z H$m§S>çm Ë¶m a~ar n§nmZm H$mS>r ~gdm. a~a ñQ>m°na n ¶m XmoZ H$m§S>çm 6 ìhmoëQ>À¶m ~°Q>arbm A°ZmoS> H°$WmoS> OmoS>m. 6V n ‘J‘Ü¶o Bbo³Q´>moS>g ~wS>Vrb Aem ~Q>Z ~°Q>ar nÜXVrZo nmUr AmoVm. Ë¶mV {dab / AmH¥$Vr 1.6 nmÊ¶mMo n¥W:H$aU ED gm¢å¶ gëâ`w[aH$ AmåbmMo H$mhr W|~ Q>mH$m. SH n XmoZ narjmZù¶m ¿¶m Ë¶mV nmUr ^am Am{U Ë`m XmoZ H$m~©Z Bbo³Q´>moS>g H$m§S>çmÀ¶mdaVr CbQ> H$ê$Z ~gdm. I BL EP S {dÚwVàdmhmMo ~Q>Z Mmby H$am Am{U {dÚwV CnH$aU H$mhr doimgmR>r hbdy ZH$m. Y¸$m bmdy R TB n U ZH$m. BE @K n Vwåhmbm XmoÝhr Bbo³Q´>moS>gOdi ~wS>~wS>o ¶oV Agë¶mMo {Z[ajUmg ¶oB©b. ~wS>~wS>o n[ajm ZirVrb nmÊ¶mMr OmJm KoVmV. n XmoÝhr n[ajm Zir‘Ü¶o O‘m Pmboë¶m dm¶yMo AmH$ma‘mZ g‘mZ Amho H$m ? n EH$Xm Oa n[ajmZir g§~§YrV dm¶yZo ^abr Agob Va Ë¶m n[ajmZù¶m H$miOrnyd©H$ H$mT>m. TO n n[ajmZirÀ¶m Vm|S>mer OiVr ‘oU~Îmr Odi KoD$Z EH$ EH$ dm¶y§Mr n[ajm H$am. n I~aXmar : hr nm¶ar {ejH$m§À¶m ‘XVrZo H$miOrnyd©H$ H$am. T n àË¶oH$ KQ>Zo‘Ü¶o H$m¶ KS>ob ? O N CnH«$‘ 1.8 n {MZr‘mVrÀ¶m ~er‘Ü¶o 2gm {gëìha ³bmoamB©S> ¿¶m. gy¶©àH$me n Ë¶mMm a§J H$gm Amho ? n {MZr‘mVrMr ~er H$mhr doi {MZr‘mVrMr ßboQ> gw¶©àH$memV R>odm (AmH¥$Vr 1.7) {gëìha ³bmoamB©S> n H$m§hr doimZ§Va {gëìha ³bmoamB©S>À¶m AmH¥$Vr 1.7 gy¶©àH$memV {gëìha ³bmoamB©S>À¶m a§JmMo {ZarjU H$am. H$aS>çm a§JmMo énm§Va Mm§XrÀ¶m YmVy‘Ü¶o hmoVo. 12 {dkmZ AmnU nm{hbo Agob H$s, nm§T>è¶m a§JmÀ¶m {gëìha ³bmoamB©S>Mo énm§Va gy¶©àH$mem‘Ü¶o H$aS²>¶m a§Jm‘Ü¶o hmoVo. ho gd© gw¶©àH$memnmgyZ {gëìha ³bmoamB©S>Mo AnKQ>Z hmodyZ {gëìha (Mm§Xr) Am{U ³bmoarZ V¶ma hmoVo. 2AgCl(s) gy¶©àH$me 2Ag(s)+Cl2(g)..........(1.22) {gëìha ~«mo‘mB©S>‘Ü¶o gwÜXm ¶mM àH$mao {H«$¶m hmoVo. 2 AgBr(s) gy`©àH$me 2Ag(s) + Br2 (g).......(1.23) H¥$îUYdb (ãb°H$ A±S> ìhmB©Q>) ’$moQ>mo J«m’$s‘Ü¶o darbA{^{H«$¶oMm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. ¶m AnKQ>Z {H«$¶m KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r H$moUË¶m ñdénmVrb COm© H$maUr^yV AgVo ? AmnU nm{hbmM AmhmV H$s AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o A{^{H«$¶mH$maH$mMo AnKQ>Z KS>dyZ AmUÊ¶mgmR>r CO}Mr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo ‘J Vr CîUVm, àH$me, qH$dm {dÚwV COm© ED Agob. Á¶m A{^{H«$¶o‘Ü¶o COm© qH$dm CîUVm J«hU Ho$br OmVo Ë¶mbmM Cî‘mJ«mhr qH$dm SH CîUVmemofH$ A{^{H«$¶m Ago åhUVmV. Imbrb CnH«$‘ H$am I BL EP S n[ajmZir_Ü`o 2 J«°_ ~oar`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S> ¿`m. Ë`m_Ü`o 1 J«°_ Am_mo{Z`_ R TB U ŠbmoamB©S> ¿`m Am{U H$mMH$m§S>rÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Vo Ë`mV {_gim. VihmVmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo BE @K n[ajmZirÀ`m ImbÀ`m ^mJmbm ñne© H$am. Vwåhmbm H$emMr OmUrd hmoVo ? hr Cî_mXm`r {H$ Cî_mJ«mhr A{^{H«$`m Amho ? àíZ : 1. MwZm a§Jg\o$XrgmR>r "x' nXmWm©Mo ÐmdU dmnabo Amho. TO ? 1) "x' nXmWm©Mo Zmd {bhÿZ Ë`mMo gwÌ {bhm. i) "x' nXmWm©À`m ZmdmMr {H«$`m {bhm. ii) nmÊ`m ~amo~a T O {H«$`m N 2. CnH«$_ 1.7 _Ü`o EH$m n[ajmZirVrb dm`yMo AmH$ma_mZ Xþgè`m n[ajmZirVrb dm`yÀ`m AmH$ma_mZmÀ`m XþßnQ> Amho H$maU {bhm? amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo 13 1.2.3 {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m (Displacement Reaction) CnH«$_ 1.9 n VrZ bmoI§S>r {Iio ¿`m d Vo g±S> ñQ>±S> nonaZo (nm°bre nona) KmgyZ ñdÀN> H$am. n[ajm Zir n XmoZ n[ajm Zù`m ¿`m Am{U Xmoam Ë`mda A Am{U B Aem IwUm H$m°na gë’o$Q>Mo H$am. àË`oH$ n[ajmZir_Ü`o. ÐmdU 10ml H$m°na gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU bmoI§S>r {Iim ¿`m. n XmoZ bmoI§S>r {Iio Xmoè`mZo ~m§Ym ED Am{U H$m°na gë\o$Q>Zo ÐmdU Agboë`m B n[ajmZir_Ü`o 20 SH (a) {_ZrQ>m§gmR>r R>odm. (AmH¥$Vr 1.8 AmH¥$Vr (1.8) H$m°na gë’o$Q>À¶m ÐmdUmV I (a) EH$ {Iim VwbZm BL bmoI§S>r {Iim ~wS>dm EP S H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~mOybm