Life of Jose Rizal PDF

1 GE 12 – RIZAL’S LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS LEARNING MODULE Topics: Introduction Life of Rizal Childhood years in Calamba, Laguna Schooling Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882) Life in Paris, France (1885-1886) Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886) Grand Tour in Europe Jose Rizal’s...

1 GE 12 – RIZAL’S LIFE, WORKS, AND WRITINGS LEARNING MODULE Topics: Introduction Life of Rizal Childhood years in Calamba, Laguna Schooling Rizal’s Departure for Spain(1882) Life in Paris, France (1885-1886) Life in Heidelberg, Germany (1886) Grand Tour in Europe Jose Rizal’s Love Life Collaboration with the other Heroes  2 Contribution to Reform Movement The Women in Rizal’s Life Collaboration with other heroes Love-Hate Relationship to Del Pilar COLLABORATION INTRODUCTION Why Study Rizal? It is of great importance that students understand the rationale behind having to take up a Rizal course in college. For high school students, the Noli Me Tangere and the El Filibusterismo are injected into the Filipino subject as part of the overall curriculum. In tertiary education, however, Rizal is a subject required of any course, in any college or university in the Philippines. Usually, during the first day of the course, the professor asks the well- overused questions: Why study Rizal? What is the importance of studying Rizal? Why is Rizal one of the minor subjects taken up in college? Why is Rizal included in the course outline? What relevance does Rizal have in college education? The answer to such questions can be summed up in two points: 1. First and foremost, because it is mandated by law. 2. Secondly, because of the lessons contained within the course itself. Let us discuss those reasons one by one: WHY STUDY RIZAL: BECAUSE IT IS MANDATED BY LAW The teaching of Jose Rizal’s life, works, and writings is mandated by Republic Act 1425, otherwise known as the Rizal Law. Senator Jose P. Laurel, the person who sponsored the said law, said that since Rizal was the founder of Philippine nationalism and has contributed much to the current standing of this nation, it is only right that the youth as well as all  3 the people in the country know about and learn to imbibe the great ideals for which he died. The Rizal Law, enacted in 1956, seeks to accomplish the following goals: 1. To rededicate the lives of youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, for which our heroes lived and died 2. To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the Filipino character 3. To gain an inspiring source of patriotism through the study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings. WHY STUDY RIZAL: BECAUSE OF THE LESSONS CONTAINED WITHIN THE COURSE Aside from those mentioned above, there are other reasons for teaching the Rizal course in Philippine schools: 1. To recognize the importance of Rizal’s ideals and teachings in relation to present conditions and situations in the society. 2. To encourage the application of such ideals in current social and personal problems and issues. 3. To develop an appreciation and deeper understanding of all that Rizal fought and died for. 4. To foster the development of the Filipino youth in all aspects of citizenship. THE LEGAL BASIS OF RIZAL COURSE What is Republic Act 1425 or Rizal Law? – House Bill No. 5561 - Senate Bill No. 438. - It is commonly known as the Rizal Act, established on 12th of June 1956 by Senator Claro M. Recto. –  4 It requires the curricula of private and public schools, colleges and universities courses to include, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. – It was made effective on August 16, 1956. Rizal Law (Republic Act No. 1425) As stated in the preamble of RA 1425/Rizal Law; “Whereas, today more than other period of or history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died.” “Whereas, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience, and to teach the duties of citizenship.” Rizal Law (Republic Act No. 1425) - The law requires all schools, colleges, universities, private or public to include in their curricula courses on the life and works of Rizal. It also states that all schools are required to have an adequate number of copies of the copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of El Filibusterismo and Noli Me Tangere, as well as other works and biographies of Rizal. - The purpose of Batas Rizal is to rekindle the flame of nationalism in the hearts of the Filipino, particularly the youth. We are forgetting what our patriots have done and given to fight for our freedom. ❖ Factors in Determining of a Person ⮚ Just ⮚ Patient ⮚ Courageous ⮚ Bearer of Wisdom  5 ⮚ Respectful ⮚ Nationalist o Source: National Historical Commission ❖ Criteria in Choosing the Philippine National Hero ⮚ Filipino citizen ⮚ Patriot/nationalist ⮚ Has already been dead ⮚ Patient o Source: National Historical Commission ❖ Personalities Nominated to be our National Hero ⮚ Marcelo H. del Pilar ⮚ Emilio Jacintoϖ ⮚ Graciano Lopez-Jaena ⮚ Antonio Luna Issues about the Proclamation of Dr.Jose Rizal as National Hero 1. He has an illegitimate son, Adolf Hitler 2. He should not be proclaimed as the national hero because of his cowardice to fight the colonizers through revolution. 3. He was regarded as an ―American-made hero. First Philippine Commission was formed by the United States President headed by the American Governor-General William Howard c. Taft. Declaration of Dr. Jose Rizal as our national hero was only their strategy to hinder our nationalistic feelings  6 Philippines: Spanish Period Emergence of political unrest in Spanish Politics 1. It started during the reign of King Ferdinand VII 2. Spanish political instability resulted to frequent shifts of colonial policies and unfixed terms of government officials in the Philippines. Representation in the Spanish Cortes ⮚ Deprivation of Human Rights to the Filipino ⮚ Corrupt Spanish Officialϖ Inequality ⮚ Racial Discriminationϖ Land ownership and Feudalism Explanation about Rizal’s full name Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda Doctor – complete his medical course in Spain and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid. Jose – chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian St. Joseph. Protacio – form Gervacio P which come from a Christian calendar, in consideration of the day of his birth. Rizal – from the word ―Ricial‖ in Spanish means a field where a wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again. Mercado – adopted by Domingo Lamco which Spanish term means market. y – (Spanish letter (y) read as “e” which means “and” in Eglish Alonzo – old name surname of his mother. Realonda – it was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother based on the culture by that time.  7 Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda ❖ He was born near midnight of Wednesday of June 19, 1861 to the Rizal family of Calamba, Laguna. ❖ He was baptized by Rev. Rufino Collantes in the Catholic church of Calamba on June 22, 1861, three days after birth. ❖ His Godfather named Father Perdo Casanas, a close friend of Rizal family. ❖ Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery was the governor general of the Philippines when Rizal was born. Rizal’s Father Don Francisco Mercado (1818-1898) ❖ Born in Biñan, Laguna on May 11, 1818. ❖ Studied Latin and Philosophy at the College of San Jose in Manila. - Became a tenant-farmer of the Dominican-owned hacienda. ❖ A hardly and independent-minded man, who talked less and worked more, and was strong in body and valiant in spirit.  8 ❖ Died in Manila on January 5, 1898 at age of 80. ❖ Rizal affectionately called him ―a model father. Rizal’s Mother Doña Teodora Alonso Realonda (1826-1911) ❖ Born in Manila on November 8, 1826. - Educated at the College of Santa Rosa, a wellknown college for girls in the city. ❖ A remarkable woman, possessing refined culture, literary talent, business ability, and the fortitude of Spartan. ❖ Is a woman of more than ordinary culture; she known literature and speaks Spanish (according to Rizal). ❖ Died in Manila on August 16, 1911 at age of 85. Information about his parents ❖ Rizal always called her sisters Doña or Señora (married) and Señorita (single). ❖ Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda married on June 28, 1848, after which they settled down in Calamba. ❖ The real surname of the Rizal was Mercado, which was adopted in 1713 by Domingo Lamco (paternal great-great grandfather of Jose Rizal), who was a full blooded Chinese. ❖ Rizal‘s family acquired a second surname – Rizal – which was given by a Spanish Alcalde Mayor (provincial governor) of Laguna, who was a family friend. Ancestry of Jose Rizal 9 10  11 The Siblings of Jose Rizal 1. Saturnina (1850-1913) ❖ Oldest of the Rizal children - Nicknamed Neneng - Married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas. U. Paciano ❖ Older brother and confident of Jose Rizal. - He was the second father to Rizal. ❖ Immortalized him in Rizal‘s first novel Noli Me Tangere as the wise Pilosopong Tasio. ❖ Rizal regarded him a s the ―most noble of Filipinos‖. ❖ He became a combat general in the Philippine Revolution. ❖ Died on April 13, 1930,an old bachelor at age of 79, he had two children by his mistress (Severina Decena) – a boy and a girl. 2. Narcisa (1852-1939) ❖ Petname Sisa ❖ She was married to Antonio Lopez (nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez), a school teacher of Morong. 3. Olympia (1855-1887) – ❖ Petname Ypia - She was married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator in Manila. 4. Lucia (1857-1979) ❖ she was married to Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of Father Casanas. 5. Maria (1859-1945) ❖ Biang was her petname ❖ She was married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna. 6. Concepcion (1862-1865) ❖ Concha was her pet-name - She died at age of three because of sickness. ❖ Her death was Rizal‘s first sorrow in life. 7. Josefa (1865-1945) ❖ Panggoy was her pet-name ❖ An old maid, died at age of 80.  12 8. Trinidad (1868-1951) ❖ Trining was her pet-name ❖ An old maid, died at age of 83. 