Module 14: Studying in Canada - PDF

MODULE 14 STUDYING IN CANADA - PARTICULAR CONSIDERATIONS Welcome to Module 14 where we will discuss the temporary resident category of students. "Particular considerations" refers to atypical situations that you may come across in your encounters with inter...

MODULE 14 STUDYING IN CANADA - PARTICULAR CONSIDERATIONS Welcome to Module 14 where we will discuss the temporary resident category of students. "Particular considerations" refers to atypical situations that you may come across in your encounters with international students and their families. 1  OVERVIEW OF MODULE 14 01 STUDYING IN CANADA AS A MINOR 02 STUDYING WITHOUT A STUDY PERMIT 03 REFUGEES AND ASYLUM-SEEKERS You already know that there are multiple classes of temporary residents, including visitors, students, and workers. In this module, we will focus on the category of students. This module discusses the Student Class as well as particular categories of applicants including minors, visitors, and refugees and asylum-seekers who may become students. We will also discuss legal terms and eligibility criteria for obtaining a study permit with an eye to these categories of foreign nationals. 2  LEARNING OUTCOMES Build foundational knowledge Understand the Student Class of temporary residency applications Understand legal terms, eligibility criteria, and the application process Understand the categories of persons who may be admitted as students In this module you will continue to build on foundational knowledge introduced earlier in the course. You will improve your understanding of the Student Class, add to your vocabulary of legal terms, and review eligibility criteria and the application process in greater detail. 3  STUDYING IN CANADA AS A MINOR MODULE 14 – SECTION 1 This section focuses on minors and how the regulations regarding studying in Canada apply to minors. Note there are two distinct categories of minors studying in Canada: unaccompanied minors, who come to Canada for the purpose of studying and who are principally in Canada without their parent(s); and accompanied minors, who are minors that accompany one or both parents who come to Canada to visit, study, or work. Unaccompanied minors require a legal custodian in Canada. 4  MINORS Provincially and territorially defined Under age 18 Under age 19 Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Ontario Newfoundland and Labrador Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Quebec Northwest Territories Saskatchewan Nunavut Yukon Before focusing on immigration matters, we first need to understand who is defined as a minor. The definition is provincial and territorial, even though immigration is a federal jurisdiction. From this chart you can see how the age of minority is defined according to different provinces and territories. Anyone under the age of majority at the time of their arrival in Canada is considered a minor child. 5  UNACCOMPANIED MINORS > International students studying in the K-12 educational systems > Study permit application made outside Canada > Custodian required for applicants under 17 > Applications from minors 17 and up are assessed on a case-by-case basis Let’s first start by reviewing unaccompanied minors. These are typically international students who come to Canada independently of their families to study in our K-12 system. Like adults, these students must obtain a letter of acceptance and apply for a study permit from outside Canada for programs longer than six months. Minors can also come to Canada as visitors to complete an exchange program less than six months in duration; pursuant to R215(1)(f)(i), minors who are in Canada as visitors studying at the preschool, primary or secondary level, have the option to apply for a study permit inside Canada to study for more than six months. If an applicant is less than 17 years of age at the time of application, a custodian in Canada will be required. The study permit applicant must submit a notarized declaration signed by the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) in the country of origin, as well as one signed by the custodian in Canada, stating that arrangements have been made for the custodian to act in place of a parent. Officers must be satisfied that adequate arrangements are in place for the care and support of the minor student. The parent(s), legal guardian(s), and the appointed custodian must acknowledge that the custodian will reside within a reasonable distance of the minor applicant’s intended residence and school. Study permit applications from minors who are older than 17 years of age but 6 younger than the provincial/territorial age of majority are assessed on a case-by-case basis by officers to determine if custodian documentation is required. Officers should be satisfied concerning whether an applicant can provide care and support to themselves while in Canada. 