R>odm. R TB U n 20 {_ZrQ>mZ§Va bmoI§S>r {Iio H$m° n a gë\o $ Q>À`m ÐmdUmVy Z BE @K H$mT>m. n A Am{U B n[ajmZirVrb H$m°na gë\o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmÀ`m {Zù`m a§JmÀ`m_Yrb VwbZm H$am. (AmH¥$Vr 1.8 (b)) n VgoM H$m°na gb\o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmVrb bmoI§S>r {Iù`mMr ~mhoa R>odboë`m bmoI§S>r TO {Iù`mÀ`m a§Jm~amo~a VwbZm H$am. (AmH¥$Vr 1.8 (b)) T O N H$m°na gë\o$Q>À`m n[ajmZir bmoI§S>r H$m°na ÐmdUmVyZ bmoI§S>r gë\o$Q>Mo n[ajmZir ñQ>±S> {Iio {Iio ~mhoa H$mT>bo ÐmdU A{^{H«$`m§Mo {_lU (n[ajmZir A) (n[ajmZir B) (b) AmH¥$Vr 1.8 (b) à`moJmnydu Am{U à`moJmZ§Va bmoI§S>r {Iù`m§Mr Am{U H$m°na gë\o$Q>À`m ÐmdUm§Mr VwbZm bmoI§S>r {Iù`m§Mm a§J Vn{H$ar Am{U H$m°na gë\o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmMm a§J {\$¸$Q> H$m Pmbm ? 14 {dkmZ `m CnH«$_m_Ü`o Imbrb amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m KS>br - Fe(S) + CuSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(S) (1.24) H$m°na gë\o$Q> Am`Z© gë\o$Q> `m A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o, H$m°na gë\o$Q>À`m ÐmdUmVyZ bmoI§S> Vm§ã`mbm {dñWmnrV qH$dm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Vo. `m A{^{H«$`obm {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m åhUVmV. {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`oMr AmUIr H$mhr CXmhaUo Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu (S) (1.25) (H$m°na gë\o$Q>) ([P§H$ gë\o$Q>) Pb (s) + CuCl2 (aq) PbCl2(aq) + Cu (S) (1.26) (H$m°na ŠbmoamB©S>) (boS> ŠbmoamB©S>) ED qPH$ (OñV) Am{U boS> ({ego) hr _wbÐì`o Vm§ã`mnojm OmñV {H«$`merb _wbÐì`o SH AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr Vm§ã`mbm (H$m°nabm) H$m°naÀ`m g§`wJmVyZ {dñWmnrV Ho$bo. I 1.2.4 Xþhoar {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m (Double Displacement Reaction) BL EP S R TB U CnH«$_ 1.10 BE @K n n[ajmZir_Ü`o 3 ml. gmoS>r`_ n[ajZirVrb gë\o$Q>Mo ÐmdU ¿`m. gmoS>r¶‘ gë’o$Q>Mo n Xþ g è`m n[ajmZir_Ü`o 3 ml. ÐmdU. TO ~oar`_ ŠbmoamB©S> ÐmdU ¿`m. n[ajmZirVrb n XmoÝhr ÐmdUo {_gim (AmH¥$Vr ~oar¶‘ ³bmoamB©S>Mo ÐmdU T 1.9) O AmH¥$Vr 1.9 ~oar¶‘ ñb’o$Q> Am{U N n Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bm. gmo{S>¶‘ ³bmoamB©S> {‘i{dUo Vwåhr Ago {ZarjU H$amb H$s, nmÊ`mV A{dÐmì` Agbobm nm§T>am nXmW© {Z_m©U hmoB©b. Aem àH$maÀ`m {Z_m©U Pmboë`m A{dÐmì` nXmWm©bm Adjon Ago åhUVmV. Á`m A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o AdjonmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Ë`mbm Adjon A{^{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) BaSO4 (S) + 2NaCl (aq)........(1.27) (gmoS>r`_ gë\o$Q>) (~oar`_ ŠbmoamB©S>) (~oar`_ gë\o$Q>) (gmoS>r`_ ŠbmoamB©S>) `mMo H$maU H$m`? SO Am{U Ba `m§À`m A{^{H«$`o_wio nm§T>è`m a§JmMm Adjon 4 2- 2+ BaSO {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Ë`m~amo~a gmoS>r`_ ŠbmoamB©S> `m CËnmXrVmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo H$s Omo 4 ÐmdUm_Ü`o {e„H$ Amho. Aem àH$maÀ`m A{^{H«$`m_Ü`o A{^{H«$`mH$maH$m§_Yrb Am`Zm§Mr AXbm~Xb hmoVo Ë`mbm Xþhoar {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo 15 CnH«$_ 1.2 Mo ñ_aU H$am. Á`m {R>H$mUr Vwåhr boS> (II) Zm`Q´>oQ> Am{U nmoQ>°{e`_ Am`moS>mB©S> hr ÐmdUo {_gibr hmoVr. 1) H$moUË`m a§JmMm Adjon {Z_m©U Pmbm hmoVm ? AdjonrV g§`wJmMo Zmd gm§Jy eH$mb ? 2) `m A{^{H«$`ogmR>r g§VwbrV amgm`{ZH$ g{_H$aU {bhm. 3) hr gwÜXm Xþhoar {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m Amho H$m? 1.2.5 Am°ŠgrS>oeZ Am{U jnU (Oxidation And Reduction) CnH«$_ 1.11 {MZr‘mVrÀ¶m ~erV ED VmaoMr Omir n {MZr_mVrÀ`m ~er_Ü`o 1gm Vm§ã¶mMo MwU© VrZ nm¶mMo ñQ>±S> Vm§ã`mMo MyU© KoD$Z CîUVm Úm. SH (AmH¥$Vr 1.10) ~Z©a I n Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bm ? BL EP S R TB AmH¥$Vr 1.10 Vm§ã¶m§Mo H$m°na Am°³gmB©S> ‘Ü¶o Am°³grS>oeZ U BE @K Vm§ã`mÀ`m MyUm©À`m n¥ð>^mJmda H$mù`m H$m°na (II) Am°ŠgmB©S>Mm bon MT>Vmo. hm H$mim nXmW© H$m V`ma hmoVmo ? H$maU H$m°na Am°ŠgrOZ ~amo~a {_giVmo Am{U H$m°na Am°ŠgmB©S>Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. 