Lower Limb Anatomy - Class 7B PDF

 General considerations before your studies Revise general aspects of bones and joints. Whilst studying the bones and joints of the lower limb, please note: the structural and functional similarities between the bones of the upper and lower limbs; and the...

 General considerations before your studies Revise general aspects of bones and joints. Whilst studying the bones and joints of the lower limb, please note: the structural and functional similarities between the bones of the upper and lower limbs; and the functional similarities between the joints of the upper and lower limbs. Lower limb at anatomical position. Bones of lower limb. Bones of lower limb Anterior & posterior view of lower limb  Femur Posterior view Proximal Proximal epiphysis epiphysis Key points for orientation and to determine the side of the bone 1. The femoral head is on the Diaphysis Diaphysis proximal epiphysis, the medial & lateral condyles are at the distal epiphysis. 2. The femoral head faces medially. 3. The intercondylar fossa faces posteriorly. Distal Distal epiphysis epiphysis Anterior view Medial view Key surface landmarks that you may use to get oriented on the bone are shown in blue boxes. Further key landmarks are shown in boldface typesetting.  Bones of leg I.: tibia Proximal epiphysis Key points for orientation and to determine the side of the bone Proximal epiphysis 1. The medial & lateral condyles of the tibia are on the proximal epiphysis. 2. At the distal end of the bone, identify the medial malleolus. 3. The fibular articular surface, the medial malleolar Diaphysis Diaphysis articular surface and the fibular notch are facing laterally (towards the fibula). 4. The tibial tuberosity is on the anterior surface. You may want to draw a schematic cross section of the leg during the seminar. Distal Distal epiphysis epiphysis Key surface landmarks that you may use to get oriented on the bone are shown in blue boxes. Anterior view Lateral view Posterior view  Bones of leg II.: fibula Proximal Key points for orientation and epiphysis to determine the side of the bone 1. The head and neck of the fibula are on the proximal epiphysis. 2. Identify the lateral malleolus at the distal epiphysis. 3. The lateral malleolar articular surface of the Diaphysis fibula faces medially. 4. The lateral malleolar fossa at the distal epiphysis faces posteriorly. You may want to draw a schematic cross section of the leg during the seminar. Key surface landmarks that you may use to get oriented on the bone are shown in blue boxes. Distal epiphysis Medial view Lateral view Bones of the foot – classification and identification I. The foot is divided into tarsus, metatarsus and phalanges. The tarsal bones form a lateral and a medial row. The coloured lines on the left mark surgically important joints, which we will refer to later.  Bones of the foot – classification and identification II. Tarsal bones: The medial row (magenta frame; from back to front) consists of: talus (ankle bone), navicular, cuneiforms (medial, intermediate & lateral) The lateral row (blue frame; from back to front) consists of: calcaneus (heel bone), cuboid Right foot, superior view  Bones of the foot – classification and identification III. Talus – Ankle bone Key points for orientation and Inferior view to determine the side of the bone Superior view 1. Head of talus faces anteriorly. 2. Trochlea of talus faces superiorly, towards the malleolar mortis (between distal ends of tibia & fibula 3. Lateral process of talus faces laterally (to the side the bone is from) 4. Calcaneal articular surfaces face medially 1. Calcaneal tuberosity faces postero-inferiorly 2. Cudoidal articular surface faces anteriorly 3. Sustentaculum tali faces medially (to the opposite side the bone is from Calcaneus – Heel bone 4. The talar articular surfaces face superiorly Medial view Lateral view  References and image sources Sobotta: Atlas of Human Anatomy Gray’s Basic Anatomy Szentágothai – Réthelyi: Functional Anatomy Internet