9. Soledad (1870-1929) ❖ Choleng was her pet-name ❖ She was married to Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba. Rizal’s Home ❖ It is one of the distinguished stone houses in Calamba during the Spanish times. ❖ It was a two-storey building, rectangular in shape, built of adobe stones and hard-woods and roofed with red tiles. ❖ During the day, it hummed with the noises of children at paly and the songs of the birds in the garden; by night, it echoed with the dulcet notes of family prayers. ❖ The Rizal family belonged to the principalia, town aristocracy in Spanish Philippines. ❖ The Rizal family had a simple, contented and happy life. Childhood Years in Calamba, Laguna - Calamba was a hacienda town which belonged to Dominican Order, which also owned all the lands around. - Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – a poem about Rizal‘s beloved town written by Rizal in 1876 when he was 15 years old and was student in the Ateneo de Manila. - The first memory of Rizal, in his infancy, was his happy days in the family garden when he was three. - Another childhood memory was the daily Angelus prayer. By nightfall, Rizal related, his mother gathered all the children at the house to pray the Angelus  13 - Another memory of Rizal during infancy was the nocturnal walk in the town, especially when there was a moon. - The death of Concha was his first sorrow. - At age of three he began to take part in the family prayers. - At 5, he was able to read haltingly the Spanish family bible, and make sketches with this pencil and to mould in clay and wax on objects which attracted his fancy. The Story of the Moth - made the profoundest impression of Rizal. Sa Aking Mga Kabata - his first poem written in the native language at age of 8, he also wrote his first dramatic work (Tagalog comedy Influences on the Hero’s Boyhood 1. Hereditary influence 2. Environmental influence 3. Aid of the Divine Providence - Tio Jose Alberto – he develop the artistic ability of Rizal. - Tio Manuel – he guided Rizal on his physical exercises. - Tio Gregorio – intensified Rizal‘s voracious reading of good books. - Father Leoncio Lopez – fostered Rizal‘s love for scholarship and intellectual honesty. Early Education in Calamba and Biñan - The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was remarkable woman of good character and fine culture. - Maestro Celestino – first private tutor. - Maestro Lucas Padua – science tutor. - Leon Monroy – a former classmate of his father, that instructed in Spanish and Latin. He diedfive months later.  14 - June 1869 – Rizal left Calamba to study in Biñan, accompanied byPaciano. - Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Rizal‘s first teacher in Biñan - Pedro – his classmate that challenge him to fight. - Andres Lakindanan – challenged Rizal to an wrestling match. - Juancho – an old painter who was the father-in-law of the school teacher; freely give Rizal lesson in drawing and painting. - December 17, 1870 – he left Biñan after one year and a half of schooling. - Arturo Camos – a French friend of Rizal‘s father who took care of him on board. Martyrdom of GomBurZA - January 20, 1872 – about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of the Cavite arsenal under the leadership of Sgt. Lamadrid (he was Filipino, but rose in mutiny because of the abolition of their usual privileges). - Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora – were executed at sunrise of February 17, 1872, by the order of Governor-General Izquierdo. - The martyrdom of the GomBurZa in 1872 truly Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny and redeem his oppressed people. - Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to GomBurZa. Injustice to Rizal’s Mother - June 1872 – Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her brother Jose Alberto, tried to poison the latter‘s perfidious wife. - Antonio Vivencio del Rosario – Calamba‘s gobernadorcillo, who helped to arrest Doña Teodora.  15 - After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba to Santa Cruz, Laguna (50km.). - Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison, where she languished for two years. - Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan – the most famous lawyers of Manila that defend Doña Teodora.  16 Scholastic Triumph at Ateneo de Manila - Ateneo Municipal, a college under the supervision of the Spanish Jesuits. - Escuela Pia (Charity School) – formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which was established by the city government 1817. - June 10, 1872 – Rizal was accompanied by Paciano on his way to Manila. - Father Magin Ferrano – he was the college registrar, who refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reason: a) he was late or registration b) he was sickly and undersized for his age. - Manuel Xerez Burgos – because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly admitted Ateneo. - He registered Rizal as his surname since Mercado was suspected by the Spanish authorities. - Rizal was first board in a house outside in Caraballo Street. This was owned by a spinster named Titay who owed the family the amount of 300 pesos. Mylene Gado Almario Jesuits System of Education - It trained the character of the students by rigid discipline and religious instructions. - Students were divided into two groups: - Roman Empire – consisting of internos (boarders); red banner. - Carthaginian Empire – composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue banner. - Intelligence distribution: - Emperor – 1 st - Tribune – 2 nd - Decurion - 3 rd - Centurion – 4 th - Stand – 5 th - The Ateneo students wore a uniform consisted of ―hemp-fabric trousers‖ and ―striped cotton coat‖. The coat material was called ravadillo. First Year in Ateneo (1872-1973) - Father Jose Bech – Rizal‘s first professor in Ateneo who he described as ―tall thin man, with a body slightly bend forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired,  17 smell deep-sunken eyes, a sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose fell toward the chin‖. - A Religious picture – a Rizal‘s first prize for being brightest pupil in the whole class. - To improve his Spanish, he took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during noon recesses. He paid three pesos for those extra Spanish lessons. - At the end of the school year in March, 1873, he returned to Calamba for summer vacation. - When the summer vacation ended, Rizal returned to Manila for his second year term in Ateneo. This time he boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes Street. His landlady was an old widow name Doña Pepay Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874) - At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal. - The Count of Monte Cristo –(Alexander Dumas) – the first favourite novel of Rizal which made a deep impression on him. - Universal History (Cesar Cantu) – Rizal persuaded his father to buy him this set of historical work that was a great aid in his studies. - Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German scientist-traveller who visited the Philippines 1859-1860 who wrote Travels in the Philippines. He was impressed in this book because; 1) Jagor’s keen observation of the defects of Spanish colonization, and, 2) his prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succeed her as colonizer. Third and Fourth Year in Ateneo (1874- 1876) - Rizal's grades remained excellent in all subjects but e won only one medal – Latin. - At the end of the school year, Rizal‘s returned to Calamba for the vacation. He himself was not impressed by his scholastic work. - June 16, 1875 – Rizal became an interno of the Ateneo. - Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez – a  18 great educator and scholar, one of Rizal‘s professors who inspired him to study harder and to write poetry. Rizal described this Jesuit professor as ―model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils‖. - Rizal‘s topped all his classmates in all subjects and on five medals at the end of the school term. Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877) - Rizal‘s studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact, the excelled in all subjects. The most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was truly the pride of the Jesuits. - March 23, 1877 – Commencement Day, Rizal who was 15 years old, received from his Alma Mater; the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, with highest honour. - Marian Congeragtion – a religious society wherein Rizal was an active member and later became the secretary. - Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez. - Father Jose Vilaclara – advised Rizal to stop communing with the muse and pay mote attention to more practical studies. - Rizal studies painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agusti Saez, and sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus; a noted Filipino sculptor. - Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling with his pocket-knife. - Father Lieonart – impressed by Rizal‘s sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him an image of Sacred Heart of Jesus. Poems in Ateneo - It was Doña Teodora who was first discovered the poetic genius of her son, and it also she who first encourage him to write poems. However, it was Father Sanchez who inspired Rizal to take full of his God-given gift in poetry. - Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874, the Rizal probably wrote during days in Ateneo which was dedicated to his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote he was 14 years old. 1875 (inspired by Father Sanchez) 1. Felicitacion 2. El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes 3. Y Es Español:Elcano el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo 4. El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo 5. Al Niño Jesus (To the Child Jesus) – brief ode.  19 Poems in Ateneo 1876 (religion, education, childhood and memories of war) 1. Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) – honour for his hometown Calamba. 2. Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Education (Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education) – shows the importance of religion and education. 3. Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country Receives Light) – education plays in the progress and welfare a nation. 