2Cu+O CîUVm 2 CuO...............................(1.28) 2 Vá nXmW© (CuO) `m§da hm`S´>moOZ dm`y Omdy {Xbm AgVm H$mio bonZ (AmdaU) TO Agbobm n¥ð>^mJ VnH$sar hmoVmo H$maU `m {R>H$mUr {déÜX A{^{H«$`m hmoD$Z Vm§ã`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. T O CuO+H CîUVm Cu + H O.............................(1.29) 2 2 N Oa amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`odoir nXmWm©Zo Am°pŠgOZ KoVbm Va Ë`mbm Am°pŠgS>oeZ Ago åhUVmV. Oa amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o nXmWm©Zo Am°pŠgOZ J_m{dbm Va Ë`mbm jnU Ago åhUVmV. (1.29) `m amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`odoir H$m°na II Am°ŠgmBS> Am°pŠgOZ J_m{dVmo Am{U jnU hmoVo. VgoM hm`S´>moOZ Am°pŠgOZ KoVmo `mbm Am°pŠgS>oeZ åhUVmV. Xþgè`m eãXmV gm§Jmd`mMo Pmë`mg amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`odoir EH$ A{^{H«$`mH$maH$ Am°ŠgrS>rH$maH$ AgVmo Ë`mMdoir Xþgam jnUH$ AgVmo, Aem A{^{H«$`obm Am°pŠgS>oeZ - jnU A{^{H«$`m qH$dm aoS>m°Šg A{^{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. Am°ŠgrS>oeZ CîUVm (1.30) jnU 16 {dkmZ aoS>m°Šg A{^{H«$`oMr AmUIr H$mhr § CXmhaUo : ZnO+C Zn+CO (1.31) MnO2 + 4 HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 (1.32) amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m (1.31) _Ü`o H$m~©ZMo Am°pŠgS>oeZ hmoD$Z CO ~ZVo Am{U ZnO Mo jnU hmoD$Z Zn ~ZVo. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m (1.32) _Ü`o HCl Mo Am°ŠgrS>oeZ hmoD$Z Cl ~ZVm VgoM MnO Mo jnU hmoD$Z MnCl ~ZVmo. 2 2 2 darb CXmhaUmdéZ AmnU Ago åhUy eH$Vmo H$s, A{^{H«$`odoir Oa nXmWm©Zo Am°pŠgOZ KoVbm qH$dm hm`S´>moOZ J_m{dbm Am{U hm`S´>moOZ KoVbm Va Am°pŠgS>oeZ hmoVo. Oa A{^{H«$`odoir nXmWm©Zo Am°pŠgOZ J_m{dbm Am{U hm`S´>moOZ KoVbm Va jnU hmoVo. ED CnH«$_ 1.1 Mo ñ_aU H$am : Á`m {R>H$mUr _°¾o{e`_Mr Vma hdoVrb Am°ŠgrOZ ~amo~a SH àIa Á`moVrZo OiVo Am{U _°¾o{e`_ Am°ŠgmB©S> `m nm§T>è`m nXmWm©_Ü`o ~Xb Pmbm. `m A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o _°¾o{e`_Mo Am°pŠgS>rH$aU H$s jnU hmoVo ? I BL EP S 1.3 X¡Z§XrZ OrdZmVrb Am°pŠgS>oeZ A{^{H«$`oÀ¶m n[aUm_mMo Vwåhr {Z[ajU Ho$bo Amho R TB U H$m ? BE @K 1.3.1 J§OUo / jaU (PrO) (Corrosion) Vwåhr {Z[ajU Ho$bm Agmb H$s bmoI§S>mÀ`m dñVy Z{dZ AgVmZm MH$mH$VmV, nU H$mhr H$mbmdYrZ§Va Ë`m nXmWm©da Vm§~yg / bmb Vn{H$ar a§JmMo AmdaU O_m hmoVo. øm {H«$`obm bmoI§S>mMo J§OUo Ago åhUVmV. `mM nÕVrZo AmUIr H$mhr YmVy§Mo VoOhr H$_r TO hmoVo. Vwåhr Vm§~o Am{U Mm§Xr `m§À`mda O_m Pmboë`m AmdaUmÀ`m a§JmMo {ZarjU Ho$bm Amho H$m ? Ooìhm EImÚm YmVyda AmÐVm, Amåb BË`mXr nXmWmªMm n[aUm_ / AmKmV T O hmoVmo Voìhm Ë`mbm PrO /jaU Ago åhUVmV Ë`m {H«$`obm J§OUo / jaU Ago åhUVmV. N Mm§XrÀ`m nXmWm©da H$mù`m a§JmMo AmdaU Am{U Vm§ã`mÀ`m nXmWm©da {haì`m a§JmMo AmdaU hr gd© jaU {H«$`oMr CXmhaUo AmhoV. _moQ>matMo gm§JmS>o, {~«O, AmJJmS>rÀ`m bmoI§S>mÀ`m nQ>è`m (éi) OhmO Am{U YmVynmgyZ ~Zbobo gd© nXmW© Oo bmoI§S>mnmgyZ ~Zbobo AmhoV Ë`m dñVy jaU qH$dm J§OÊ`mnmgyZ Iam~ hmoVmV. bmoI§S>mMo jaU qH$dm J§OUo hr J§^ra g_ñ`m Amho. àË`oH$ dfu Iam~ Pmbobo bmoI§S> ~XbÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV n¡go IM© H$amdo bmJVmV. àH$aU 3 _Ü`o AmnU J§OUo qH$dm jaU `m§{df`r A{YH$ {eH$Uma AmhmV. 