7  TRENDS REGARDING MINORS "At the most recent study fair in the Philippines, most questions were from mature, married clients with children, who were interested in open work permits for their spouse and study permits for their children." - IRCC internal staff memo (unpublished/nd) Often, parents will send their minor children to study in Canada and decide at a later point to accompany them as visitors or as students in their own right. Part of the logic here is that a parent will more easily obtain a travel document (e.g., TRV) if their dependent minor child is already studying in Canada. Yet it is important to remember that foreign nationals – including parents of minor children inside Canada - must satisfy a visa officer they will leave Canada at the end of the period authorized for their stay. Post-secondary institutions are seeing an increasing number of international students whose partners and children accompany them to Canada. Indeed, it often makes sense for a study plan to include and account for all members of the family who may accompany the principal student. For example, you will very likely encounter questions from your students related to whether (and how) their minor children can attend school, and whether (and how) their spouses are permitted to study and/or work. https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/new-trend-sees-adults-with- families-entering-b-c-as-foreign-students 8  MINORS ACCOMPANYING PARENTS IRPA 30(2) Minor children (2) Every minor child in Canada, other than a child of a temporary resident not authorized to work or study, is authorized to study at the pre-school, primary or secondary level. 9 Minors accompanying parents with a study or work permit can study in Canada at the preschool, primary and secondary levels without needing a study permit if they are already in Canada when they reach school age. For example, a minor child arriving in Canada at age 3 with a parent authorized to study will be able to study without needing a study permit when starting kindergarten. On the other hand, a minor aged 8, for example, who is already old enough to attend school, will need to obtain a study permit before coming to Canada, even if his or her parent is authorized to study. A minor under school age will arrive in Canada as a visitor, and may be issued a visitor record for the duration of the parent's study permit (the visitor record may be extended if and when the parent applies for an extension of his or her own study permit). When this child ceases to be considered a minor, an application for a study permit must be submitted if he or she wishes to continue his or her studies. However, minors who are accompanying parents with visitor status in Canada must obtain a study permit in order to study. The IRCC processing manual for international students clarifies when a minor requires a study permit (and where that study permit application may be 9 submitted): https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/ publications-manuals/operational-bulletins-manuals/temporary-residents/study-per mits/guidelines-on-minor-children.html Determine whether a child needs a study permit: https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/study-canada/ study-permit/prepare/minor-children.html#find 10  DEPENDENT CHILDREN Dependent children are defined as children who depend on their parents for financial and other support. Children qualify as dependants if: > they’re under 22 years old, and > they don’t have a spouse/common-law partner As per section 2 of IRPR, a dependent child is defined as a child who depends on their parent for financial and other support. As of October 24, 2017, children qualify as dependants if they are under 22 years old and don’t have a spouse or common-law partner. Foreign nationals applying to enter Canada can include their dependent children with their application provided their children are under the age of 22 and not married or in a common-law relationship. The "age lock-in" date corresponds to the age of the dependent child(ren) on the date IRCC receives a complete application to visit, study, or work in Canada. Remember, an application is not deemed to be complete until biometrics are registered on the file (if biometrics are required). On the "age lock-in" date, IRCC freezes information in an application, so it doesn’t change over time, no matter how long it takes to process the application. IRCC locks in the age of dependent children so they won’t become ineligible before the officer can process their application. Children 22 years old or older (also known as overage dependent children) qualify as dependants only if they have depended on their parents for financial support since before the age of 22 and cannot financially support themselves because of a mental or physical condition. 11  STUDY PERMITS FOR DEPENDENT CHILDREN > Outside of Canada – apply for a study permit. > Inside of Canada –study without a study permit at the pre-school, primary, or secondary level if at least one parent is authorized to work or study. > Minor children of temporary residents (visitors) who are not authorized to work or study require a study permit to study in Canada. Minor children already in Canada can study without a study permit at the pre-school, primary, or secondary level if at least one parent is authorized to work or study in Canada. Minor children can also study without a study permit pursuant to R188(c) if their course or program of study is less than six months. However, minor children applying from outside Canada to accompany a parent for work or study in Canada must apply for a study permit before entering Canada. It bears repeating that a minor child of a temporary resident (visitor) who is not authorized to work or study requires a study permit to study in Canada. Dependent children intending to study in Canada and who are accompanying a parent who will visit, work, or study in Canada must complete their own IMM 1294 application form to enter and remain in Canada – e.g., it is not enough for the accompanying parent to simply declare the minor child on the IMM 5707 Family Information Form. Note that a minor child accompanying a parent who has applied and been approved for a work or study permit before entering Canada does not need to provide a letter of acceptance from an educational institution to obtain a study permit. 