4. El Cautiverio y el Triunfo: Batalla de Lucenas y Prison Boabdil (The Captivity and the Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment of Boadbil) – the defeat and capture of Boabdil, the last Sultan of Granada. 5. La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catolices en Granada (The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic Monarchs into Granada) – victorious entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel of Spain to Granada. 6. San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, The Martyr) – prose story of St. Eustace. Poems in Ateneo 1877 1. El Heroismo de Colon (The Heroism of Columbus) – poem praises Columbus.  20 2. Colon y Juan II (Columbus and John II) – relates how King John II of Spain missed fame and riches by his failure to finance the projected expedition of Columbus to the New World. 3. Gran Cunsuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace in Great Misfortune) – a legend relates to the tragic life of Columbus. 4. Un Dialogo Aluviso a la Despedida de los Colegiales (A Farewell Dialogue of the Students) – farewell to his classmates in Ateneo. 5. A la Virgen Maria (To the Virgin Mary) – another religious poem which doesn‘t have exact date when it was written. Life in the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882) - After finishing the first year of a course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878). He transferred to the medical course. - April 1877 – he enrolled in the UST taking Philosophy and Letters because; 1) his father like it, 2) he was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue”. - Father Pablo Ramon – Rector of Ateneo, who had been good to him his students days in that college, asking for advice on the choice of a career but unfortunately he was in Mindanao. - During Rizal‘s first school term in the UST, Rizal also studied in Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor (expect surveyor). Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in agriculture and topography. He passed all the subject but the title was no issued to him because he was only 17 yearsold, underage. The title was issued to him on November 25, 1881- the title was issued to Rizal for passing the final examination in the surveying course. - Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic- Literay Lyceum of Manila) – society of literary men and artists held a  21 literary contest in the year 1879. He also served as the President of the Spanish Literature in Ateneo. While at UST, he fell in love with three women. During his first year, he fell in love with a woman simply called “Miss L”, a woman with a fair, seductive and attractive eyes. The romance dead a natural death because of two reasons: (1) the sweet memory of Segunda Katigbak was still fresh to in his memory a and, (2) Rizal‘s father did not like the family of Miss L. - During his sophomore year, he courted Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sent her love notes in invisible ink. But just like Segunda he also stopped visiting her. During his junior year, Rizal had romance with Leonor Rivera, of Camiling, Tarlac. Leonor was a pretty girl and a students of La Concordia Colllege. Both Rizal and Leonor were engaged, he used the sign name ―Taimis‖ to cover their relationship from their parents. - Rizal studied in UST from 1878-1882. his grade in Medicine consists of 2 excellent, 3 very good, 8 good, and 2 fair (physics and general pathology). His grades in UST College of Medicine were not as impressive as what he got at Ateneo Philosophy and Letters due to the hostility of the Dominican professors. Accordingly, laboratory equipment's are just for display and racial discrimination against the Filipino students. A La Juventud (To the Filipino Youth) – at 18, submitted tis poem, it is inspiring poem of flawless form. This poem won as a classic Filipino literature for two reasons: a) it was a great poem in Spanish written by the Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish literary authorities, 2) expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipino, and not the foreigners, were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”. The Board of Judges, composed of Spaniards was impressed by Rizal‘s poem and gave it gave it the first prize which consisted of a silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon. - A Filipinas – a sonnet written by Rizal for the album of the Society of Sculptors; in this sonnet, he urged all Filipino artists to glorify the Philippines.  22 Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma – poem honouring the Ateneo Patroness. - Al M.R.P Pablo Ramon – poem dedication to Father Pablo Ramon (Atenean Rector), who had been so kind and helpful to him. - Vicenta Ybardolaza – a pretty girl colegiala who skillfully played a harp at the Regalado home, whom Rizal was infatuated. - Compañerismo (Comradeship) – Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in UST 1880. - Galicano Apacible – Rizal‘s cousin from Batangas who is the secretary of the society. Mylene Gado Almario Unhappy Days in UST - Rizal found the atmosphere at the UST suffocating to his sensitive spirit. He was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because 1) the Dominican professors were hostile to him 2) the Filipino students were racially discriminated by the Spaniards 3) the method of instruction was obsolete and repressive. - In Rizal novel, El Filibusterismo, he described how the Filipino students were humiliated and insulted by their Dominican professors and how backward the method of instruction was, especially in the teaching of the natural sciences. He related in Chapter XIII (The Class in Physics). The Women in Rizal’s Life  23 1. Julia – a girl in the Pagsanjan River, who use to catchϖ butterfly. 2. Segunda Katigbak – teenage crush - She was a comely 14-year old Batangueña from Lipa City. She also known as ―Paisana‖ but Rizal referred to her in his diary as ―K‖. She was described by Rizal as gay, talkative, witty, virginal, attractive, alluring, and beguiling. At 16, Rizal fell in love with his ―first romance‖. Segunda was boarding student at the Colegio de la Concordia where his sister Olympia and Leonor Rivera also studied. He found out later that Segunda was engaged to be married to her town-mate, Manuel Luz.  24 3. Margarita Almeda Gomez – Miss L - A young lady from Pakil, Laguna. This young lady was believed to be Leonor Valenzuela but she was not. She was described by Rizal as with fair complexion, seductive and with attractive eyes. Their romance died a natural death for two reasons: a) Rizal’s memory of Segunda was still fresh in his heart, and b) Rizal’s father objected their love affair.  25 4. Leonor Valenzuela – Orang -The daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela of Pansanjan, Laguna. She was a tall girl with regal bearing. Rizal sends her love notes written in invisible ink, that could only be deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. He visited her on the eve of his departure to Spain and bade her last goodbye. 4. Leonor Rivera – Taimis - A lady form Camiling, Tarlac, a daughter of Antonio Rivera (Rizal‘s uncle) and Silvestre Bauson. Rizal courted her, when she was 13-year old and she got engaged to Rizal before the age of 15. Their relationship was actually a ―love affair by correspondence‖ wherein Rizal wrote several letters to Leonor while he was in abroad. However, their relationship ended when she married her mother choice Charles Henry C. Kipping. Their love affair last for 11 years.  26 5. Vicenta Ybardaloza – pretty colegiala - She was also from Pakil, Laguna who was a high school at that time. Rizal get infatuated to her when she played a harp. However, nobody knew what happened later between the two. 6. Consuelo Ortiga y Rey – pretty Manileña - She was a daughter of Don Pablo Ortega y Rey(a former civil governor of Manila, under the administration of Carlos Ma. De la Torre). He dedicated to her A la Senorita C.O. y R., which became one of his best poems. He probably fell in love with her and Consuelo apparently asked him for romantic verses. He suddenly backed out before the relationship turned into a serious romance, because he wanted to remain loyal to Leonor Rivera and he did not want to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de Lete who was madly in love with Consuelo.  27 7. Seiko Usui – O-Sei-San- A Japanese samurai‘s daughter taught Rizal the Japanese art of painting known as su-mie. Rizal was 29 at that time while Seiko was 23. She helped Rizal improve his knowledge of Japanese language. They spent a happy months together visiting old temples and art galleries. - If Rizal was a man without a patriotic mission, he would have married this lovely and intelligent woman and lived a stable and happy life with her in Japan because Spanish legation there offered him a lucrative job. 8. Gertrude Beckett – Gettie - An English girl with brown hair, blue eyes and pink cheeks. When Rizal was in London, he boarded in the house of the Beckett family. During rainy days when Rizal stayed at  28 home, Gettie helped him mixed his colours for paintings or assisted in preparing the clay for sculpturing. - Then Rizal realized that their friendship was drifting to a serious affair, he drove to Paris in 1889 leaving Gertrude behind. He could not return the English girl‘s affection and marry her because of loyalty to Leonor Rivera.  29 9. Suzanne Jacoby – pretty girl in Brussels, Belgium - She was a pretty niece of Rizal‘s landlady. Suzanne was deeply fell in love with him, she cried when Rizal left for Madrid towards the ends of July, 1890.  30 10. Nellie Boustead – almost wife‖ - She was a daughter of Eduardo Boustead, they met when Rizal was a guest in the Boustead family. She was described as gay- hearted, sportsminded, highly intelligent, vivacious in temperament and morally upright. Nelly was infatuated with Rizal but Rizal, at first, loved Adelina. Antonio Luna, who had previously loved and lost Nelly, encouraged Rizal court and marry her. Rizal having lost his beloved Leonor Rivera came to entertain considerable affection for Nelly. - However, their love affair didn‘t have a happy ending because of two reasons: a) he refused to give up his Catholic faith, and 2) Nelly’s mother did not like Rizal as a son-in-law. 11. Pastora Necesario – Totak - She was a weaver of cloth at Dapitan.as a sign of love, Rizal gave her a statue of a woman and also sent her letters of love and concern. When Rizal was executed in Bagumbayan, she married Gonzalo Carreon of Dapitan.  