1.3.2. IdQ>nUm (Rancidity) Vwåhr H$Yr OmñV H$mbmdYrgmR>r R>odboë`m pñZ½Y`wº$ qH$dm VobH$Q> AÞnXmWm©Mr Md qH$dm dmg KoVbm Amho H$m ? amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo 17 Ooìhm pñZ½Y nXmW© Am{U VobH$Q> nXmWm©Mo Am°pŠgS>oeZ hmoVo Voìhm Vo IdQ> hmoVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mm dmg d Mdhr ~XbVo. gm_mÝ`V: Oo nXmW© Am°pŠgS>oeZbm {damoY H$aVmV (A±Q>rAm°pŠgS>§Q>) Vo nXmW© pñZ½Y`wŠV Am{U Vob`wŠV nXmWm©_Ü`o {_gibo OmVmV. hdm~§X S>ã`m_Ü`o ImÚnXmW© R>odbo AgVm Am°ŠgrS>oeZMm doJ _§XmdVmo. AmnUmg _mhrV Amho H$m {MßgMo ({Z_m©Vo) CËnmXH$ gm_mÝ`nUo {MßgÀ`m {nedr_Ü`o Zm`Q´>moOZ dm`y ^aVmV OoUoH$éZ {MßgMo Am°pŠgS>oeZ nmgyZ g§ajU hmoVo. àíZmdbr 1. H$m°na gë\o$Q>À`m ÐmdUm_Ü`o bmoI§S>r {Iio ~wS>dë`mZ§Va Ë`m ÐmdUmMm a§J H$m ~Xbbm ? ? 2. CnH«$_ 1.10 nojm {^Þ Agbobr Xþgar Xþhoar {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m ED `mMo CXmhaU {bhm. SH 3. Imbrb amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m§_Ü`o Am°ŠgrS>oeZ Pmbobo nXmW© Am{U jnU Pmbobo nXmW© AmoiIm. I BL EP S 1) 4 Na(s) + O2 (g) 2 Na2O (s) 2) CuO(s) + H2 (g) Cu(S) + H2O (1) R TB U AmnU H$m` {eH$bm AmhmV ? BE @K n EH$ nyU© amgm`{ZH$ g{_H$aU Oo A{^{H«$`mH$maHo$, CËnmXrVo Am{U Ë`m§À`m ^m¡{VH$ AdñWm {MÝhm§À`m ñdénmV Xe©{dVo. n amgm`{ZH$ g_rH$aUmbm g§VwbrV Ho$bo OmVo Á`m_wio A{^{H«$`mH$maHo$ CËnmXrVo `m§À`m XmoÝhr ~mOy§À`m AUy§Mr g§»`m g_mZ hmoB©b. g_rH$aUo Zoh_r g§VwbrV Agbr nmhrOoV. TO n g§`moJ A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm OmñV nXmW© `m§Mm g§`moJ hmoD$Z EH$M Z{dZ nXmW© V`ma hmoVmo. T n AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$`m hr g§`moJ A{^{H«$`oÀ`m {déÕ Amho. AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o EH$m O nXmWm©Mo {dKQ>Z hmoD$Z XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm OmñV nXmWm©Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. N n Á`m amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o CËnmXrVm§À`m {Z{_©Vr~amo~a CîUVm _wº$ hmoVo Ë`mbm Cî_mXm`r A{^{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. n Á`m amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o CîUVm COm© emofyZ KoVbr OmVo Ë`m A{^{H«$`obm Cî_mJ«mhr A{^{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. n Ooìhm g§`wJmVrb EH$ _wbÐì` Xþgè`m _wbÐì`m_wio {dñWmnrV Ho$bo OmVo Voìhm {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m hmoVo. n XmoZ {d{^Þ AUy qH$dm AUy§Mm JQ> (Am`Ýg) `m§Mr Ooìhm AXbm~Xb hmoVo Ë`mbmM Xþhoar {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. n Adjon A{^{H«$`m A{dÐmì` jmam§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. n amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o nXmWm©À`m Am°pŠgOZ qH$dm hm`S´>moOZ KoUo qH$dm XoUo `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Am°pŠgS>oeZ åhUOo Am°pŠgOZ {_i{dUo Am{U hm`S´>moOZ J_m{dUo. jnU åhUOo Am°pŠgOZ J_m{dUo Am{U hm`S´>moOZ {_i{dUo hmo`. 18 {dkmZ ñdmÜ`m` : 1. amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`oer g§~§YrV Imbrb H$moUVo {dYmZ MyH$ Amho ? 2 PbO(s) + C(s) -----> 2 Pb (s) + CO2 (g) a) boS>Mo jnU hmoUo. b) H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S>Mo Am°pŠgS>oeZ hmoUo. c) H$m~©ZMo Am°pŠgS>oeZ hmoUo d) boS> Am°ŠgmB©S>Mo jnU hmoUo. (i) (a) Am{U (b) (ii) (a) Am{U (c) (iii) (a), (b), Am{U (c) (iv) gd© 2. Fe2O3 + 2Al Al2O3 + 2 Fe darb A{^{H«$`m hr `m A{^{H«$`oMo CXmhmaU Amho. ED (a) g§`moJ A{^{H«$`m (b) Xþhoar {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m (c) AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$`m (d) {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m. SH 3. bmoI§S>r {Iù`m§À`mda hm`S´>moŠbmoarH$ Amåb {_gië`mg H$m` hmoB©b? ~amo~a I CÎmambm IyU H$am. BL EP S R TB a) hm`S´>moOZ dm`y Am{U Am`Z© ŠbmoamB©S>Mr {Z{_©Vr. U b) ŠbmoarZ dm`y Am{U Am`Z© hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mr {Z{_©Vr. BE @K c) amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m