English for Academic and Professional Purposes PDF

English for Academic and Professional Purposes  ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES At the end of the lesson, you must be able to: About Differentiate formal publication from informal publication; Objectives...

English for Academic and Professional Purposes  ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES At the end of the lesson, you must be able to: About Differentiate formal publication from informal publication; Objectives Understand how structures of academic texts are Warm-up formed; Content Be familiar with the characteristics of academic Exercises language; Evaluation Make use of different reading strategies; and Reflection Apply the appropriate language in formal writing.  OBSERVE THE GIVEN TEXTS BELOW. Non-Academic Text I think climate change is hurting the environment. Academic Text Renwick (2018) states that climate change is impacting the environment in four main ways.  ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Academic texts are writings that Academic texts are writings that require full require full concentration and About comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes Objectives or arguments of the texts. Written by professional in the of the texts. Warm-up given field. Content Well-edited and often takes years to publish. Exercises Contains list of sources and references. Main goal is to advance human understanding in a Evaluation particular discipline.. Reflection Informative, argumentative, or objective.  ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Examples of Academic Text Academic texts are writings that require full About School books and textbooks Objectives Journal articles. of the texts. Warm-up Research proposals and papers. Content Thesis and Exercises dissertations Evaluation Some magazines and news papers Reflection  ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Types of Academic Text Academic texts are writings that require full About DESCRIPTIVE Objectives -Provide facts and of the texts. Warm-up information Content Exercises -Identify, report, record, summarize, Evaluation define Reflection  ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Types of Academic Text Academic texts are writings that require full About ANALYTIC Objectives -Organizes facts and information into categories, of the texts. Warm-up groups, parts, types and Content relationship Exercises -Analyze, compare, Evaluation contrast, relate, examine Reflection  ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Types of Academic Text Academic texts are writings that require full About PERSUASIVE Objectives -Includes argument, recommendations, interpretation, or of the texts. Warm-up evaluation of the work, with the addition of your point of view Content -Needs to be supportive by Exercises evidence Evaluation -Argue, evaluate, discuss, Reflection take a position  ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Types of Academic Text Academic texts are writings that require full About CRITICAL Objectives -Requires you to consider at of the texts. Warm-up least two points of view, including your own Content Exercises -Critique, debate, disagree and evaluate Evaluation Reflection  Non-Academic Text Written for the mass public Published quickly and can be written by anyone Often doesn’t involve research or sources Uses informal and more conversational language May contain slang.  Non-Academic Text Author may unknown Usually delivers simple and basic information Can be read and easily understood by any kind of reader Personal, emotional, impressionistic or subjective in nature  Examples of Non- Academic Text Blog post Fiction books Letters Personal journal diaries  ACADEMIC TEXT VS. NON-ACADEMIC concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Academic texts are writings that require full Examples of Academic text: About book reviews, critique papers, essays, movie Objectives analysis, reports, research papers. of the texts. Warm-up Examples of Non-Academic text: Content personal journal entries, memoirs, Exercises autobiographical writing, letters, E-mails, Evaluation text messages, newspaper articles, journal Reflection writing.  ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Academic texts are writings that require full About Objectives Read the passages that follow and of the texts. Warm-up determine whether it is an Content ACADEMIC or NON-ACADEMIC text. Exercises Evaluation Reflection 1. “A spring breeze drifted through the open casement, bringing with it the scent of pine branches newly tipped with delicate bud.” 2. “Terrorists attack civilians to coerce their government into making political concessions. Does this strategy work? To empirically assess the effectiveness of terrorism, the author exploits variation in the target selection of 125 violent sub state campaigns.” 3. “Filipino women are active as entrepreneurs. Data from the Department of Trade and Industry for 2009 show that 54% of enterprises are owned by women.” 4. The orange is for energy, the green for focus, and the midnight blue for sleep. They line the shelves, spells in handy bottles, flavored to taste. Berry and citrus on the left, chocolate and cake batter flavors on the right. I shoulder my way through the perpetual crowd to the pharmacy. The businessman standing by the bottles of cunning gives me a dirty look, like he's some sort of badass or something. Whatever. My new flavor isn't even available to the public. The bored clerk reads my prescription. Once, twice, then she swallows her gum and runs to get her boss. He comes out, white lab coat still pressed from the cleaners, and takes out his reading glasses. He nods and goes into the back once more FACTORS Audience Purpose Organization THAT SHAPE ACADEMIC WRITING Style Flow Presentation  WHOM FACTORS Audience THAT SHAPE ACADEMIC WRITING WHO ARE YOU WRITING FOR?  WHY FACTORS THAT Purpose SHAPE ACADEMIC WRITING WHY ARE YOU WRITING?  HOW FACTORS Organization THAT SHAPE ACADEMIC WRITING How will you arrange your ideas?  WHAT FACTORS Style THAT SHAPE ACADEMIC WRITING WHAT TECHNIQUE/S WILL YOU USE?  HOW FACTORS Flow THAT SHAPE ACADEMIC WRITING HOW WILL YOU EXPRESS YOUR IDEAS? FACTORS THAT Presentation SHAPE ACADEMIC WRITING IS YOUR OUTPUT READY TO PUBLISH?  