31 First Travel of Jose Rizal (1882-1887) Secret Mission of Jose Rizal Rizal conceived the secret mission, with the blessing of his brother Paciano was to do the following: Observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce and governments and laws of the European nations in order to prepare himself for the task of liberating his people from Spanish Tyranny Rizal’s Departure for Spain His parents, Leonor Rivera and the Spanish authorities knew nothing about his secret departure except; 1. Paciano 2. Antonio Rivera 3. Saturnina(Neneng) 4. Lucia 5. Leonor Valenzuela and family 6. Pedro Paterno 7. Mateo Evangelista Highlights: When Jose Rizal becomes Jose Mercado ▫ Due to the popularity of the surname and perhaps the kind Jesuit priest who gave him letters of recommendation for their Society in Barcelona – he was claimed as a cousin ▫ May 3, 1882 – he left Manila through the steamer Salvadora, with 16 passenger including him. ▫ May 8, 1882 – the Salvadora reached Singapore (an English Colony), he stayed in Singapore for two days spending his time sightseeing the sorties of the city. May 11, 1882 – he was board Djemnah, accordingly it is more larger and cleaner than Salvadora. During the travel he was ale to learn French language and observation, because the steamer’s speaking language is French. May 17, 1882 –The steamer arrived at the Point Galle, Ceylon. The town was quiet, lovely and sad at the same time.  32 May 18, 1882 – he had an stopover at Colombo, Ceylon, which describe by him as smart, elegant than Singapore, Point Galle and Manila. Highlights: May 28, 1882 – from Colombo, Djemnah continued it voyage and crossed the Indian Ocean until he reached Cape of Guardafin, Africa to Aden, Africa where he was able to see camels for the first time. June 2, 1882 – he proceeded to Suez Canal. It took 5 days to travel in the said canal, then they reached the Port Said. June 11, 1882 – from Port Said, the steamer proceeded it travel to Europe and reached the Naple City, Italy. The city was busy because of its business activity, lively people and panoramic beauty. Highlights: June 12, 1882 – the steamer docked at the French harbor of Marseilles, France. Rizal disembarked and visited the Chateau d’ef where Dantes (The Count of Monte Cristo) was in jailed. He stayed in Marseilles for 3 days. June 16, 1882 – by a train he continued his trip to Barcelona, Spain. He stayed in Hotel de España. He visited Ronda de la Universidad de Barcelona. At first, he had a bad impresions to Barcelona – because he happened to stay in a stingy people inn. But later on, he realized the  33 atmosphere of freedom and liberalism around the place, the people were open-hearted, hospitable and courageous. Highlights: Life in Barcelona: 1. He was welcomed by his former classmates in Ateneo. 2. He was treated and guided by his friend in European way. 3. He received the bad news about the cholera outbreak in Manila. 4. Leonor Rivera’s recounting happiness who getting thinner and thinner due to the absence of her love-one. November 3, 1882 – he left Barcelona for Madrid through the advised of Paciano. Life in Madrid: 1. He enrolled in Universidad Central de Madrid (Philosophy and Letters and Medicine) 2. He lived frugally, budgeting hid money wisely. 3. He used to buy lottery tickets in every draw in Madrid Lottery. 4. He spent his leisure time in reading books. 5. He met and attracted to Consuelo Ortega y Rey.  34 6. He graduated his degree in Philosophy and Letter and Medicine. Life in Paris, France: June 15, 1882 – Rizal was invited to speak for the celebration for the double victory for the two artist namely: Juan Luna (Spoliarium) and Felix R. Hidalgo (Virgenes Christianas Expuestas El Populacio), for winning the 1 st and 2 nd prizes in the Paris Exposition for the Arts. He lived in Paris, France for 4 months and be came an assistant to the clinic of Dr. Louis de Wecket. He also became a model for the artworks of Juan Luna (“The Death of Cleopatra” and “The Blood Compact”). After his stay in Paris, he left for Heidelberg, Germany. Heidelberg, Germany 1. He work in the University Eye Hospital under the supervision of Dr. Otto Becker. 2. He also attended some lectures of Dr. Becker and Dr. Wilhelm Kuehne. 3. He visited some scenic places in Heidelberg, such as castles, rivers and old churches. 4. He was also befriended with Dr. Karl Ullmer, during summer vacation where he stayed in Wilhelmsfeld. 5. He wrote his first letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt. - During the 5 th centenary celebration of Heidelberg, he decide to left and went to Leipzig, Germany via train. Leipzig, Germany: August 14, 1886  35 – He attended the lectures at the University of Leipzig in history and psychology. - He met Dr. Hans Meyer and Prof. Friedrich Ratzel. - He translated Scheller’s William Tell and Hans Christian Andersons’s Fairy Tale. Dresden, Germany: October 29, 1886 - He met Dr. Adolf Meyer - After two days of stay he left Dresden and went to Berlin, Germany in the evening of November 1, 1886. Berlin, Germany Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of race prejudice Rizal met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor, celebrated German scientist-traveler and author of Travels in the Philippines, a book which Rizal read and admired during his student days in Manila Dr. Rudolf Virchow- introduced to Rizal by Dr. Jagor; famous German anthropologist Dr. Hans Virchow- son of Dr. Rudolf Virchow, professor of Descriptive Anatomy. Dr. Ernest Schweigger (1830-1905)- famous German ophthalmologist where Rizal worked Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society, and the Geographical Society of Berlin, upon the recommendation of Dr. Jagor and Dr. Meyer. Grand Tour in Europe – May 11, 1887 – Rizal and Viola left Berlin for Dresden. They visited Dr. Adolf B. Meyer. While strolling at the scene of the Floral Exposition, they met Dr. Jagor, and suggested them to meet Blumentritt.  36 - May 13, 1887 –Rizal and Viola reached Leitmeritz, Bohemia. They met Ferdinand Blumentritt. The two enjoyed the warm hospitality of the Blumentritt family. - They also met famous scientist Dr. Carlos Czepelah and another eminent naturalist Robert Klutschak. - May 17, 1887 – they left Leitmeritz by train on their way to the city of Prague. They carried recommendation letters of Prof. Blumentritt Dr. Wilhomm, a professor of Natural History in the University of Prague. Mylene Gado Almario Grand Tour in Europe – May 19, 1887 – they reached the city of Brunn. - May 20, 1887 – they arrived at the city of Vienna, Austria. They visited famous interesting scenic places like churches, museums, art galleries,  37 theatres, public parks, beautiful buildings, and religious images. They also met Mr. Norfenfoe (European novelist) and Masner and Nordmenn (Austrian scholars). - May 24, 1887 – they left Vienna, via river boat to see the beautiful sights of the Danube river. The river voyage ended in Lintz, afterwards they travelled on land to Salzburg and from there Munich. In Munich, they had a short time savouring the famous Munich beer (best beer in Germany). - From Munich, they went to Nuremberg (oldest city in Germany), were their impressed by the manufacturer of dolls which was the biggest industry in the city. Afterwards, they went to Ulm particularly he city cathedral, they enjoyed they view upon reaching the top, even though Viola felt dizzy and tried. - All they visit Ulm, they went to Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall. - June 2-3, 1887 – they continued their trip on a boat and reached Basel, Bern, Laussenne, and they cross to the lake of Geneva. - June  38 6, 1887- they reached Geneve, Switzerland. While in Geneva, Rizal received sad news from his friends in Madrid about the conditions of Igorots, who were exhibited in the 1887 Madrid Exposition, some of the natives died. - June 19, 1887 – it was 26th birthday, he treated Viola to a blow-out with a sumptuous meal. He also wrote a letter to Blumentritt regarding Industrial exhibition. - June 23, 1887 – Rizal and Viola parted ways. They both spent 15 days in Geneva. Viola returned to Barcelona and Rizal continued his tour to Italy. - June 24, 1887 – Rizal went to Italy, and visited Turin, Milan, Venice and Florence. - June 27, 1887 – he reached Rome and visited famous architectural buildings. –June 29, 1887 – he visited the Vatican City. He has sightseeing and was impressed by the magnificent edifice like St. Peter’s Church, the rare works of the art, the vast St. Peter’s Square, and the colourful Papal Guard. After a week travel in Rome, he decided to return to the Philippines.  39 Rizal’s First Homecoming (1887-1888) Rizal’s Plans of Homecoming As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines for the following reasons: – Financial difficulties in Calamba – Dissatisfaction with his studies in Madrid – Desire to prove that there is no reason to fear going home. – His belief that the Spanish regime will not punish the innocent.  40 Decision to return home After five years of his memorable sojourn in Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines. However, Rizal was warned by the following not to return to the Philippines because his Noli Me Tangere angered the friars: – Paciano Mercado – Rizal’s adviser and only brother. – Silvestre Ubaldo – Rizal’s brother in law; husband of Olimpia. – Jose Ma. Cecilio (Chenggoy) – one of Rizal’s closest friends. Mylene Gado Almario Rizal was determined to come back to the Philippines for the following reasons: – To operate his mother’s eyes – To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants.  41 – To find out for himself how the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were affecting Filipinos and Spaniards. – To inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent. Rizal arrives in Manila Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a French port and boarded Djemnah, the same steamer that brought him to Europe five years ago. There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, 3 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40 Frenchmen, and 1 Filipino (Rizal) When the ship reached Aden, the weather became rough and some of Rizal’s book got wet. In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam – he transferred to another steamer, Haiphong, that brought him to Manila.  