KS>V Zmhr. d) bmoI§S>r jma Am{U Ob{Z{_©Vr. 4. g§VwbrV amgm`{ZH$ g{_H$aU åhUOo H$m` ? amgm`{ZH$ g_rH$aUo g§VwbrV H$m AgmdrV ? TO 5. Imbrb {dYmZm§Mo amgm`{ZH$ g{_H$aUm_Ü`o énm§Va H$am Am{U g§VwbrV H$am. T a) hm`S´>moOZMm Zm`Q´>moOZer g§`moJ hmodyZ A_mo{Z`mMr {Z{_©Vr O b) hm`S´>moOZ gë\$mB©Q> dm`y hdoV Omibm AgVm nmUr Am{U gë\$a N S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S>Mr {Z{_©Vr. c) ~oar`_ ŠbmoamB©S>Mr A°ë`w{_Zr`_ gë\o$Q> ~amo~a amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H«$`m hmoD$Z A°ë`w{_Zr`_ ŠbmoamB©S> Am{U ~oar`_ gë\o$Q>Mm Adjon V`ma hmoVmo. d) nmoQ>°{e`_ YmVyMr nmÊ`mer A{^{H«$`m hmoD$Z nmoQ>°{e`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S> Am{U hm`S´>moOZ dm`yMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. 6. amgm`{ZH$ g_rH$aUo g§Vw{bV H$am. (a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O (b) NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O (c) NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3 (d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + HCl amgm¶{ZH$ A{^{H«$¶m Am{U g_rH$aUo 19 7. Imbrb A{^{H«$`m§gmR>r g§VwbrV amgm`{ZH$ g_rH$aU {bhm. a) H°$ëer`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>+H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S > H°$ëer`_ H$m~m|ZoQ>+nmUr. b) qPH$ + {gëìha Zm`Q´>oQ> qPH$ Zm`Q´>oQ> + {gëìha c) A°ë`w{_Zr`_ + H$m°na ŠbmoamB©S> A°ë`w{_Zr`_ ŠbmoamB©S> + H$m°na d) ~oar`_ ŠbmoamB©S> + nmoQ>°{e`_ gë\o$Q> ~oar`_ gë\o$Q> + nmoQ>°{e`_ ŠbmoamB©S> 8. Imbrb A{^{H«$`m§gmR>r g§VwbrV amgm`{ZH$ g{_H$aU {bhm Am{U àË`oH$ A{^{H«$`oMm àH$ma AmoiIm. a) nmoQ>°{e`_ ~«mo_mB©S> (aq) + ~oar`_ Am`moS>mB©S> (aq) nmoQ>°{e`_ Am`moS>mB©S> (aq) + ~oar`_ ~«mo_mB©S> (s) ED b) qPH$ H$m~m}ZoQ> (s) qPH$ Am°ŠgmB©S> (s) + H$m~©Z S>m`AmŠgmB©S> (g) SH c) hm`S´>moOZ (g) + ŠbmoarZ (g) hm`S´>moOZ ŠbmoamB©S> (g) d) _°¾o{e`_ (s) + hm`S´>moŠbmoarH$ A°grS> (aq) I BL EP S _°¾o{e`_ ŠbmoamB©S> (aq) + hm`S´>moOZ (g) R TB U 9. Cî_mXm`r A{^{H«$`m d Cî_mJ«mhr A{^{H«$`m åhUOo H$m` ? CXmhaUo Úm. BE @K 10. ídgZ {H«$`obm Cî_mXm`r A{^{H«$`m Ago H$m åhUVmV ? ñnï>rH$aU Úm. 11. AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$`obm g§`moJ A{^{H«$`oÀ`m {déÜX Amho Ago H$m åhUVmV ? Ë`m A{^{H«$`|gmR>r amgm`{ZH$ g{_H$aU {bhm. 12. AnKQ>Z A{^{H«$`oMo àË`oH$s EH$ amgm`{ZH$ g{_H$aU {bhm, Á`m A{^{H«$`o_Ü`o TO COm© hr CîUVm, àH$me qH$dm {dÚwVÀ`m ñdénmV nwa{dbobr Amho. 13. {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m d Xþhoar {dñWmnZ A{^{H«$`m `mVrb \$aH$ {bhm ? Ë`m T A{^{H«$`m§gmR>r amgm`{ZH$ g_rH$aU {bhm. O 14. {gbìhaÀ`m ewÕrH$aUm_Ü`o, {gbìha Zm`Q´>oQ>À`m ÐmdUmVyZ H$m°na YmVyÀ`m N {dñWmnZmZo {gëìha {_i{dbm OmVmo. `m_Yrb amgm`{ZH$ g{_H$aU {bhm. 15. Adjon A{^{H«$`m åhUOo H$m` ? CXmhaU XoD$Z ñnï> H$am. 16. àË`oH$s XmoZ CXmhaUo XoD$Z Am°pŠgOZ {_i{dUo d J_{dUo `m ì`m»`m ñnï> H$am. 1. Am°ŠgrS>oeZ 2. jnU 17. MH$MH$sV Vn{H$ar a§JmMo _wbÐì` 'x' hdoV Vmn{dë`mg H$mù`m a§JmMo hmoVo. 'x' _wbÐì`mMo Am{U H$mù`m a§JmÀ`m g§`wJmMo Zmd {bhm. 18. bmoI§S>r dñVy§Zm AmnU a§J H$m bmdVmo ? 19. pñZ½Y d Vob`wŠV ImÚnXmW© Zm`Q´>moOZZr hdm~§X H$aVmV. H$m ? 20. Imbrb ì`m»`m§Mo àË`oH$s EH$ CXmhaU XoD$Z ñnï>rH$aU Úm. 1) jaU / J§OUo 2) IdQ>nUm. 20 {dkmZ gm_yhrH$ CnH«$_ Imbrb CnH«$_ H$am. n Mma M§MwnmÌo ¿`m Am{U Ë`m§Zm A, B, C, Am{U D Aer Zmdo Úm. n A, B, C `m M§MwnmÌm_Ü`o 25 ml nmUr ¿`m Am{U D M§MwnmÌm_Ü`o H$m°na gë\o$Q> ¿`m. n darb Mmahr M§MwnmÌm_Yrb Ðdm§À`m Vmn_mZmMr _moO_mn H$éZ Zm|X H$am. n A, B, C Am{U D M§MwnmÌm_Ü`o XmoZ M_Mo nmoQ>°{e`_ gë\o$Q>, A_mo{Z`_ Zm`Q´>oQ>, H$moaS>o H$m°na gë\o$Q> Am{U bmoI§S>r Mwam AZwH«$_o Kmbm Am{U T>dim. n darb àË`oH$ {_lUmMo A§Vr_ Vmn_mZ _moOm Am{U Ë`mMr Zm|X H$am. ED {ZgJm©Vrb Cî_mXm`r