12  ACCOMPANYING MINORS SCENARIOS Applying from overseas Applying at a port of entry (POE) Applying inland Visa offices processing A minor child coming to Canada A minor child who is studying in temporary residence applications to study should have applied and Canada at the preschool, primary or secondary level without a study made outside Canada by minor obtained a letter of introduction permit pursuant to subsection children who want to study in (approval in writing) at a visa A30(2) can apply for a study permit Canada should consider them as office or be entitled to apply for a from within Canada pursuant to students and not as visitors, even study permit upon entry pursuant subparagraph R215(1)(f)(i). when they are accompanying a to section R214. parent authorized to either work or study in Canada. IRCC clarifies that minors who intend to study in Canada should apply for a study permit from outside Canada. This is true even if they accompany a parent who will come with a worker or student status. As you will remember from the section on letters of acceptance, minors accompanying a parent with a study permit do not need a letter of acceptance to apply for a study permit, in contrast to unaccompanied minors who require a letter of acceptance. Let’s look a bit closer at the study permit application procedures now. First, let’s look at those applying from overseas. Visa offices processing temporary residence applications made outside Canada by minor children who want to study in Canada should consider them as students and not as visitors, even when they are accompanying a parent authorized to either work or study in Canada. Next, let’s look at the possibility of applying at a port of entry. The guidelines state that a minor child coming to Canada to study should have applied and obtained a letter of introduction at a visa office or be entitled to apply for a study permit upon entry pursuant to IRPR 214 (note that only US nationals and residents of St. Pierre and Miquelon can apply at POE for their study permits). Alternatively, because POEs are considered “in Canada,” officers at a POE may authorize entry of the child as a 13 temporary resident within the visitor class if all the requirements are met (for example, the accompanying parent is permitted to work or study in Canada) and if the child is not otherwise inadmissible. The child should be documented on a visitor record and may study at the preschool, primary, and secondary levels. When the child ceases to be considered a minor, an application for a study permit must be submitted if they wish to continue studying. Finally, let’s look at what the guidelines say about applying inland. A minor child studying in Canada at the preschool, primary or secondary level without a study permit can apply for a study permit from within Canada. They must provide proof of their academic status in Canada (for example, a letter from the institution confirming enrolment) and proof of their parent’s status in Canada, if applicable. Again, if the minor intends to study in Canada, then IRCC expects the foreign national to apply for a study permit from outside Canada. However, if a minor is in Canada, then they can study with visitor status or apply for a study permit after arrival, as long as they are not accompanying parents who are visitors that do not fall under IRPR 186 or 188, which are the regulations that relate to working or studying without a permit. 14 KNOWLEDGE CHECK Maria is an adult who has been accepted into a Ph.D. program in Canada. She wants her spouse and minor child to accompany her to Canada. She heard from a friend that her daughter doesn’t need a study permit to study in Canada. What is the best advice to give her? A. Her friend is correct. Minor children of adult study permit holders can study with visitor status. B. Her friend is incorrect. A study permit would be required for her daughter. C. Her friend is partially correct. Although minor children of study permit holders may study without a study permit, Maria should apply for a study permit for her daughter from overseas if she intends to study. 15  KNOWLEDGE CHECK – ANSWER C Although minor children of study permit holders may study without a study permit, Maria should apply for a study permit for her daughter from overseas if she intends to study. The best answer is "C." While answer "A" is correct in some circumstances, it is not the best answer since it applies to dependent children already in Canada. "B" is technically correct because Maria's daughter must apply for a study permit before entering Canada – but this advice provides an incomplete picture. "C" is the best answer because it is more comprehensive and nuanced. Although minor children of study permit holders may study without a study permit, Maria must apply for a study permit for her daughter from overseas if she intends to study. 16  STUDYING WITHOUT A STUDY PERMIT MODULE 14 - SECTION 2 In this section, we will discuss who does not need a study permit in order to study in Canada. 17 WHO CAN STUDY WITHOUT A STUDY PERMIT? 