42 Happy Homecoming  43 When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spread that he was a: – German spy – An agent of Otto Von Bismarck – the liberator of Germany. – A Protestant – A Mason – A soul halfway to damnation Paciano – did not leave him during the first days after arrival to protect him from any enemy assault. Don Francisco – did not permit him to go out alone In Calamba Rizal established a medical clinic. Doña Teodora – was Rizal’s first patient Rizal treated her eyes but could not perform any surgical operation because her cataracts were not yet ripe. He painted several beautiful landscapes in Calamba. He translated German poems of Von Wildernath in Tagalog. Doctor Uliman – Rizal was called this name because he came from Germany. – He earned P900 in a few months and P5,000 before he left the Philippines. Gymnasium – was opened by Rizal for the young people He introduced European sports fencing and shooting to discourage them from cockfighting and gambling. Mylene Gado Almario Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba Leonor Rivera – Rizal tried to visit her in Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go because Leonor’s mother did not like him for a son- inlaw. Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo – died because of child birth.  44 Storm over the Noli Me Tangere As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his enemies plotted his doom. Governor General Emilio Terrero – wrote to Rizal requesting to come to Malacañang Palace. – Somebody had whispered to his ear that the Noli contains subversive ideas. – Rizal explained to him that he merely exposed the truth, but did not advocate subversive ideas. – He was pleased by Rizal’s explanation and curious about the book, he asked for a copy of the novel. – Rizal had no copy that time but promised to send one for him. Rizal visited the Jesuits Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for their feedback on the novel. He was gladly welcomed by the following friars: – Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez – Fr. Jose Bech – Fr. Federico Faura – told Rizal that everything in the novel was the truth and warned him that he may lose his head because of it. Governor-General Emilio Terrero – a liberal minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal’s life was in jeopardy because the friars were powerful. – Because of this he gave Rizal a bodyguard to protect him.  45 Jose Taviel de Andrade A young Spanish lieutenant who came from a noble family He was cultured and knew painting He could speak French, English and Spanish. They became good friends. Attackers of the Noli Archbishop Pedro Payo – a Dominican Archbishop of Manila Sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. Gregorio Echevarria, Rector of the University of Santo Tomas to examine the novel. UST and Rizal The committee that examined the Noli Me Tangere were composed of Dominican professors. The report of the faculty members from UST about the Noli states that the novel was: – Heretical, impious and scandalous in the religious orders, and anti- patriotic, subversive of pubic order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands in the political order. Governor-General Terrero – was not satisfied with the report so he sent the novel to the Permanent Commission of Censorship which was composed of priests and lawyers. Fr. Salvador Font – Augustinian friar curate of Tondo was the head of the commission. – The group found that the novel contain subversive ideas against the Church and Spain and recommended that the importation,  46 reproduction and circulation of the pernicious book in the islands be absolutely prohibited. The newspaper published Font’s written report The banning of the Noli Me Tangere served to make it popular The masses supported the book. Fr. Jose Rodriguez – Augustinian Prior of Guadalupe  47 – Published a series of eight pamphlets under the heading Questions of Supreme Interest to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writing. – Copies of anti-Rizal pamphlets were sold after mass – Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to displease the friars Noli Me Tangere in Spain The novel was fiercely attacked in the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes. Senators: – General Jose de Salamanca – General Luis de Pando – Sr. Fernando Vida Vicente Barantes – Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government position in the Philippines bitterly criticized the novel in an article published in the Madrid newspaper, La España Moderna. Defenders of the Noli Me Tangere Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Mariano Ponce rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli Mtangere Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez – Rizal’s favorite teacher in Ateneo defended and praised the novel in public.  48 Don Segismundo Moret – former Minister of the Crown. Prof. Miguel Morayta- historian and stateman Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt – Rizal’s best friend Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia – a Filipino Catholic priest-scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral and a Tagalog translator of the famous Imitation of Christ by Thomas Kempis. – Under the pen name Justo Desiderio Magalang he wrote a defense of the novel published in Singapore. Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his defenders especially to Fr. Garcia who defended him unexpectedly. He attacked Barantes by exposing his ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty which is unworthy of an academician. Because of the interest of both enemies and protectors of the Noli the price of the book increased from five pesetas per copy to 50 pesetas per copy. Agrarian Problem in Calamba  49 Influenced by the novel, Governor-General Emilio Terrero ordered a government investigation of the friar estates to remedy whatever inequities might have been present in connection with land taxes and with tenant One of the friar estates affected was the Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order since 1883. Upon hearing about the investigation, the people of Calamba asked helped from Rizal to gather facts and list the grievances so that the government might institute certain agrarian reforms. Findings submitted by Rizal The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but the whole town of Calamba.  50 The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary increase of The rentals paid by the tenants. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta, for the education of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture. Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of the said lands for flimsy reasons High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals When the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated the work animals, tools, and farm implements of the tenants. Friars Reaction Rizal’s exposure to the deplorable condition angered the friars. The friars exerted pressure to Malacañang to eliminate Rizal. They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport Rizal but the latter refused for there is lack of charges against Rizal in court.  51 Anonymous threats in Rizal’s life alarmed his parents, siblings, Andrade his bodyguard, friends, and even Terrero, thus they all advised him to leave the country. Rizal’s reasons for leaving the Philippines second time His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends. He could not fight better his enemies and serve his country’s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries. Farewell Philippines On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a heavy heart. But this is for his own good and the safety of his family and friends. Second Travel of Dr. Jose Rizal (1888-1892) February 3, 1888 – after a short stay of six months in Calamba, Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second time. Rizal left Manila for Hongkong on board the Zafiro. He was sick and sad to leave Calamba. February 7, 1888 – the steamer made a brief stopover at Amoy. But he got off the ship he was not feeling well and that the city was dirty.  52 February 8, 1888 – he arrived in Hongkong. He stayed at Victoria Hotel. Accordingly, it was a small but very clean city. He was welcomed by Filipino residents like Jose Maria Basa, Balbino Mauricio and Manuel Yriarte. There were other Filipinos in Hongkong but they were generally poor, gentle and timid. He observed the noisy celebration of the Chinese New Year due to the continuous explosions of firecrackers, the noisy audience and music in a Chinese theatre. February 18, 1888 – Rizal and Basa visited Macao. They boarded the ferry steamer, Ku-Kiang. The city was small,low and gloomy. There were many junks, sampans, but few steamers. The city looked sad and dead. They stayed at the house of Don Juan Francisco Lecaros. They also visited the theatre, casino, cathedral, churches, pagodas, botanical gardens and bazaars. February 20, 1888 – after their two-day sojourn in Macao, Rizal and Basa returned to Hongkong on board again on the steamer Ku-Kiang. February 21, 1888 – Rizal and Basa went back to Hongkong. Rizal stayed in Hongkong for almost two weeks. While in Hongkong, Jose Sainz de  53 Varonda, a Spaniard, was commissioned by the Spanish authorities to spy on Rizal. Rizal in Japan February 22, 1888 – Rizal left Hongkong alone on board the Oceanic, American steamer to Japan his next destination. Rizal liked the ship because it was clean and efficiently managed but did not like the meals on board. Other passengers of the ship were two Portuguese, two Chinese, several British and an American woman Protestant missionary. His cabin mate was a British Protestant m issionary who lived in China for 27 years. February 28, 1888 – Rizal arrived in Yokohama, Japan and registered at the Grand Hotel. February 29, 1888 – he proceeded to Tokyo and took a room at Tokyo Hotel where he stayed for 6 days. Japan was to him the “Land of the Cherry Blossoms” because