Lesson 1.2 Classifications of Matter PDF

How are you feeling today?  Lesson 1.2. Classifications of Matter 2 Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you (student) should be able to: 1.Differentiate between pure substances and mixtures. 2. Differentiate elements from compounds. 3. Classify the different kinds of m...

How are you feeling today?  Lesson 1.2. Classifications of Matter 2 Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you (student) should be able to: 1.Differentiate between pure substances and mixtures. 2. Differentiate elements from compounds. 3. Classify the different kinds of mixtures. 4. D i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f compounds. How matter is being classified? Classifying Matter by Composition Another way to classify matter is to examine its composition. Composition includes: types of particles arrangement of the particles attractions and attachments between the particles 5  A. Matter Flowchart MATTER yes Can it be physically no separated? MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE yes Is the composition no yes Can it be chemically no uniform? decomposed? Homogeneous Heterogeneous Mixture Mixture Compound Element (solutions) Colloids Suspensions 7 Classification of Matter by Composition Matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another is called a pure substance. made of a single type of atom or molecule Because the composition of a pure substance is always t h e same, all samples h ave t h e same characteristics. Matter whose composition may vary from one sample to another is called a mixture. two or more types of atoms or molecules combined in variable proportions Because composition varies, different samples have 8 Classification of Matter by Composition 1) made of one type 1) made of multiple of particle types of particles 2) All samples show 2) Samples may the same show different intensive intensive properties. properties. 9 Pure Substance ◦ These are forms of matter that have the same properties throughout and have a definite and unchanging chemical composition. ◦ This means that the substance is the same no matter where it is found. ◦All elements and all compounds are substances. Classification of Pure Substances: Elements Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical reactions are called elements. decomposed = broken down basic building blocks of matter composed of single type of atom though those atoms may or may not be combined into molecules 11 ◦ Elements – aresubstances that are made up of only one type atom. They cannot be further separated into simpler substances. Atoms are made up of smaller particles, but they are not broken down by ordinary chemical means. ◦ There are 118 known elements in the periodic table, 92 elements in which some of them are unstable and disintegrate radioactively in very short periods of time and 20 that have been made by humans on Earth (all of which are radioactive). ◦E l e m e n t s are named after famous  Names, Symbols and Selected Properties of Some Common Elements Names Symbol Properties Aluminum Al Light, silvery metal Barium Ba Silvery white metal Carbon C Soft black solid Hydrogen H Colorless gas Magnesium Mg Silvery white, ductile, light metal Nickel Ni Silvery white, ductile, malleable ◦ A few chemical symbols are derived from the Latin or Greek names of the elements. ◦ Examples: Copper, Gold, Iron. Silver, Lead, Mercury, Potassium, Sodium, Tin Properties of Metals & Nonmetals Metals Nonmetals Hard, dense, solid Some are gases, liquids (except Hg) or solids; less dense; and softer (except diamond) Shiny and can be Dull, cannot be polished polished (except diamond) Malleable and ductile Brittle Can conduct heat and Insulators (except electricity graphite) Properties of Metals & Non-metals Metals Non-metals Usually have high Have low melting melting points points Have high tensile Have low tensile strengths strengths Have high densities Have low densities ◦ Metalloids are elements which possesses characteristic of both metals non-metals. They are also known as semimetals or amphoteric elements ◦ Examples: B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te and Po ◦ Ge and Si are used in transistor chips because of their semiconducting property. They become more electrically conductive as temperature increases. Classification of Pure Substances: Compounds ◦ Substances that can be decomposed are called Compounds. ◦ chemical combinations of elements ◦ co m po s e d o f m o le c u le s t h at contain two or more different kinds of atoms ◦ All molecules of a compound are iden tical , so all samples o f a compound behave the same way. 19 Compounds ◦ Are substances that are made up of more than one type of atom. These can be separated into two or more simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions. ◦ An ACID is a compound that turns blue litmus paper to red, taste sour, and can react with other materials sometimes violently. It donates Hydrogen ion (H+) and accepts Hydroxide ion (OH-). Example: HNO3, HCI, H2SO4, H2CO3, HC2H3O2. ◦ A BASE is a compound that turns red litmus paper to blue, tastes bitter, feels slippery and can react with other materials sometimes violently. It donates Hydroxide ion (OH-) and accepts Hydrogen ion (H+). Example: Mg(OH)2, NaOH, Ca(OH)2. Classification of Pure Substances 1) made of one 1) made of one type of atom type of (some molecule, or elements array of ions found as multi 2) units contain -atom two or more molecules in different nature) kinds of 2) combine atoms together to make compounds 21 Classification of Mixtures ◦ homogeneous = mixture that has uniform composition throughout ◦ Ever y piece of a sample has identical characteristics, though another sample with the same components may have different characteristics. ◦ atoms or molecules mixed uniformly ◦ heterogeneous = mixture that does not have uniform composition throughout ◦ contains regions within the sample with different characteristics ◦ atoms or molecules not mixed uniformly 22 Mixtures ◦ Are made up of two or more substances that are physically combined. Examples: Soil, blood, air, milk, rocks, etc. ◦ Homogeneous Mixtures – have only one phase, or have a uniform appearance throughout, and any portion of the sample has the same properties and composition. Examples : seawater, alcohol, soy sauce, yogurt, rubbing alcohol, etc. ◦ Heterogeneous Mixtures – made up of more than one phase or of different parts and can be separated physically. Classification of Mixtures 1) made of 1) made of multiple substances, multiple whose substances, presence but appears can be seen to be one 2) Portions of substance 2) All portions a sample have of an different individual composition sample have and the same properties. composition 24 and LEARNING CHECK: Classify the following materials as pure substance or a mixture. If it is an example of a pure substance, categorize it as element or a compound. If the sample material is an example of mixture, categorize it further as homogeneous or heterogeneous. 1. Soft drinks 2. Chocolate chips 3. Buko salad 4. Sugar 5. Soil 6. Aluminum foil 7. Black coffee 8. Sugar solution 9. Air with smog 10. Alcohol 11. Stainless steel 12. Sand 13. Pure air 14. Chunky spaghetti sauce 15. Table salt LEARNING TASK: Read the labels and answer the table below. In your house, examine common household materials like bleach, toothpaste, rubbing alcohol , cooking oil, shampoo, etc. Household Element or Chemical Materials Compound Symbol/Formula Present 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Thank you!