01 Short-term studies 02 Family or staff of foreign representatives 03 Members of armed forces 04 Registered Indians in Canada 05 Minor children in Canada Most foreign nationals need a study permit to study in Canada. There are a few exceptions to the study permit requirement, including: A foreign national completing short-term course or program of study that is less than 6 months in duration (R188) Family or staff members of a foreign representative that has been accredited by Global Affairs Canada (R188) Members of a foreign armed force on official duties in Canada (R188) Registered Indians in Canada, even if they’re a citizen of another country (R188) And minor children in Canada who meet the requirements outlined in our section on minors (A30) 18  SHORT-TERM STUDIES (6 MONTHS OR LESS) Course or program lasts 6 months or less 1 Studies aren’t part of a 2 longer program Studies will be completed within 6 3 months of initial entry In your scope of practice, you may encounter foreign nationals who are exempt from the requirement to obtain a study permit by virtue of R188(1)(c). This Regulation allows visitors in Canada to study without a permit provided the following conditions are met: 1. The course or program lasts 6 months or less. 2. The studies are not part of a longer program. 3. All studies will be completed within the time permitted by the initial entry to Canada (e.g., in the first six months.) To be clear, R188(1)(c) does not apply to a visitor who begins a five-month program after being in Canada for four months. A foreign national may apply to extend their stay in Canada as a visitor, but may only study without a permit within the first six months of entry. You may recall from the section on letters of acceptance that foreign nationals sometimes pursue courses or programs of study – often ESL/FSL programs – that are shorter than six months in duration. If students are intending to continue their studies following the completion of general English/French language program or, indeed, any general interest program, they should apply for a study permit before entering Canada. Pursuant to R188(2), visa officers will process study permit applications even for programs that are less than six months in duration. And practically speaking, it 19 makes sense for students to arrive with a study permit if they are leaning toward a subsequent program of study; it is much easier to extend a study permit than apply for a new one while inside Canada. There is a very important distinction to be made with respect to short-term courses or programs of study. Some courses and programs are considered "prerequisites" by the academic DLI, including some English or French language programs offered by other DLIs, especially private language schools. Students who complete a specific prerequisite program identified by the DLI as a condition of admission are eligible to apply for their study permit inside Canada pursuant to R215(1)(f)(iii). As per IRCC's program delivery instructions for students ("Students PDI"), visitors to Canada applying after entry pursuant to R215(1)(f)(iii) are eligible to begin their studies upon submission of the study permit application. Visitors who complete a general interest/general language program may not be eligible to change their status inside Canada. In cases where visitors do not complete a prerequisite course or program of study within the time permitted by their initial entry, they must apply for a study permit for the subsequent program from outside of Canada. In this context, an application made "outside Canada" may be pursued in two ways: 1. The student remains in Canada (while maintaining valid visitor status) and applies for a study permit using the IMM 1294 application form. The study permit application in this case is processed by a visa office outside Canada (typically New York or Los Angeles). The student must take care to apply using the visa checklist governing applications from their country of habitual residency (e.g., include police clearance report if one is required). Upon approval of the application for study permit, the student must exit and return to Canada to present the POE letter. 2. The student departs Canada and applies for the study permit in their country of residence/country of citizenship. This option necessitates an expensive trip home, but is advantageous for the following reasons: The student demonstrates respect for the conditions of their initial entry to Canada Positive travel history is on record, facilitating subsequent positive assessments The IMM 1294 does not confer maintained status in Canada; the student can not begin studying until a decision is made and the study permit is issued. Exit and re-entry at POE (e.g., Niagara Falls) comes with stress and uncertainty (e.g., arranging transport, ensuring that service at the border is available, dealing with US immigration, etc.) 20 How would you advise your students in such cases where a change of status application is not possible? 21  FAMILY OR STAFF OF FOREIGN REPRESENTATIVES The family and staff members of a foreign representative to Canada that has been accredited by Global Affairs Canada (GAC) may not need a study permit. You may encounter diplomatic personnel in your scope of practice. Family and staff members of foreign representatives accredited by Global Affairs Canada do not require a study permit. The diplomatic personnel can include diplomatic agents, consular officers, representatives or officials of a country other than Canada, the United Nations or any of its agencies, or any international organization of which Canada is a member. 22  MEMBERS OF FOREIGN ARMED FORCES Members of the armed forces of a country that is a designated state for the purposes of the Visiting Forces Act, including a person who has been designated as a civilian component of those armed forces, do not require a study permit. Members of the armed forces, or personnel from a country that is a designated state (Visiting Forces Act), do not require a study permit to study in Canada pursuant to R188(1)(b). 