d Cî_mJ«mhr A{^{H«$`m H$moUË`m AmhoV Vo emoYyZ H$mT>m. SH h h h h I BL EP S R TB U BE @K TO T O N DªÀÄèUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀævÁåªÀÄèUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ®ªÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ 21 àH$aU 2 Amåb, AëH$br Am{U jma (Acids, Bases and Salts) Vwåhr Vw_À`m _mJrb B`Îmo_Ü`o {eH$bm AmhmV H$s AÞmMr Am§~Q> Am{U H$Sy> Md hr Amåb Am{U AëH$br_wio AgVo, Oo Ë`m AÞ nXmWm©_Ü`o AZwH«$_o AñVrËdmV AgVmV. Oa Vw_À`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb EImXm gXñ` OmñV Imëë`m_wio A°{gS>rQ>rZo ÌñV Amho hr g_ñ`m ~ar hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m gXñ`mbm Cnm` åhUyZ qb~y ga~V, pìhZoJma qH$dm ImÊ`mÀ`m gmoS>çmMo ÐmdU `mn¡H$s H$m` ED Úmb? n Vwåhr Cnm` H$aV AgVmZm H$moUË`m JwUY_m©Mm {dMma H$amb? SH ImÌrnyd©H$ Vwåhr Vw_À`m kmZmMm dmna H$amb Ogo Amåb Am{U AëH$br _Ü`o nañnam§da I hmoUmam n[aUm_ Zï> H$aÊ`mMm JwUY_© Amho. BL EP S R TB n ñ_aU H$am H$s, AmnU AÞnXmWm©Mr Md Z KoVm Ë`m§Mm Am§~Q> Am{U H$Sy>nUmMr H$er n[ajm U KoVbr Amho. BE @K Vwåhr AJmoXaM OmUVm AmhmV H$s, Amåbm§Mr Md Am§~Q> AgVo Am{U Vo {Zim {bQ>_g nonaMm a§J bmb H$aVmV. VgoM AëH$btMr Md H$Sy> AgVo Am{U Vo Vm§~S>çm {bQ>_g nonaMm a§J {Zim H$aVmV. {bQ>_g hm Z¡g{J©H$ Xe©H$ Amho. `mgmaImM hiXr nonahr Xe©H$ Amho. AmnU nm{hbm Agmb H$s nm§T>è`m H$nS>çm§da Am_Q>rMo S>mJ AgVrb Am{U Ë`mbm Ooìhm gm~UmZo TO Kmgbo OmVo Voìhm Vo bmbga Vn{H$ar hmoVmV. H$maU gm~U {ZgJ©V… AëH$br Amho. Vmo nwÝhm {ndim hmoVmo Ooìhm Vo H$mnS> ^anwa nmÊ`mZo YwVbo OmVo. Vwåhr H¥${Ì_ Xe©H$ Ogo {_WmB©b Am°a|O T Am{U {\$Zm°ë\$WobrZ Amåb Am{U AëH$br `m§À`m n[ajoH$arVm dmnê$ eH$Vm. O `m àH$aUm_Ü`o AmnU Amåb AëH$br `m§À`m A{^{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. N Amåb Am{U AëH$br ñdV…Mm n[aUm_ H$gm Zï> H$aVmV Am{U AmUIr Aem ~è`mM X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb _OoXma Jmoï>r Á`m AmnU dmnaVmo Am{U nmhVmo `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. Vwåhmbm _mhrV Amho H$m? {bQ>_g ÐmdU ho Om§^ù`m a§JmMo AgyZ, ho ÐmdU XJS>\y$b `m W°bmo\$m`Q>m JQ>mVrb dZñnVrnmgyZ ~Z{dbo OmVo Am{U Ë`mMm Zoh_r Xe©H$ åhUyZ Cn`moJ H$aVmV. Ooìhm {bQ>_g ÐmdU ho Amåbr` Am{U AëH$br` hr ZgVo Voìhm Ë`mMm a§J Om§^im AgVmo. Aem àH$maMr ^anya Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZo AmhoV Ogo bmb H$mo~r nmZ, hiXr, H$mhr \w$bm§À`m a§JrV nmH$ù`m CXmhaUmW© hm`S´>oÝOr`m, noQy>{Z`m Am{U Oram°{Z`_ ho gd© ÐmdUmVrb Amåb qH$dm AëH$brMo AñVrËd Xe©{dVmV. Ë`mZmM Amåb AëH$br Xe©H$ åhUVmV qH$dm H$mhr doim \$º$ Xe©H$ åhUVmV. 22 {dkmZ àíZ ? 1. Vwåhmbm VrZ n[ajmZù`m nwa{dboë`m AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$m n[ajmZir_Ü`o CÜd©nmVrV nmUr Amho AmUIr XmoZ n[ajmZir_Ü`o AZwH«$_o Amåbr` ÐmdU Am{U AëH$br` ÐmdU Amho. Oa Vwåhmbm \$º$ bmb {bQ>_g nona nwa{dbm Amho, àË`oH$ n[ajmZir_Yrb nXmWmªMr AmoiI H$er H$amb? 2.1 Amåb Am{U AëH$brMo amgm`{ZH$ JwUY_© g_OmdyZ KoUo 2.1.1 à`moJemio_Ü`o Amåb Am{U AëH$br (Acids and Bases in the Laboratory) CnH«$_ 2.1 ED I SH BL EP S R TB U BE @K Vº$m 2.1 TO ÐmdUmMo bmb {bQ>_gMo {Zù`m {bQ>_gMo {\$Zm°ë\$WobrZMo {_WmB©b T Z_yZo ÐmdU ÐmdU ÐmdU Am°a|OMo ÐmdU O N a§JmVrb n[adV©ZmÛmao Xe©H$ Amnë`mbm gyMrV H$aVmV H$s, nXmW© Amåbr` qH$dm AëH$br Amho. H$mhr nXmW© Ago AmhoV H$s, Á`m§Mm J§Y/dmg Amåbr` qH$dm AëH$br` _mÜ`_m_Ü`o ~XbVmo. Ë`mbmM J§Yr` Xe©H$ qH$dm K«mUr` Xe©H$ Ago åhUVmV. AmVm AmnU Aem àH$maÀ`m H$mhr Xe©H$m§~Ôb à`ËZ H$ê$`m. CnH«$_ 2.2 n ~marH$ VwH$S>o Ho$boë`m H$mhr H$m§ÚmMo VwH$S>o ñdÀN> H$nS>çm§À`m VwH$S>çm~amo~a EH$m ßb°ñQ>rH$À`m {nedrV ¿`m {nedrbm KÅ> ~m§YyZ amÌ^a {\«$O_Ü`o R>odm. AmVm H$nS>çm§Mo VwH$S>o Amåb Am{U AëH$brÀ`m n[ajogmR>r dmnam. Amåb, AëH$br Am{U jma 23 n H$nS>çm§À`m