Fundamental of Engineering Management Lecture 3 PDF

Fundamental of engineering management Lecture 3 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF MANAGERS  Planning (forecasting, setting objectives, action planning, administering policies, establishing procedure) ‫ تحديد‬، ‫التخطيط (التنبؤ‬ ) ‫ إدارة السياسات‬، ‫ تخطيط العمل‬، ‫األهداف‬  Organizing (s...

Fundamental of engineering management Lecture 3 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF MANAGERS  Planning (forecasting, setting objectives, action planning, administering policies, establishing procedure) ‫ تحديد‬، ‫التخطيط (التنبؤ‬ ) ‫ إدارة السياسات‬، ‫ تخطيط العمل‬، ‫األهداف‬  Organizing (selecting organizational structure, delegating, establishing working relationship) ‫التنظيم‬  (‫ انشاء عالقة‬، ‫ التفويض‬، ‫اختيار الهيكل التنظيمي‬ ‫)عمل‬  Leading (deciding, communicating, motivating, selecting/developing people) ‫ا‬ ‫لقيادة‬  (‫ تطوير‬/ ‫ واختيار‬، ‫ والتحفيز‬، ‫ والتواصل‬، ‫اتخاذ القرار‬ ‫)األشخاص‬  Controlling (setting performance standards, evaluating/documenting/correcting  Planning What is Planning? Planning is deciding what objectives to accomplish, the actions to be taken in order to achieve them, the organizational position assigned to do them and who would be responsible for the actions needed. ‫ واإلجراءات‬، ‫هو تحديد األهداف التي يجب تحقيقها‬ ‫ ومن سيكون‬، ‫التي يجب اتخاذها من أجل تحقيقها‬ ‫مسؤوًال عن اإلجراءات المطلوبة‬.  Principles of Planning 1. Take Time to Plan ‫خذ وقتك في‬.1 2. Planning can be Top ‫التخطيط‬ to Down or Bottom to Top ‫ يمكن أن يكون‬.2 3. Involve and ‫التخطيط من األعلى‬ Communicate with ‫إلى األسفل أو من‬ all those Concerned ‫األسفل إلى األعلى‬ 4. Plans must be ‫ إشراك جميع‬.3 Flexible and Dynamic ‫المعنيين والتواصل‬ 5. Evaluate and Revise ‫معهم‬ ‫يجب أن تكون‬.4  Steps in Planning Determining the goals or objectives for the entire organization. ‫تحديد األهداف أو أهداف المنظمة بأكملها‬. Develop tasks to meet those objectives. ‫تطوير المهام لتحقيق تلك األهداف‬ Determine resources needed to implement tasks ‫تحديد الموارد الالزمة لتنفيذ المهام‬ Create a timeline ‫إنشاء جدول زمني‬ Determine tracking and assessment method ‫تحديد طريقة التتبع‬ ‫والتقييم‬ Finalize plan. ‫وضع اللمسات األخيرة على الخطة‬. Distribute to all involved in the process ‫وزع على جميع‬ ‫المشاركين في العملية‬ ‫على أساس الوقت‬ ‫على أساس مستويات االداره‬ ‫على أساس االتساع‬ ‫على أساس االستخدام‬ ‫رئيس العمال والمشرف‬  ‫خطة مستوى الشركة‬ ‫خطة مستوى اإلدارات‬ ‫لمعالجة مشكلة فورية أو مستقبلية قريبة‬ ‫الخطة المستخدمة بشكل متكرر‬ ‫خطط مخصصة‬  MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO) Objectives are the end towards which the activities of an organization are directed. ‫طة المنظمة نحوها‬Œ‫ه أنش‬Œ‫تي يتم توجي‬Œ‫ة ال‬Œ‫داف هي النهاي‬Œ‫األه‬. MBO is a technique and philosophy of management that is based on converting organization objectives into personal objectives on the presumption that establishing personal objectives makes an employee committed which leads to better performance. MBO ‫هي تقنية وفلسفة لإلدارة تعتمد على تحويل أهداف المنظمة‬ ‫إلى أهداف شخصية على افتراض أن تحديد األهداف الشخصية يجعل‬ ‫الموظف ملتزًم ا مما يؤدي إلى أداء أفضل‬.  Process of MBO MBO includes the following steps: ‫) تحديد األهداف‬1 1) Defining objectives 2) Determining goal of each ‫) تحديد هدف كل‬2 department ‫قسم‬ 3) Fixing key result areas 4) Setting subordinates ‫) تحديد مجاالت‬3 objectives or targets ‫النتائج الرئيسية‬ 5) Balancing resources with objectives ‫) تحديد أهداف‬4 6) Periodical review of performance ‫المرؤوسين‬ 7) Appraisal of activities ‫) موازنة الموارد‬5 8) Reappraisal of objectives ‫باألهداف‬ ‫) المراجعة‬6 Planning tools and techniques 1. Forecasting 2. Break even analysis 3. SWOT analysis ‫التخطيط للطوارئ‬ 4. Contingency ‫تخطيط السيناريو‬ planning 5. Scenario planning 6. Benchmarking  Forecasting ‫التنبأ‬ Need of forecasting: Planning is the fundamental activity of management. Forecasting forms the basis of planning. ‫التخطيط هو النشاط األساسي‬ ‫ التنبؤ يشكل أساس التخطيط‬.‫لإلدارة‬. It is essential for the organization to know for what level of activities one is planning before investments in input ‫من الضروري أن‬ ‫تعرف المنظمة مستوى األنشطة التي تخطط لها‬ ‫قبل االستثمار في المدخالت‬ Forecasting Data show no trend Using naïve Using naïve  Example Auto dealerships in Nevada during the past 5 years (see table below). The sales manager had predicted before the new model was introduced that first year sales would be 410 units. Using exponential smoothing with a weight of a 0.30, develop forecasts for years 2 through 6.  Forecasting Solution  Example Sales of hair dryers at the Walgreens stores in Youngstown, Ohio, over the past 4 months have been 100, 110, 120, and 130 units (with 130 being the most recent sales). Develop a moving-average forecast for next month, using these three techniques: a) 3-month moving average. b) 4-month moving average. c) Weighted 4-month moving average with the most recent month weighted 4, the preceding month 3, then 2, and the oldest month weighted 1. d) If next month’s sales turn out to be 140 units, forecast the following month’s sales (months) using a 4-month moving average Forecast accuracy Forecast accuracy  Example (2/217)*100 22/8 76/7 10.26/ 8  Example The manager of a large manufacturer of industrial pumps must choose between two alternative forecasting techniques. Both techniques have been used to prepare forecasts for a six month period. Using MAD as a criterion, which technique has the better performance record? Example  solution Technique 1 is superior in this comparison because its MAD is smaller  Tracking signal One way to monitor forecasts to ensure that they are performing well is to use a tracking signal. Tracking signal :A measurement of how well a forecast is predicting actual values. Tracking signal