Types of Nuclear Reactors Lecture PDF

Types of Nuclear Reactors From Dr. Saeed Alameri Components of Nuclear Power Plant  Principal Components  Movable pieces of neutron absorbing material B, Hf, Cd, Ag  A thick of moderator...

Types of Nuclear Reactors From Dr. Saeed Alameri Components of Nuclear Power Plant  Principal Components  Movable pieces of neutron absorbing material B, Hf, Cd, Ag  A thick of moderator  To reflect neutron into the core  To reduce thermal stress from the absorption of γ-rays Iron or steel  Region of fertile material  Thermal Rx Fuel Moderator (low mass number) : H2O, D2O, graphite (C) Coolant : H2O, D2O, various gas  Fast breeder Rx Fuel Coolant 2 Nuclear Power Plants  Nuclear Power Plants  Utilize fission energy  Nuclear energy => thermal energy => mechanical energy => electrical energy  Nuclear steam supply system (NSSS)  Steam system (or balance of plant (BOP)) 3 Type of Plants  Neutron Energy  Thermal  Fast  Coolant  Light water (H2O)  Heavy Water (D2O)  Gas  Liquid Metal  Molten Salt  Moderator  Light Water  Heavy Water  Graphite 4 Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)  Most Successful Power Reactor  Coolant : H2O  Fuel : enriched UO2  Operating conditions  15.5 MPa primary: ~320oC  7.4 MPa secondary: ~290oC  h ~33% 5 Components of PWR  NSSS  Reactor Pressure Vessel  Pump  Steam Generator  Pressurizer  ….  BOP  Turbine  Generator  Condenser  Feedwater Pump  Heaters  Heat Exchangers  Moisture Separators  …. 6 VVER (Vodo-Vodyanoi Energetichesky Reactor)  VVER → WWER (Water-water Energetic Reactor)  Russian designed PWR  VVER 440 - No containment  VVER 1000 - Containment 7 Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)  Second Popular Reactor Type  Direct Cycle  Operating Condition  Coolant : H2O  ~7.2 MPa  Fuel : enriched UO2 (Similar to PWR)  Tout = 290C  RPV (Reactor Pressure Vessel)  Allow boiling  Steam separation 8 Evolutionary PWR & BWR  Background  Increase in construction cost  Increased requirement for safety  Passive safety system  Gravity  Temperature  System Simplification + Constructability  System 80+ by CE (Combustion Engineering)  EPR1600 (European Pressurized Reactor)  APR1400  ABWR (Advanced Boiling Water Reactor) by GE  Advanced Passive Cooling System  Advanced Passive 600 (AP600) & AP1000 by Westinghouse  ESBWR (Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor) by GE 9 Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)  10 PHWR  Fuel Channel  Feeders  Allows on-line refueling 11 RBMK (a Chernobyl-type Reactor)  RBMK (Channelized large power Rx)  Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), channelized vertical pressure tube, Graphite moderated, light water cooled  Use low-enriched fuel ~2%  No containment (instead in a industrial level building) 12 Gas Cooled (Thermal) Reactor (GCR)  Graphite moderator  Natural U, Graphite Moderator  Choice for UK & France  Gas coolant  CO2 for AGR (UK)  He for HTGR (USA)  HTGR  High efficiency ~40%  Steam T ~540C  Primary T ~850C  TRISO fuel (enriched) 13 Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR)  LMFBR  Operate on the U-Pu fuel cycle (U: blanket, Pu: core)  Liquid metal (Coolant): Na, K  Good: highly conductive, Boiling point (882˚C for Na)  Bad: melting point (98˚C for Na), radioactive (Na, neutron absorber), Reactive with water (fire) and air (smoke)  Experience  Super Phenix (Fr.) : Pool-type  Monju (Japan) : Loop-type  Fuel  High enriched fuel : 15~35%  Stainless steel cladding  Steam  ~500C, 16~18MPa  Efficiency ~ 40% (due to Na) 14 Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR)  Pool-type  Loop-type 15 Molten Salt Breeder Reactor (MSBR)  Molten Salt Breeder Reactor  Thermal breeder (operates on the 233U-Th cycle)  Fuel + fertile + coolant → Mixed homogeneous fluid  Superheated steam ~540C  Use Th as fertile (low abs. XS)  Low breeding ratio ~1.06 16 Gen IV - Technology  Introduces six Generation IV systems chosen by the Generation IV International Forum for further development  Gas-cooled Fast Reactor (GFR)  Lead-cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)  Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)  Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)  Supercritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR)  Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR)  Surveys system-specific R&D needs for all six systems  Collects crosscutting R&D needs  Design and evaluation methods, materials, energy conversion December 2002 17 Gen-IV - Demonstration Next-Generation Nuclear Plant (NGNP) Gen IV Top Priority Collaborate with international community VHTR + H2 NGNP (US) Collaborate with industry, especially utilities *NHDD (Kor.) Demonstrate H2 and direct-cycle electricity production Result in a commercially viable plant design Gen IV Second Priority  GFR  LFR Fast Reactor Closely  SFR coordinated with  MSR Advanced Fuel Cycle  SCWR Initiative * Nuclear Hydrogen Development and Demonstration (NHDD) Program → considering the indirect cycle gas cooled reactors that produce heat at very high temperature (950 ℃) 18 Gen IV - Technology Roadmap SFR (Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor)  Candidate Reactor for Global Nuclear Energy Partnership (*GNEP)  Reduce spent fuel  Burn trans-U with long half-lives *In 2010, the GNEP was renamed the International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation. 19 Gen IV - Technology Roadmap  Candidate Reactor for Nuclear Hydrogen Program  Very high temp. needed for H-production  Co-generation & process heat utilization options VHTR (Very-high Temp. Reactor) 20 Gen-IV Reactors 21 Gen-IV Reactors 22 Gen-IV Reactors  Participating countries 1. United States http://nuclear.energy.gov/genIV/neGenIV1.html 2. United Kingdom http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/sources/nuclear/technology/fission/page17924.html 3. South Korea http://www.most.go.kr/index.html (Korean-only web site) 4. South Africa http://www.eskom.co.za/live/index.php 5. Japan http://www.jaeri.go.jp/ 6. France http://www.cea.fr/ (French-only web site) 7. Canada http://www.aecl.ca/ 8. Brazil http://www.cnen.gov.br/ (Portuguese-only web site) 9. Argentina http://www.cnea.gov.ar/ (Spanish-only web site) 10. Switzerland http://www.psi.ch/index_e.shtml 11. European Union http://www.euronuclear.org/info/generation-IV.htm 12. China http://www.caea.gov.cn/n602669/n2231600/n2272156/n2272415/167948.html 13. Russia  The nine GIF founding members were joined by Switzerland in 2002, Euratom in 2003 and most recently by China and Russia at the end of 2006. 23