of its natural beauty and the charming manners of the Japanese people. He visited by Juan Perez Caballero, secretary of the Spanish legation. He wrote a letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt, sharing his observation in Japan. During his first day in Tokyo, Japan, Rizal was embarrassed because he didn’t know the Japanese language. To avoid further embarrassment, he decided to study the Japanese language and a few days, he was able to speak the language. He also studied Kabuki, visited museum, libraries, art galleries and shrines, and villages. He was impressed by the beauty of Tokyo, but he  54 was not impressed with the mode of transportation because the rickshaws were drawn by men, which made Rizal disgusted because human were working like horses. He also met Seiko Usui but Rizal called her as O-Sei-San. They also met daily as they visited interesting spots of the city, like the Imperial Art Gallery, the Imperial Library, the city parks and picturesque shrines. She served as his guide, interpreter and tutor. April 13, 1888 – Rizal boarded the Belgic, an English steamer bound for the United States. He left Japan very sad because he would never see again the beautiful land and his beloved O-Sei-San. His sojourn in Japan for 45days was one of the happiest interludes in Rizal’s life. On board the Belgic, he met a passenger, Techo Suchero, a Japanese newspaperman who was jailed in his country for his articles and principles and was exiled. The ship carried 643 Chinese people and other nationalities. Across the Atlantic - USA April 28, 1888 – Rizal and Techo arrived in San Francisco Port on Saturday morning of April 28. All passengers were not allowed to land because the ship was placed on a quarantine on the ground that it came form the Far East where cholera epidemic was alleged to be raging. He soon discovered that placing the ship under quarantine was prompted by politics. After a week of quarantine, all first class passengers, including Rizal were permitted to land but the Chinese and Japanese passengers of the second and third class accommodations was remained on board. Across the Atlantic - USA  55 May 4, 1888 – it was the day when Rizal and other passengers were permitted to land. Rizal registered at the Palace Hotel. May 6, 1888 – Rizal left San Francisco to Oakland by ferry boat. In Oakland, he took his supper at Sacramento for 75 cents and slept in his coach. May 7, 1888 – Rizal boarded a train for a trip across the continent. Reno, Nevada (May 7); Utah, Ogden, Denver (May 8); Colorado (May 9); Nebraska (May 10); Chicago (May 11); Canada (May 12); Albany (May 13) and travel to New York City. May 13, 1888 – Rizal reached New York and stayed for 3 days. Rizal called it as “The Big Town”. He visited the memorial George Washington, and other scenic and historic places. May 16, 1888 – he left New York for Liverpool and board the City of Rome. He also visited the Colossal Statue of Liberty on Bedloe Island.  56 Rizal’s Impressions of America 1. Progressive nation 2. People were energetic and hard-working 3. Better opportunities for immigrants 4. Racial prejudice 5. Freedom and democracy were only in words, not practiced 6. No true liberty London, England May 25, 1888 – he went to London and stayed there for a short time as a guest at the home of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor (lawyer). He boarded at Becket family, and being close to Gertrude Becket. He spent Sundays in the house of Dr. Reinhold Rost, and played crickets with Dr. Rost son. He also spent much of his time in the British Museum annotating Morga’s book, Sucesos de los Islas Filipinas (Historical Events of the Philippine Islands). For 10 months, he was deeply immensed in his historical studies in London, England He received news: the Queen Regent of Spain requesting the expulsion of the friars in the Philippines. Attacks on Rizal by Senator Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and Wenceslao Retana. Persecution of the Rizal’s family and other Calamba farmers for their courage to petition the government for agrarian.  57 Exile of Manuel Hidalgo without due process. Arrest and jailing of Rizal’s friend – Lauriano Viado, for the copies of Noli found in his house. September, 1888 – Rizal visited Paris for a week and visited his Juan Luna and his wife Paz Pardo de Tavera with their son Andres. December 11, 1888 – he went again to Spain and visited Madrid and Barcelona. He went to visit his compatriots Marcelo H. Del Pilar and Marciano Ponce. They exchanged ideas and promised to cooperate in the fight for reforms. December 24, 1888 – he returned to London and spent Christmas and New Year with the Becket family. December 31, 1888 – the Associacion de La Solidaridad was inaugurated, Rizal served as the Honorary President; Galicano Apacible  58 (President); Graciano Lopez-Jaena (VP); Manuel Santa Maria (Secretary); Mariano Ponce (Treasurer); Jose Ma. Panganiban (Accountant). January 14, 1889 – Rizal wrote Blumentritt of his proposal to establish the “Inauguration Association of the Filipinologist” and have its inauguration in the French capital. Blumentritt gladly supported him. January 28, 1889 – Rizal a letter addressed to the members of the Associacion de La Solidaridad recognizing his position as Honorary President. On his letter, he stressed that the individual should give way to the welfare of society and he should nor expect rewards/honors for what he does. February 15, 1889 – Graciano Lopez-Jaena and Mariano Ponce was founded newspaper, called as La Solidaridad in Barcelona – the official organ of the Propaganda Movement. La Solidaridad: Aims 1. To work for a peaceful political and social reforms in the Philippines; 2. To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines so that Spain may treat them; 3. Oppose the evil forces of reaction; 4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress; 5. Champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people to life, democracy and happiness. Rizal congratulated Lopez-Jaena and its associates in founding the news organ, however, he advised LopezJaena that great care should be taken in publishing only the truth. Paris, France March 19, 1889 – From London he went again to Paris. He organized the society called Kidlat Club – aim to bring together the young Filipinos in the French capital so that they could enjoy their stay in the city during the duration of the Paris Universal Exposition.  59 May 6, 1889 – Rizal and his friends attended the opening ceremonies of the Paris Universal Exposition. - vast crowd of tourist attended - greatest attraction was the Eiffel Tower (Alexander Eiffel) - Felix Hidalgo (2 nd), Felix Pardo De Tavera & Juan Luna (3 rd), Rizal’s artwork didn’t qualify for the exhibit. Paris, France June 24, 1889 – Rizal stood as Godfather to a baby-girl (Maria de la Paz Blanca Laureana Hermenegilda Juana y Pardo de Tavera) born to Juan Luna and his wife. August 1889 – Rizal scheduled the holding of the inaugural convention of the International Association of Filipinologist in Paris. This association aim to study the Philippines from the scientific and historical point of view. However, the inaugural convention did not materialize because the French government discouraged the holding of conferences by private organizations during the period of the international exposition. France September 21, 1889 – Rizal founded the secret society called as Redencion de los Malayos (Redemption of the Malays) - It was patterned after Freemasonry. It had various degrees of membership, “with the members not knowing each other.” Members of the R.D.L.M Society 1. Gregorio Aguilera 2. Jose Ma. Basa 3. Julio Dorente 4. Marcelo Del Pilar 5. Mariano Ponce 6. Baldomero Roxas 7. Fr. Jose Maria Chongco Brussels, Belgium January 28, 1890- Rizal left Paris for Brussels, Belgium Two reasons impelled Rizal to leave Paris, namely; 1. the cost of living in Paris was very high because of the Universal Exposition 2. the gay social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his second novel, El Filibusterismo. Rizal was accompanied by Jose Albert when he moved to Brussels. They lived in a modest boarding house on 38 Rue Philippe Champagne, which was run by two Jacoby sisters (Suzanne and Marie). Later Albert, left the city and was replaced by Jose Alejandro, an engineering student.  60 Brussels, Belgium Sobre la Nueva Ortografia de la Lengua Tagala (The New Orthography of the Tagalog Language) was published in La Solidaridad. Letters from home which Rizal received in Brussels worried him; 1. the Calamba agrarian trouble was getting worse. 2. the Dominican Order filed a suit in court to dispossess the Rizal family of their lands in Calamba. Rizal had bad dreams during the nights in Brussels when he was restless because he was always thinking of his unhappy family in Calamba. Rizal feared that he would not live long. He was not afraid to die, but he wanted to finish his second novel before he went to his grave. In the face of the sufferings which afflicted his family, Rizal planned to go home. He could not stay in Brussels writing a book while his parents, relatives, and friends in the distant Philippines were persecuted. July 29, 1890- another letter to Ponce written at Brussels by Rizal, he announced that he was leaving Brussels at the beginning of the following month and would arrive in Madrid about the 3rd or 4th (August). He had an amorous relationship with Suzanne Jacoby, and when Rizal leave Brussels at the end of July, she cried a lot. Misfortune in Madrid, Spain Early in August, 1890, Rizal arrived in Madrid Upon arrival in Madrid, Rizal immediately sought help of the Filipino colony, The Asociacion Hispano-Filipina, and the liberal Spanish newspaper in securing justice for the oppressed Calamba tenants. - El Resumen- a Madrid newspaper which sympathized with the Filipino cause, said: “To cover the ear, open the purse, and fold the arms—this is the Spanish colonial policy. - La Epoca- an anti-Filipino newspaper in Madrid. Life Events Madrid, Spain  61 Jose Ma. Panganiban, his talented co-worker in the Propaganda Movement, died in Barcelona on August 19, 1890, after a lingering illness. Aborted duel with Antonio Luna Rizal challenged Wenceslao Retana – a Spanish talented scholar, an agent of the Spanish friars, and