23  REGISTERED INDIAN STATUS Under the Indian Act, status Indians, also known as registered Indians, may be eligible for a range of benefits, rights, programs and services offered by the federal and provincial or territorial governments. In addition, those with Registered Indian Status in Canada do not need a study permit, even if they are a citizen of another country. Under the Indian Act, status Indians, also known as registered Indians, may be eligible for various benefits, rights, programs and services offered by the federal and provincial or territorial governments. In addition, those with Registered Indian status in Canada do not need a study permit, even if they are a citizen of another country. 24  MINOR CHILDREN IN CANADA Minor children don’t need a study permit if: they’re in kindergarten they’re refugees or refugee claimants their parents are refugees or refugee claimants or they’re in pre-school, primary or secondary school, and they’re already in Canada with a parent who has a work or study permit As we have already learned in another section, minor children are authorized to study in Canada without a study permit if they meet certain conditions. 25  WHY GET A STUDY PERMIT IF YOU DON’T NEED ONE? > May facilitate continuous studying after completion of one short program > Offers the ability to work on or off-campus In your scope of practice, you may have foreign nationals consult you about applying for a study permit even if they don’t need one. There are sometimes benefits to obtaining a study permit before coming to Canada. First, doing so may facilitate continuous studying after completing one short program. A second potential benefit is having the ability to work on or off campus while studying. If you encounter such foreign nationals in your practice, encourage them to include a letter explaining why they want a study permit with their application. Pursuant to R188(2), a visa officer will process a study permit application even if the course or program of study is less than six months in duration. 26 KNOWLEDGE CHECK Dirk wants to improve his French-language abilities, so he was delighted to be accepted to a four-month FSL program. If he enjoys his time studying in Canada, he may decide to apply to study in an additional program. He has sent you an email to confirm that he doesn’t need a study permit. How should you advise him? A. Although he doesn’t need a study permit, he can apply for one if he wants to keep his options open for a subsequent program of study. B. He must apply for a study permit since he is going to study FSL at a DLI. C. He is correct; there is no need to apply for a study permit. 27  KNOWLEDGE CHECK – ANSWER A Although he doesn’t need a study permit, he is allowed to apply for one if he wants to keep his options open for a subsequent program of study. While answer "C" is technically correct, "A" is the best answer since Dirk has told you about his interest in studying another program after finishing the initial one. In this case, it may be in his best interest to apply for a study permit before coming to Canada. 28  REFUGEES & ASYLUM-SEEKERS MODULE 14 - SECTION 3 In this section we discuss the students you may encounter who may also be asylum seekers preparing (or having already submitted) a refugee claim. Although refugee claims are outside your future scope of practice, it is essential to have a basic understanding of the processes that asylum-seekers undergo while in Canada. 29  ASYLUM-SEEKERS AND REFUGEES 1 2 3 4 5 Arrive in Make refugee Eligible claims Successful Apply for Canada at POE claim at POE or are referred to claim granted Permanent or irregular inland office Immigration and Convention Resident status crossing and Refugee Board Refugee or claim asylum for a hearing Protected Person status It’s important to know that the terms "asylum-seeker" and “refugee” are not synonymous. A person may make an asylum claim inside or outside of Canada. They only become refugees after their claim has been evaluated. These claims are partly governed by international treaties Canada has promised to uphold. For an inland asylum claim, the foreign national must first enter Canada. This may happen at a Port of Entry or via an irregular crossing; an irregular crossing is an entry into Canada between designated ports of entry. (The controversial Safe Third Country Agreement, which prevents people from claiming refugee status in Canada when arriving from the US, does not apply in cases where asylum-seekers enter at irregular border crossings.) The next step is for a refugee claim to be made. This claim may be made at a Port of Entry or an inland office. If the claim is determined to be eligible, it will be referred to the Refugee Protection Division of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada for a hearing. Once an individual has been determined to be eligible to make a claim in Canada, as a refugee claimant, they may have access to social assistance, education, health services, emergency housing and legal aid while a decision is pending on their claim. In addition, most individuals found to be eligible to make a refugee claim can apply for a work or study permit once they have undergone a medical examination. It does not matter if the claim was made at the border or an inland office. If the decision on their refugee claim is successful, then they are known as a 30 Convention Refugee or Protected Person, depending on the circumstances. At that point, they may apply for permanent residence. It is important to remember that a successful refugee claim does not automatically result in permanent resident status. After a successful application for permanent residence, they would simply be referred to as permanent residents. 