Lecture 1&2 Principles of Biochemistry PDF

Summary

Lecture notes cover the introduction to biochemistry, including general characteristics of biological molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It also goes into details about different types of cells and how they are organized.

Full Transcript

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺩﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ‪Bio 323 :‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻭﻻء ﺣﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ‪/‬ﺃﻣﻞ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ‪ /‬ﺑﺴﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮ‪323‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪2:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪100:‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬...

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﻛﻮﺩﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮﺭ‪Bio 323 :‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻭﻻء ﺣﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ‪/‬ﺃﻣﻞ ﺧﻀﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ‪ /‬ﺑﺴﻤﺔ ﺳﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮ‪323‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪2:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻉ‪100:‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒﺍﻟﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁﺍﻟﻄﻼﺑﻲ ‪20‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺘﺤﺎﻥﺷﻔﻮﻱ ‪10‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺘﺎﻣﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻒ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎءﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻢﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ)ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ( ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺏﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻻﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﻟـ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺮﻣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ؟‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻢﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺉﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﻮﻭﻳﺔ '‪ 'DNA‬ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻫﻲﻛﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫∴ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‪ :‬ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ )ﺍﻟﻤﺎء(‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻄﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 4‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺉﺎﺕ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻛﻞﻧﻮﻉ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻪﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺆﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻙﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻏﺸﺎءﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻏﻄﺎء ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰءﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‪،‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫‪. (3‬ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪DNA،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎﺕﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺉﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎءﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‪،‬ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮﺑﻴﺉﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻱ ‪ ،DNA‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻡ‬ ‫ ﺗﻠﻌﺐﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍﻟﺠﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﻓﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 23‬ﺯﻭﺟﺎً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻨﺔ‪،‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎً ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻟﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻢﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻞ ﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺸﻒ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻟﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻣﺼﻨﻊﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻢﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻞ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻡ‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍﻟﺮﻳﺒﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ "ﺣﺮﺓ" ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ)‪ (ER‬ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝﻋﻦ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﻧﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ‪ mRNA‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻤﺾ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﺴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺴﻮﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺰﻭﺯﻭﻣﺎﺕﻫﻲ "ﻣﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﻣﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫"ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻬﻀﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ" ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺰﻳﻤﺎﺕﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻄﻴﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮﺓ‬ ‫ ﻭﻫﻮﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺉﻞ ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻐﺸﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﻟﻠﻔﺠﻮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺰﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺰﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ‪:‬ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ؟‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء ًﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-4‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪-3‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫‪-6‬ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫‪-5‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-8‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪-7‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-10‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-9‬ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫ ﻳﻌﺪﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺉﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻢﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎءﺍﻟﻀﻮﺉﻲﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺉﻮﻟﺔﻋﻦ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲءﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱﻳﻄُﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺴﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﺑﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼﻒﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﺑﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻞﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﺪ؟‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﺗﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻭﺗﻤﻮﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ 13‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎً ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺎﻡ‪،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍء ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ‪ 120‬ﻳﻮﻣﺎً ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 18‬ﻋﺎﻣﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻬﺮ‪.‬ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺎﺓﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺎً ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪:‬ﻧﺨﺮ)ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ )‪ (PCD‬ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑـ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺕﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺐﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ = ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻟﻬﺎﺧﺼﺎﺉﺺ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺉﺺﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻬﻢﻳﺴﺎﻫﻤﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ‪6‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪:‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻦﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺎً ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺑﻊﻓﺉﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺎءﻫﻮ ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻣﻦ ‪ %60‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻳﺘﺒﻊﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ )ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ( ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ)ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺟﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮﺍﺕﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻧﻮﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﻟﻲﺑﺒﺘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽﺍﻷﻣﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾﺩﻫﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺴﺮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻛﻠﻴﻮﺗﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﻱء ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﻜﺎﺉﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻫﻮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﺤﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢﻣﻊﻃﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫∴ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ = ﺍﻷﻳﺾ‬ ‫ ﺇﻥﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺑﻨﺎءﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻲ(‬ ‫ ﺗﻜﺴﻴﺮﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻇﺎﺉﻒﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ )ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻡ(‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔﺑﻨﺎء ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ )ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪-2‬ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻣﻴﺔﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕﺃﺻﻐﺮ )ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮﺍﺕ‪،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻲ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺟﺰﻱءﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻌﺎً‬ ‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﻼﻕﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ )‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ)ﺍﻹﻧﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ(‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﻛﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦﺇﻧﺸﺎء ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞﺍﻟﻬﺪﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞﺍﻻﺑﺘﻨﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫‪1‬ﺷﺎﺭﻉﻣﻨﺼﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﻱﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫‪2‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲﻣﻨﺼﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦﺍﻷﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ‪COA‬‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺃ ﺝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻱﺏ ﺱ‬ ‫ﺝﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔﻻﻋﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺮﻓﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻲﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‪:‬ﺣﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ATP‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺩﺍﻳﺴﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍﻫﻮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪﺍً؟‬ ‫ ﻫﻨﺎﻙﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ATP‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻢﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻱء ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻛﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪.ATP‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻱءﻣﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﻭﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻄُﻠﻖﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺍﺳﻢ "ﻋﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ" ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ؟‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘْﻘِﻼْﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺛﻼﺙﻃﺮﻕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﻳﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬ ‫ ﺃﺑﺴﻂﺷﻜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻻﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪25‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ‪ %99-98‬ﻣﻦ ‪ 6‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺭﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺝ‪،‬ﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ ،‬ﻥ‪ ،‬ﺱ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺑﺨﻼﻑ‪ ،C، H، O، N، P، S‬ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‪(K ،‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺉﻌﺔﺃﻳﻀﺎً‪ ،+.‬ﻧﺎ‪ ،+‬ﻛﺎ‪ ,++‬ﻣﻠﻎ‪ ,++‬ﺍﻟﺰﻧﻚ‪ ,++‬ﻓﻲ‪ (++‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﺍً ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﺩﺓﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺪﺩﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻱء ﺣﻴﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪﺍﺳﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮﺳﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺪﺍﺳﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔﺛﻨﺎﺉﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺪ‬ ‫'‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔﺍﻟﺒﺒﺘﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮﺳﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻞﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺪﺓﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ‬

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