his rival in pen Infidelity of Leonor Rivera – marrying Charles Henry Kipping. Rizal-Del Pilar Rivalry - Rizal wrote a brief note thanking his compatriots for electing him as Responsible. It was the last time he saw Madrid. Biarritz, France To seek solace for his disappointments in Madrid, Rizal took a vacation in the resort city of Biarritz on the fabulous French Riviera. He was a guest of the rich Boustead family at its winter residence—Villa Eliada. February, 1891- Rizal arrived in Biarritz, France. Frustrated in romance, Rizal found consolation in writing. Evidently, while wooing Nellie and enjoying so “many magnificent moonlight nights” with her, he kept working on his second novel which he began to write in Calamba 1887. March 29, 1891- the eve of his departure from Biarritz to Paris, he finished the manuscript of El Filibusterismo. March 30, 1891-Rizal bade farewell to the hospitable and friendly Bousteads and proceeded to Paris by train. Paris, France to Brussels, Belgium April 4, 1891 - Rizal wrote to his friend, Jose Ma. Basa, in Hong Kong from Paris, expressing his desire to go to that British colony and practice ophthalmology in order to earn his living. Middle of April, 1891- Rizal was back in Brussels. Since abdicating his leadership in Madrid in January, 1891, owing to the intrigues of his jealous  62 compatriots, Rizal retired from the Propaganda Movement or reform crusade. May 1, 1891- Rizal notified the Propaganda authorities in Manila to cancel his monthly allowance and devote the money to some better cause May 30, 1891- revision of the finished manuscript of El Filibusterismo was mostly completed June 13, 1891- Rizal informed Basa that he was negotiating with a printing firm. Ghent, Belgium He published the El Filibusterismo. July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university city in Belgium. Rizal reasons for moving to Ghent were; 1. the cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels; 2. to escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne. Rizal met two compatriots while in Ghent, Jose Alejandro and Edilberto Evangelista, both studying engineering in the world-famed University of Ghent. September 22, 1891 - four days after the Fili came off the press, Rizal wrote to Blumentritt: “I am thinking of writing a third novel, a novel in the modern sense of the word, but this time politics will not find much space in it, but ethics will play the principal role.” October 3, 1891 - two weeks after the publication of Fili, Rizal left Ghent for Paris, where he stayed a few days to say goodbye to the Lunas, the Pardo de Taveras, the Venturas and other friends; Rizal proceeded by train to Marseilles. October 18, 1891- Rizal boarded the steamer Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hongkong during the voyage, Rizal began writing the third novel in Tagalog, which he intended for Tagalog readers.  63 Hongkong Rizal left Europe for Hong Kong, where he lived from November, 1891 to June, 1892. His reasons for leaving Europe were; 1. life was unbearable in Europe because of his political differences with M.H. del Pilar and other Filipinos in Spain; 2. to be near his idolized Philippines and family. November 20, 1891 - Rizal arrived in Hong Kong. He established his residence at No. 5 D’ Aguilar Street No. 2 Rednaxola Terrace, where he also opened his medical clinic. Hongkong December 1, 1891 - Rizal wrote his parents asking their permission to return home. On the same date, his brother-inlaw, Manuel T. Hidalgo, sent him a letter relating the sad news of the “deportation of twenty-five persons from Calamba, including father, Neneng, Sisa, Lucia, Paciano and the rest of us.” The Christmas of 1891 in Hong Kong was one of the happiest Yuletide celebrations in Rizal’s life: For he had a happy family reunion. January 31, 1892- Rizal wrote to Blumentritt, recounting pleasant life in Hong Kong. His family very impressed with the English government. Rizal successfully operated on his mother’s left eye so that she was able to read and write again. Borneo, Colonization Project Rizal planned to move the landless Filipino families Filipino families to North Borneo (Sabah), rich British owned island and carve out of its virgin wildness a “New Calamba”. March 7, 1892- Rizal went to Sandakan on board the ship Menon to negotiate with the British authorities for the establishment of a Filipino colony. Rizal looked over the land up the Bengkoka River in Maradu Bay which was offered by the British North Borneo Company.  64 April 20, 1892 - Rizal was back in Hong Kong. His brother in-law (Hidalgo), objected to the project for it was antinationalistic act to have a colony. Colonization Project Governor General Eulogio Despujol – the present governor-general (1891-1892) December 23, 1891- first letter of Rizal to Governor Despujol. March 21, 1892- Rizal’s second letter and gave it to a ship captain to be sure it would reach Governor Despujol’s hand, in this second letter, he requested the governor general to permit the landless Filipinos to establish themselves in Borneo. Despujol could not approve the Filipino immigration to Borneo, alleging that “the Philippines lacked laborers” and “it was not very patriotic to go off and cultivate foreign soil. \Writings in Hongkong “Ang Mga Karapatan Nang Tao- which is a Tagalog translation of “The Rights of Man” proclaimed by the French Revolution in 1789. “A la Nacion Espanola” (To the Spanish Nation) - which is an appeal to Spain to right the wrongs done to the Calamba tenants. “Sa Mga Kababayan” (To my Countrymen)- explaining the Calamba agrarian situation. “Una Visita a la Victoria Gaol” (A Visit to Victoria Gaol)- it contrasted the cruel Spanish prison system with the modern and more humane British prison system. Writings in Hongkong “Colonisation du British North Borneo, par de Familles de Isles Philippines” (Colonization of British North Borneo by Families from the Philippine Islands)- an article in French which Rizal elaborated on the same idea in another article in Spanish. “La Mano Roja” (The Red Hand) - it denounces the frequent outbreaks of intentional fires in Manila Constitution of La Liga Filipina - the most  65 important writing made by Rizal during his Hong Kong sojourn, which was printed in Hong Kong, 1892 Decision to Return in Manila May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila. This decision was spurred by the following: 1. to confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization project; 2. to establish the La Liga Filipina in Manila; 3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that he was being comfortable and safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned the country’s cause. June 20, 1892- Rizal wrote two letters which he sealed, inscribed on each envelope “to be opened after my death” and gave them to his friend Dr. Marques for safekeeping. Second Homecoming May, 1892- Rizal made up his mind to return to Manila. This decision was spurred by the following: 1. to confer with Governor Despujol regarding his Borneo colonization project; 2. to establish the La Liga Filipina in Manila; 3. to prove that Eduardo de Lete was wrong in attacking him in Madrid that he was being comfortable and safe in Hong Kong, had abandoned the country’s cause. June 20, 1892 - Rizal wrote two letters which he sealed, inscribed on each envelope “to be opened after my death” and gave them to his friend Dr. Lorenso Marques for safekeeping. 1 st letter – “TO MY PARENTS, BRETHREN and FRIENDS” 2 nd letter – “TO THE FILIPINOS”  66 June 21, 1892 - Rizal penned another letter in Hong Kong for Governor Despujol, incidentally his third letter to that discourteous Spanish chief executive. Immediately after Rizal’s departure from Hong Kong, the Spanish consul general who issued the government guarantee of safety, sent a cablegram to Governor Despujol that the victim “is in the trap”. On the same day (June 21, 1892), a secret case was filed in Manila against Rizal and his followers “for anti-religious and anti-patriotic agitation”. Luis de la Torre - secretary of Despujol, ordered to find out if Rizal was naturalized as a German citizen. Arrival in Manila with Sister June 26, 1892 - Sunday at 12:00 noon, Rizal and his widowed sister Lucia arrived in Manila. In the afternoon, at 4:00 o’clock, he went to Malacañang Palace to seek audience with the Spanish governor general, General Eulogio Despujol, Conde de Caspe. June 27, 1892- at 6:00pm, Rizal boarded a train in Tutuban Station and visited his friends in Malolos (Bulacan), San Fernando (Pampanga), Tarlac (Tarlac), and Bacolor (Pampanga) Rizal returned by train to Manila on the next day, June 28, at 5 o’clock in the afternoon. July 3, 1892 – Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina in Tondo, Manila. Mylene Gado Almario Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago July 6, 1892- Wednesday, Rizal went to Malacañang Palace to resume his series of interviews with governor general. Pobres Frailles (Poor Friars) - incriminatory leaflets which allegedly found in Lucia’s pillow cases; it is under the authorship of Fr. Jacinto and printed by the Imprenta de los Amigos del Pais, Manila Rizal was placed under arrest and escorted to Fort Santiago by Ramon Despujol, nephew and aide of Governor General Despujol. July 7, 1892 - the Gaceta de Manila published the story of Rizal’s arrest which produced indignant commotion among the Filipino people, particularly the members of the newly organized Liga Filipina. The same  67 issue of the Gaceta (july 7, 1892) contained Governor General Despujol’s decree deporting Rizal to “one of the islands in the South” Mylene Gado Almario Rizal Arrested and Jailed in Fort Santiago July 14, 1892, shortly after midnight (that is 12:30 am of July 15, 1892) – Rizal was brought under heavy guard to the steamer Cebu which was sailing for Dapitan. This steamer under Captain Delgras departed at 1:00 AM, July 15, sailing south, passing Mindoro and Panay and reaching Dapitan on Sunday, the 17th of July at 7:00 in the evening. Captain Ricardo Carnicero- Spanish commandant of Dapitan whom Captain Delgras handed Rizal July 17, 1892 to July 31, 2896 - Rizal began his exile in lonely Dapitan, a period of four years. Rizal practiced medicine, pursued scientific studies, continued his artistic and literary