VwH$S>çm§_Yrb XmoZ H$mnS>çmMo VwH$S>o KodyZ Ë`m§À`m dmgmMr VnmgUr H$am. n Ë`m§Zm ñdÀN> n¥ð>^mJmda R>odm Am{U Ë`m_Yrb EH$m VwH$S>çmda {dab hm`S´>moŠbmoarH$ AmåbmÀ`m ÐmdUmMo H$mhr W|~ gmoS>m Am{U Xþgè`m VwH$S>çm§da {dab gmoS>r`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mo H$mhr W|~ gmoS>m. n XmoÝhr H$mnS>çm§Mo VwH$S>o (nÅ>`m) nmÊ`mZo Ywdm Am{U nwÝhm Ë`m§À`m dmgmMr VnmgUr H$am. n Vw_À`m {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X H$am. n AmVm WmoS>m {dab ìho{ZbmMm AH©$ Am{U bd§JmMo Vob ¿`m Am{U Ë`m§À`m dmgmMr VnmgUr H$am. n EH$m n[ajmZir_Ü`o WmoS>o {dab hm`S´>moŠbmoarH$ AmåbmMo ÐmdU ¿`m Am{U Xþgè`m n[ajmZir_Ü`o {dab gmoS>r`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mo ÐmdU ¿`m. XmoÝhr n[ajmZir§À`m _Ü`o {dab ìho{ZbmMo AH$m©Mo H$mhr W|~ {_gim Am{U Mm§Jbo hbdm. nwÝhm EH$Xm Ë`mÀ`m dmgmMr VnmgUr H$am Am{U dmgm_Ü`o H$moUVmhr ~Xb OmUdë`mg Ë`mMr Zm|X H$am. ED n Ë`mMà_mUo bd§JmÀ`m VobmÀ`m dmgmMr n[ajm {dab hm`S´>moŠbmoarH$ AmåbmMo ÐmdU Am{U {dab gmoS>r`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mo ÐmdU `m§À`m ~amo~a H$am Am{U Vw_À`m {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X H$am. SH Vw_À`m {Z[ajUmÀ`m AmYmao ìho{Zbm, H$m§Xm Am{U bd§J `mn¡H$s H$moUmMm AmnU J§Yr` I BL EP S Xe©H$ (K«mUr` Xe©H$) åhUyZ Cn`moJ H$ê$ eH$Vmo? R TB U Amåb Am{U AëH$br `m§À`m amgm`{ZH$ JwUY_mªZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r AmUIr H$mhr BE @K CnH«$_ H$ê$`m. 2.1.2 Amåb Am{U AëH$br YmVy§er H$er amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m H$aVrb? (How do Acids and Bases react with Metals?) CnH«$_ 2.3 TO I~aXmar : øm CnH«$_m§gmR>r {ejH$m§À`m ghH$m`m©Mr JaO Amho. n AmH¥$Vr 2.1 _Ü`o XmI{dë`mà_mUo CnH$aUmMr _m§S>Ur H$am. T O n EH$m n[ajmZir_Ü`o 5 {_br {dab gëâ`w[aH$ Amåb ¿`m Am{U Ë`m_Ü`o OñVmMo H$mhr N VwH$S>o {_gim. n OñVmÀ`m VwH$S>çm§À`m n¥ð>^mJmda Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bm? n CËgOuV dm`ybm gm~UmÀ`m ÐmdUmVyZ àdmhrV H$am. n gm~UmÀ`m ÐmdUmVyZ ~wS>~wS>o H$m `oVmV? n OiVr _oZ~Îmr dm`yZo ^aboë`m ~wS>~wS>çm§Odi KoD$Z Om. n AmnU H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bm? n AmUIr H$mhr Amåbo Ogo H$s HCl, HNO Am{U CH COOH `m§À`m ~amo~a hm CnH«$_ 3 3 nwÝhm H$am. n àË`oH$ doir gd© {ZarjUo gmaIrM AmhoV H$s {^Þ AmhoV? 24 {dkmZ dm`ydmhH$ ZbrH$m ñQ>±S> \$Q>-\$Q> AmdmOmgh hm`S´>moOZ dm`yMo ÁdbZ n[ajm Zir _oU~Îmr hm`S´>moOZ {dab gë\w$[aH$ Amåb dm`yMo ~wS>~wS>o hm`S´>moOZZo ^abobo OñVmMo H$U gm~UmMo ~wS>~wS>o gm~UmMo ÐmdU ED SH Am. 2.1 {dab gëâ`warH$ Amåbm~amo~a OñVmÀ`m H$Um§Mr amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m Am{U ÁdbZ H$ê$Z h¡S´>moOZ dm`yMr n[ajm KoUo I BL EP S darb amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m§À`m_Ü`o YmVy Amåbm§À`m _YyZ hm`S´>moOZ dm`ybm {dñWmnrV H$aVmo R TB U `mMr Zm|X ¿`m. `mMr _m{hVr hm`S´>moOZ dm`y _wº$ Pmë`mZ§Va hmoVo. AmåbmVrb {e„H$ am{hboë`m BE @K Adeofm§~amo~a YmVy§Mm g§`moJ hmoVmo Am{U g§`wJmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Ë`mbmM jma Ago åhUVmV. åhUyZ YmVy§Mr Amåbm§~amo~a Pmbobr amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m WmoS>Š`mVAer ì`º$ H$ê$ eH$Vmo. Amåb + YmVy ® jma + hm`S´>moOZ dm`y AmVm AmnU Á`m amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`oMo {Z[ajU Ho$bo Amho Ë`mMo amgm`{ZH$ g{_H$aU {bhÿ TO eH$Vm H$m? T CnH«$_ 2.4 O N n EH$m n[ajoZir_Ü`o OñV YmVyMo H$Um§À`m ñdê$nmV Agbobo VwH$S>o Q>mH$m. n Ë`m_Ü`o 2 ml gmoS>r`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mo ÐmdU {_gim Am{U n[ajmZirVrb nXmWm©bm Ja_ H$am. n Ë`mZ§Va CnH«$_ 2.3 _Ü`o {Xë`mà_mUo gd© {H«$`m nm`ar-nm`arZo nwÝhm H$am Am{U {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X H$am. KS>Umar amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m Imbrbà_mUo {bhÿ eH$Vmo. 2 NaOH (aq) + Zn(s) ® Na ZnO (s) + H (g) 2 2 2 (gmoS>r`_ qPHo$Q>) Vwåhmbm `m amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`o_Ü`o nwÝhm hm`S´>moOZ AmT>ibm. na§Vw Aem àH$maÀ`m amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m gd© YmVy§À`m ~amo~a KS>Ê`mMr g§^mdZm Zmhr. Amåb, AëH$br Am{U jma 25 2.1.3 YmVy H$m~m}ZoQ> Am{U YmVy hm`S´>moOZ H$m~m}ZoQ>g `m§Mr Amåbm§~amo~a amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m H$er hmoVo? (How do Metal Carbonates and Metal Hydrogen Carbonates react with Acids?) CnH«$_ 2.5 {Wgb \$Zob ñQ>±S> n XmoZ n[ajmZù`m ¿`m, ~yM dm`ydmhH$ Z{bH$m Ë`m§Zm A Am{U B Ago n[ajm Zir Zm§d Úm. n A n[ajmZir_Ü`o 0.5 g H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S> dm`y gmo{S>`_ H$m~m}ZoQ> {dab hm`S´>moŠbmoarH$ n[ajmZir H°$ëer`_ Amåb hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mo ÐmdU (Na CO ) ¿`m Am{U B ED 2 3 gmoS>r`_ H$m~m}ZoQ> n[ajmZir_Ü`o 0.5 g SH gmo { S>`_ hm`S´ > mo O Z Am. 2.2 H°$ëer`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>À`m ÐmdUmVyZ H$m~m} Z o Q > (NaHCO ) H$m~©Z S>m`Am°ŠgmB©S> àdmhrV H$aUo I 3 ¿`m. BL EP S R TB U n XmoÝhr n[ajmZir_Ü`o 2 ml {dab HCl {_gim. BE @K n Vwåhr H$m` {ZarjU Ho$bm? n Am. 2.2 Zwgma àË`oH$ pñWVr_YyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobm CËnmXrV dm`y MwÝ`mÀ`m {Zdir_YyZ (H°$ëer`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mo ÐmdU) àdmhrV H$am Am{U Vw_À`m {ZarjUm§Mr Zm|X H$am. TO T O N 26 {dkmZ 2.1.4 Amåb Am{U AëH$br nañnamer H$er amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m H$aVrb? CnH«$_ 2.6 n EH$m n[ajoZir_Ü`o gw_mao 2 ml {dab gmoS>r`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mo ÐmdU ¿`m Am{U Ë`m_Ü`o {\$Zm°ë\$WobrZ ÐmdUmMo XmoZ W|~ {_gim. n ÐmdUmMm a§J H$moUVm Amho? n `m ÐmdUm_Ü`o {dab hm`S´>moŠbmoarH$ Amåb ÐmdU W|~m-W|~mZo {_gim. n amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`oÀ`m {_lUmÀ`m a§Jm_Ü`o H$moUVm ~Xb Pmbm H$m? n Amåb {_gië`mZ§Va {\$Zm°ë\$WobrZÀ`m a§Jm_Ü`o H$m ~Xb Pmbm? n AmVm darb {_lUm_Ü`o gmoS>r`_ hm`S´>m°ŠgmB©S>Mo H$mhr W|~ Q>mH$m. ED n {\$Zm°ë\$WobrZbm nwÝhm Jwbm~r a§J àmá Pmbm H$m? n ho Ago H$m KS>Vo? SH darb CnH«$_m_Ü`o AmnU {ZarjU Ho$bm AmhmV H$s, AëH$brMm à^md Amåbm_wio Zï> I BL EP S hmoVmo Am{U Amåbm§Mm à^md AëH$brZo Zï> hmoVmo. amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m§Zm Aem àH$mao {bhÿ eH$Vmo- R TB U NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) ® NaCl (aq) + H O (l) 2 BE @K Á`m amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`o_Ü`o Amåb Am{U AëH$br `m§À`m_Ü`o amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m hmoD$Z jma Am{U nmÊ`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Ë`m amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`obm CXm{gZrH$aU {H«$`m Ago åhUVmV. gm_mÝ`V… CXm{gZrH$aU {H«$`m Aer {bhÿ eH$Vmo- AëH$br + Amåb ® jma + nmUr 2.1.5 YmVy§À`m Am°ŠgmB©S>Mr Amåbm§~amo~a {H«$`m TO (Reaction of Metallic oxides with Acids) T CnH«$_ 2.7 O M§MwnmÌm_Ü`o WmoS>çm à_mUmV H$m°na Am°ŠgmB©S> ¿`m Am{U Ë`m_Ü`o T>diV hiwdmanUo N n {dab hm`S´>moŠbmoarH$ Amåb {_gim. n ÐmdUmÀ`m a§JmMr Zm|X H$am. H$m°na Am°ŠgmB©S>Mo H$m` Pmbo? AmnUmg Ago {Xgob H$s, ÐmdUmMm a§J {Zim-{hadm hmoB©b Am{U H$m°na Am°ŠgmB©S> {daKibo. amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`o_Ü`o (II) H$m°na ŠbmoamB©S>Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmë`m_wio ÐmdUmMm a§J {Zim- {hadm Pmbm. YmVyMo Am°ŠgmB©S> Am{U Amåb `m§À`mVrb gm_mÝ` {H«$`m Aer {bhÿ eH$Vmo- YmVy§Mo Am°ŠgmB©S> + Amåb ® jma + n

10th Science Marathi (Part-1) PDF

Document Details

Tags

Related

Summary

Full Transcript

Upgrade to continue