31  RESETTLED REFUGEES > Resettled refugees arrive in Canada as permanent residents. > They do not need a study permit because they have the same status as those who came through the economic or family classes. While asylum seekers make a refugee claim in Canada at a Port of Entry or an in-land office, resettled refugees are screened abroad and undergo security and medical checks before being issued a visa to come to Canada. When they come to Canada, they arrive as permanent residents. It is important to remember that asylum claimants and resettled refugees come to Canada through different immigration streams. Those who claim asylum in Canada are not queue jumpers and are not taking the place of refugees who are coming to Canada from abroad for resettlement. Asylum seekers with well-founded fears of persecution are among the most vulnerable people in the world and Canada has an international obligation to provide safe refuge. In your scope of practice, you are more likely to work with asylum-seekers who have a refugee claim in process. They must maintain their temporary resident status while the claim is processed. In contrast, resettled refugees are permanent residents who do not need a study permit. Resettled refugees have the same status as immigrants who come to Canada from abroad through the economic and family classes and then arrive in the country as permanent residents. 32  ASYLUM-SEEKERS AND STUDY PERMITS Study Permit Status Length of Program Required? No temporary resident status Under 6 months Yes in Canada No temporary resident Over 6 months Yes status in Canada Temporary resident status Under 6 months No Temporary resident status Over 6 months Yes Most asylum claimants have no legal status in Canada but are allowed to remain in the country while waiting for the determination of their claim. They are usually subject to an unenforceable removal order. They cannot take advantage of the exemption from the requirement for a study permit in the case of a short-term course or program of study described in regulation 188(1)(c). They cannot take advantage of this exemption because the course or program of study would need to be completed within the period of authorized stay — which is non-existent for them. However, regulation 215 clarifies that they and their family members may apply for a study permit after entering Canada if they are subject to an unenforceable removal order. To do so, they must meet the requirements of R216(1), which is usually possible by virtue of R216(2). Persons claiming refugee protection in Canada with a current temporary resident status do not lose their current status. These persons may therefore attend a short-term course of study without a permit so long as they complete the course within the period of their authorized stay. Their current status may allow for an in-Canada study permit application if, for example, they hold a work permit. They may apply for a study permit if they lose their temporary resident status. 33  ASYLUM-SEEKERS AND INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS Asylum-seekers who come to Canada 01 (typically as a visitor) and want to study while their claim is in process. Situations you may encounter as a RISIA 02 Study permit holders claiming asylum once in Canada. Some students may come to Canada to study and then find themselves in need of protection and want to apply for refugee status. It’s important to note that this scenario does not frequently come across the desk of a RISIA and is beyond your scope of practice. You should refer these cases to a competent RCIC or lawyer with experience in such matters. You may also encounter people who, for example, came to Canada as a visitor and then made an asylum claim. While awaiting a decision on their claim, they may want to study, at which point you are more likely to encounter them within your scope of practice. 34 KNOWLEDGE CHECK Babatunde came to Canada for his A. No, he does not need one; a undergraduate degree. He is also a gay man from a country where same-sex relationships successful refugee claim are illegal. Since coming to Canada, he has automatically makes him a begun to live openly as a gay man, which he permanent resident. didn’t previously do. Because of the threatening comments he received from people in his B. Yes, a study permit is home country, he claimed refugee protection required until his application halfway through his program of study and the claim was accepted. for permanent residence is processed. Babatunde is now about to graduate and wants to pursue graduate-level studies. Since his C. It depends on whether or claim was successful, he wants to know not he wants to work whether he needs a study permit to continue studying. What do you tell him? off-campus during his studies. 35  KNOWLEDGE CHECK – ANSWER B A study permit is required until the application for permanent residence has been processed. The correct answer is B. A successful refugee claim does not automatically make a person a permanent resident of Canada. They must submit an application which takes a while to process. Until a decision has been made on that application for permanent residence, a study permit is required to study, or a work permit would be required to work. 36  KEY WEB LINKS AND ADDITIONAL READINGS Key web links and additional readings for each module are available in Brightspace under the content section for the corresponding week. This bring us to the end of Module 14. 37