scholarly book of articles around a theme, by research. Academic papers may be done as a part of a class, in a program of study, or for program. The dissertation is a book-length summarization of the doctoral candidate’s A dissertation (or thesis) is a document submitted at the conclusion of a Ph.D. publication in an academic journal or Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses Dissertation different authors. outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas.s are writings that require full concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments of the texts. PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES AND  reading of one or multiple texts and often focuses on name suggests, a literary analysis essay goes beyond A literary analysis essay examines, evaluates, and makes an argument about a literary work. As its mere summarization. It requires careful close a specific characteristic, theme, or motif Literary Analysis Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas.s are writings that require full concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments of the texts. PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES AND  Research papers are written in all disciplines A research paper uses outside information to in nature. Common research sources include and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- external information with your own ideas. research paper involves synthesizing this support a thesis or make an argument. reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a data, primary sources (e.g., historical Research Paper Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas.s are writings that require full concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments of the texts. PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES AND  ACTIVITY!!! Which is Academic Text?. A. In this essay I will talk about…... B. This essay will discuss….  ACTIVITY!!! Which is Non-Academic Text?. A. There are lots of reasons including earthquake. B. Possible reasons includes earthquake and other natural event.  ACTIVITY!!! Which is Academic Text?. A. The literature suggests a variety of explanations. B. There are a couple of reasons for it.  Purposes of Reading To scan for specific information. To critique an argument. To skim to get an overview of the text To learn To relate new content to something. Get a modern PowerPoint Presentation existing knowledge that is beautifully designed. For general To write something (often comprehension depends on a prompt)  Strategies in Reading Academic Texts Before Reading: ▪Determine which type of academic text. ▪Determine and establish the purpose for reading. ▪Check the publication date. During Reading: ▪Annotate important parts of the text. After Reading: ▪ Reflect on what you learned ▪ React on some parts of the text through writing. ▪ Summarize the text in your own words in an outline, concept map, or matrix.  Predict -Predicting what the text is about - Predicting the result/ outcome Other Strategies Giving opinions to texts Connect Relating text to experiences read Structures: Content & Style:  The manner in which ideas are O R logically and accurately arranged. G A Chronological N Compare and Contrast I Emphatic Z Spatial A T Cause and Effect I Problem and solution O N  C Coherence: Sentences are O H C O arranged in a logical manner E R H E E S N Cohesion: Connection of C I O E ideas at sentence level N &  Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas.s are writings that require full concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments of the texts. PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES AND  concentration and comprehension to understand (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Common research sources include data, primary sources involves synthesizing this external information with your Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines Examples and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper outside information to support a thesis or make an own ideas.s are writings that require full ENGLISH FOR Choose formal instead Move information around You need to develop a in the sentence to ACADEMIC of informal vocabulary. large vocabulary for of the texts. emphasize things and AND For example, the concepts specific ideas, instead of people to the discipline or PROFESSIONAL ‘somewhat’ is more and feelings. specialization you’re PURPOSES formal than ‘a bit’, For example, instead of writing for. To do this, ‘insufficient’ is more formal than ‘not writing ‘I believe the take note of enough’. model is valid, based on terminology used by these findings’, your lecturer and tutor, Write… as well as in your ‘These findings indicate readings. that the model is valid’  concentration and comprehension to understand (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Common research sources include data, primary sources involves synthesizing this external information with your Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines Examples and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper outside information to support a thesis or make an own ideas.s are writings that require full ENGLISH FOR Avoid emotional Avoid intense or Use the key categories ACADEMIC language. For emotional evaluative and relationships in of the texts. AND example, instead of language. For example, your discipline, that is, PROFESSIONAL strong words such instead of writing the way information PURPOSES as ‘wonderful’ or ‘Parents who smoke are and ideas are ‘terrible’, use more obviously abusing their organized into groups. moderate words children’, For example, in the such as ‘helpful’ or Write.. discipline of Law, law ‘problematic’. ‘Secondhand smoke has is separated into two some harmful effects on types: common law children’s health’. and statute law.  distinctions will Knowing these structure your technical and make it more writing and analytical. help you increases the risk of cancer’. Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses example, instead of writing support the possibility that views, or to allow room for ‘I think secondhand smoke Show caution about your outside information to support a thesis or make an others to disagree. For argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines ‘There is evidence to secondhand smoke and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research sources include data, primary sources causes cancer’, (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your Write.. own ideas.s are writings that require full concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Instead of using absolute such as ‘strong evidence’ positives and negatives, of the texts. cautious evaluations, or ‘less convincing’. ‘wrong’, use more such as ‘proof’ or Examples PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES AND  A A N N U G G E L avoiding direct reference to people or feelings, and instead emphasizing objects, facts and ideas. It is It is formal by avoiding casual or conversational vocabulary. It is impersonal and objective by technical by using vocabulary specific to the language, such as contractions or informal. It is formal by avoiding casual or conver. It is formal by discipline. avoiding casual or conversational language, such as Technical contractions or informal vocabulary. It is impersonal and objective by avoiding direct reference to people or feelings, and instead emphasizing objects, facts and ideas. It is technical by using vocabulary specific to the disciplinesational language, such as contractions or informal vocabulary. It is impersonal and objective by avoiding direct reference to people or feelings, and instead emphasizing objects, facts and ideas. It is technical by using vocabulary specific to the discipline Objective Formal 1. CONTRACTIONS shouldn’t be used. L A 2. Ditch COLLOQUIALISM. N G 3. Rhetorical questions are U not necessary, A so why use them? N G 4. Position adverbs correctly. E =Correctly position adverbs.  ▪ The introduction and the conclusion should ▪ For shorter essays, one or two paragraphs The Three-Part Essay Structure ▪ For longer texts or theses, they may be Introduction, Body and Conclusion. be shorter than the body of the text. for each of these sections can be Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper several pages long. involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas.s are writings that require full concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments appropriate. of the texts. PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES AND  Introduction concentration and comprehension to understand (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Common research sources include data, primary sources involves synthesizing this external information with your Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses Its purpose is to clearly tell the reader the topic, purpose and argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper outside information to support a thesis or make an structure of the paper. As a rough guide, an introduction might be own ideas.s are writings that require full between 10 and 20 percent of the length of the whole paper and has three main parts: ENGLISH FOR The most general information, such as background and/or ACADEMIC definitions. of the texts. AND The core of the introduction, where you show the overall topic, PROFESSIONAL purpose, your point of view, hypotheses and/or research questions PURPOSES (depending on what kind of paper it is). The most specific information, describing the scope and structure of your paper. You should write your introduction after you know both your overall point of view (if it is a persuasive paper) and the whole structure of your paper. You should then revise the introduction when you have completed the main body.  topic about?”. It may elaborate directly on This is considered as the heart of the essay the readers to have a better understanding of the topic. It usually is the largest part of because it expounds the specific ideas for the topic sentence by giving definitions, classifications, explanations, contrasts, It develops the question, “What is the Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines The Body and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. examples and evidence. Common research sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas.s are writings that require full concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments of the texts. the essay. PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES AND  Conclusion. concentration and comprehension to understand (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- the key ideas, information, themes or arguments Common research sources include data, primary sources involves synthesizing this external information with your The conclusion is closely related to the introduction and Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper outside information to support a thesis or make an is often described as its ‘mirror image’. own ideas.s are writings that require full This means that if the introduction begins with general ENGLISH FOR information and ends with specific information. ACADEMIC The conclusion moves in the opposite direction and of the texts. AND PROFESSIONAL usually begins by briefly summarizing the main scope PURPOSES or structure of the paper, confirms the topic that was given in the introduction. It ends with a more general statement about how this topic relates to its context. This may take the form of an evaluation of the importance of the topic, implications for future research or a recommendation about theory or practice.  depicts the background of the topic and the central focus of the study. The Methodology lets your readers know your data collection Discussion states the brief summary of the methods, research instrument employed, key findings or the results of your study. The sections of the IMRaD structure are Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. The Introduction usually sample size and so on. Results and The IMRaD Structure Academic textResearch Paper: A research paper uses outside information to support a thesis or make an argument. Research papers are written in all disciplines and may be evaluative, analytical, or critical in nature. Common research sources include data, primary sources (e.g., historical records), and secondary sources (e.g., peer- reviewed scholarly articles). Writing a research paper involves synthesizing this external information with your own ideas.s are writings that require full concentration and comprehension to understand the key ideas, information, themes or arguments of the texts. PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES AND PURPOSES PROFESSIONAL Academic texts are writings that require full concentration and comprehension to understand AND the key ideas, information, themes or arguments of the texts. ACADEMIC FOR ENGLISH Objectives Reflection Evaluation Exercises Warm-up Content About