works, widened his knowledge of languages, established a school for boys, promoted developments projects, invented a wooden machine for making bricks, and engaged in farming and commerce (1892 to 1896). Exile in Dapitan (July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896) The steamer Cebu which brought Rizal to Dapitan carried a letter from Father Pablo Pastells, Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippine, to Father Antonio Obach, Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan Rizal lived in the house of the commandant, Captain Carnicero. A Don Ricardo Carnicero - Rizal wrote a poem on August 26, 1892, on the occasion of the captain’s birthday. September 21, 18792- the mail boat Butuan was approaching the town, with coloured pennants flying in the sea breezes Butuan - the mail boat, brought the happy tidings that the Lottery Ticket no. 9736 jointly owned by Captain Carcinero, Dr. Jose Rizal, and Francisco Equilior (Spanish resident of Dipolog, a neighboring town of Dapitan) won the second prize of P20,000 in the government-owned Manila Lottery. Mylene Gado Almario Exile in Dapitan (July 17, 1892 to July 31, 1896) Pablo Mercado (Florencio Namanan) - friar’s spy and posing as a relative, secretly visited Rizal at his house on the night of November 3, 1891 he introduced himself as a friend and relative, showing a photo of  68 Rizal and a pair of buttons with the initials “P.M.” (Pablo Mercado) as evidence of his kinship with the Rizal family. Captain Juan Sitges - who succeeded Captain Carnicero on May 4, 1893 as commandant of Dapitan, Rizal denounced to him the impostor. August 1893 - Rizal’s mother and sister, Maria, arrived in Dapitan and lived with him for one year and a half. Rizal operated on his mother’s right eye. Activities in Dapitan As Physician - Rizal became interested in local medicine and in the use of medicinal plants. He studied the medicinal plants of the Philippines and their curative values. As Expert Surveyor - Rizal applied his knowledge of engineering by constructing a system of waterworks in order to furnish clean water to the townspeople. Rizal as Teacher - Rizal exile to Dapitan gives him the opportunity to put into practice his educational ideas. In 1893 he established a school which existed until the end of his exile in July, 1896. Rizal taught his boys reading, writing, languages (Spanish and English), geography, history, mathematics (arithmetic and geometry), industrial work, nature study, morals and gymnastics. He trained them how to collect specimens of plants and animals, to love work and to “behave like men”. Activities in Dapitan As a Scientist - Rizal built up a rich collection of concology which consisted of 346 shells representing 203 species. Rizal also conducted anthropological, ethnographical, archaeological, geological, and geographical studies, as revealed by his voluminous correspondence with his scientists friends in Europe. As a Linguist - he learned the Bisayan, Subanum, and Malay languages. He wrote Tagalog grammar, made a comparative study of the Bisayan and Malayan languages and studied Bisayan (Cebuan), and Subanum languages. He knew 22 languages - Tagalog, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanun, Spanish, Latin, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Dutch, Catalan, Italian, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, Swedish, and Russian.  69 As an Artist – he continued his artistic works such as, sketching and woodcarving (The Mother’s Revenge and Dapitan Girl). Rizal as Farmer - In Dapitan, Rizal devoted much of his time to agriculture. Rizal introduced modern methods of agriculture which he had observed in Europe and America. He encouraged the Dapitan farmers to discard their primitive system of tillage and adopt the modern agricultural methods. Rizal as Businessman - Rizal engaged in business in partnership with Ramon Carreon, a Dapitan merchant, he made profitable business ventures in fishing, copra, and hemp industries. January 19, 1893 - Rizal wrote a letter to Hidalgo expressing⎫ his plan to improve the fishing industry. May 14, 1893 - Rizal formed a business partnership with⎫ Ramon Carreon in lime manufacturing. January 1, 1895 - Rizal organized the Cooperative Association⎫ of Dapitan Farmers to break the Chinese monopoly on business in Dapitan. Activities in Dapitan As an Inventor - Rizal invented a cigarette lighter which he sent as a gift to Blumentritt. He called it “sulpukan”. This unique cigarette lighter was made of wood. “Its mechanism”, said Rizal “is based on the principle of compressed air.” - He also invited a wooden machine for making bricks. My Retreat (Mi Retiro) - Rizal wrote this beautiful poem about his serene life as an exile in Dapitan and sent it to her mother on October 22, 1895, which acclaimed by literary critics as one of the best ever penned by Rizal. Rizal and the Katipunan Andres Bonifacio - the “Great Plebeian”, sowing the seeds of an armed uprising - the secret revolutionary society, called Katipunan, which he founded on July 7, 1892. May 2, 1896 - a secret meeting of the Katipunan at a little river called Bitukang Manok near the town of Pasig, Dr. Pio Valenzuela was named emissary to Dapitan, in order to inform Rizal of the plan of the Katipunan to launch a revolution for freedom’s sake. June 15, 1896 - Valenzuela left Manila on board the steamer Venus. To camouflage Valenzuela’s real mission, he brought with him a blind man  70 Raymundo Mata and a guide, ostensibly going to Dapitan to solicit Rizal’s expert medical advice June 21, 1896 - evening, Dr. Pio Valenzuela arrived in Dapitan. Rizal and the Katipunan Rizal objected to Bonifacio’s audacious project to plunge the country in bloody revolution because he was of sincere belief that it was premature, for two reasons: 1. the people are not ready for a revolution, and; 2. arms and funds must first be collected before raising the cry of revolution. Rizal as a Volunteer Doctor in Cuba Rizal had offered his services as military doctor in Cuba, which was then in the throes of a revolution and a ranging yellow fever epidemic. There was a shortage of physicians to minister to the needs of the Spanish troops and the Cubans people. December 17, 1895 - Rizal wrote to Governor General Ramon Blanco, offering his services as military doctor in Cuba. July 30, 1896 - Rizal received the letter from Governor General Blanco dated July 1, 1896 notifying him of acceptance of his offer. “The Song of the Traveler” (El Canto del Viajero) - Rizal wrote this heart- warming poem because of his joy in receiving the gladsome news from Malacañang. July 31, 1896 - Rizal’s four-year exile in Dapitan came to an end. Rizal embarked on board the steamer España. (4years, 13 days and few hours) As farewell music, the town brass band strangely played the dolorous Funeral March of Chopin. Last Trip Abroad (1986) July 31, 1896 - Rizal left Dapitan at midnight on board the España sailed northward. Isla de Luzon - a regular steamer that Rizal missed which sailed to Spain the day before he arrived in Manila Bay  71 Castilla - a Spanish cruiser wherein Rizal was kept as a “guest” on board. August 1, 1896 - at dawn of Saturday, it anchored at Dumaguete. He met a friend name Herriro Regidor. August 26, 1896 - Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan raised the cry of revolution in the hills of Balintawak, a few miles north of Manila. September 3, 1896 - Rizal left for Spain on the steamer Isla de Panay. Outbreak of the Philippine Revolution August 19, 1896 - the Katipunan plot to overthrow Spanish rule by means of revolution was discovered by Fray Mariano Gil, Augustinian cura of Tondo. August 26, 1896 - the “Cry of Balintawak” which raised by Bonifacio and his valiant Katipuneros. August 30, 1896 - sunrise, the revolutionists led by Bonifacio and Jacinto attacked San Juan, near the city of Manila. In the afternoon, after the Battle of San Juan, Governor General Blanco proclaimed a state of war in the first eight provinces for rising in arms against Spain - Manila (as a province), Bulacan, Cavite, Batangas, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac. Rizal learned of the eruption of the revolution and raging battles around Manila through the newspapers he read on the Castilla. He was worried for two reasons: 1. The violent revolution which he sincerely believed to be premature and would only cause much suffering and terrible loss of human lives and property had started, and 2. It would arouse Spanish vengeance against all Filipino patriots. August 30, 1896 - Rizal received from Governor General Blanco two letters of introduction for the Minister of War and Minister of Colonies, which a covering letter which absolved him from all blame for the raging revolution. September 3, 1896 – the Isla de Panay left Manila and reached Singapore on the 7th.  72 Rizal: A Cabin Prisoner Don Pedro Roxas - rich Manila creole industrialist and Rizal’s friend that advised him to stay on Singapore and take advantage of the protection of the British law. Don Manuel Camus - headed several Filipino residents in Singapore, boarded the steamer, urging Rizal to stay in Singapore to save his life. The Isla de Panay, with Rizal on board, left Singapore at 1:00pm, September 8. September 25, 1896 - Rizal saw the steamer Isla de Luzon, leaving the Suez Canal, crammed with Spanish troops. September 27, 1896 - Rizal heard from the passengers that a telegram arrived from Manila reporting the execution of some Filipino patriots.: A Cabin Prisoner September 28, 1986 - a day after the steamer had left Port Said (Mediterranean terminus of the Suez Canal), a passenger told Rizal the bad news that he would be arrested by order of Governor General Blanco and would be sent to prison in Ceuta (Spanish Morocco), opposite Gibraltar. September 29, 1896 - Rizal wrote in his travel diary: “There are people on board who do nothing but slander me and invent fanciful stories about me. I’m going to become a legendary personage.” September 30, 1896 - at 4:00pm, Rizal was officially notified by Captain Alemany that he should stay in his cabin until further orders from Manila. October 3, 1896 - at 10:00am, the Isla de Panay arrived in Barcelona, with Rizal, a prisoner on board. The trip from Manila to Barcelona lasted exactly 30 days. R