Veterinary General Anatomy Week 1 Lecture 1 PDF

VETERINARY GENERAL ANATOMY WEEK 1: LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO TERMINOLOGY, BONES AND EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THORACIC LIMB  LEARNING OUTCOMES o Define and use basic veterinary anatomical terms such as cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, proximal, dist...

VETERINARY GENERAL ANATOMY WEEK 1: LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO TERMINOLOGY, BONES AND EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THORACIC LIMB  LEARNING OUTCOMES o Define and use basic veterinary anatomical terms such as cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, superficial, and deep. o Explain the differences between anatomical planes (sagittal, transverse, and frontal). o Identify and describe the standard anatomical positions and directions in animals. o Utilize directional terms to describe the locations of structures in relation to one another. o Use anatomical terms accurately in written and oral communication within a clinical setting. o Demonstrate the ability to interpret and understand veterinary literature and anatomical descriptions. o Identify and describe the bones of the thoracic limb in domestic animals, o including the scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, and phalanges. o Understand the unique features and landmarks of each bone. o Identify and describe the extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb, including the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectoral muscles, serratus ventralis, rhomboideus, and brachiocephalicus. o Understand the origin, insertion, action, and innervation of each muscle. o Explain the role of extrinsic muscles in the movement and stabilization of the thoracic limb. o Describe how these muscles interact with intrinsic muscles to facilitate complex limb movements.  Form, structure, arrangement and gross function of body’s tissues and organs. Gross Microscopic WHAT IS Developmental ANATOMY? Comparative Clinical Radiographic Pathological Topographic Arthropological  Uses of Terminology Describe structures (anatomical terms) Indicate position (positional terms) Define direction (directional terms) Define movement (functional terms) N.A.V and N.E.V (Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria and Nomina Embryologica Veterinaria)  DIRECTIONAL TERMS Palmar/dorsal Plantar/dorsal Rostral Caudal Dorsal Peripheral Deep/ superficial  OTHER TERMS o Anterior/ o Popliteal Superior o Sternal o Descending/ o Brachial Ascending o Antebrachial o Axial/ Abaxial o Crus o Prone- face o Adduction down o Abduction o Supine- face up o Flexion o Recumbent o Extension o Lumbar o Pronation o Nasal o Supination o Oral o Thoracic o Pelvic o Perineal OTHER TERMS  Bones of the thoracic limb Scapular- Scapular region Humerus- Brachial region Ulna and Radius- Antebrachial region Carpal- carpal region Metacarpal- metacarpal region Phalanges- phalangeal region  EXTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE TL Origin: Part closer to the centre of the body. The stationary part Insertion: The more distal part. Moves towards the origin.  BRACHIOCEPHALICUS MUSCLE (1,2, 2’) Origin: Cranial raphe of neck. Temporal bone Insertion: Medial surface, distal shaft of humerus Action: advancesthelimb, possibly also extending the shoulder joint, also stabilises the head. Formed by the union of two bodies that are separated by the reduced clavicle (clavicular tendon) Has multiple bodies (Cleidocephalicus (Cleidocervicalis, Cleidomastoideus) and Cleidobrachialis  TRAPEZIUS (5, 5’) Origin: Raphe of neck. Supraspinous ligament Insertion: spine of scapula, dorsally Action: to elevate the limb and draw it cranially, to rotate the scapula. o Innervation: dorsal branch of the accessory nerve.  LATISSIMUS DORSI (7) Origin: Lumbodorsal facia Insertion: Teres tuberosity of humerus Action: retract limb and may flex the shoulder joint. Innervation: Supplied by a local branch (thoracodorsal nerve) of the brachial plexus.  OMOTRANSVERSARIUS (3) Origin: Transverse process(wing) of atlas(C1) Insertion: Spine of scapula, ventrally. Action: draw the limb cranially Innervation: accessory nerve  DEEP PECTORAL (9) Origin: First to last Sternebrae Insertion: lesser and greater tubercle of humerus Action: slinging the trunk between the forelimbs. They may also act as retractors of the forelimb when this is free. When the limb is advanced and fixed, they draw the trunk forward, toward the limb. Innervation: Nn. pectorales caudales, and also branches from nn. cervicalis 8 and thoracicus 1. SUPERFICIAL PECTORAL (5,6) Origin: cranial end of sternum Sternebrae 1&2 Insertion: whole crest of greater tubercle of humerus Action: adduct the limb through the sideways shift of the trunk toward a previously abducted limb. May also assist protraction/retraction depending on the initial position of the limb relative to the trunk Innervation: supplied by local branches (cranial pectoral nerves) from the brachial plexus. Cranial portion of the muscle = pectoralis descending; Terminates on the crest of the humerus, distal to the deltoid tuberosity. Caudal portion of the muscle = pectoralis transversus; Descends over the medial aspect of the arm, distally over the elbow joint, covering the median artery and nerve to insert into the medial fascia of the forearm.  SERRATUS VENTRALIS (6) Origin: transverse processes of last five cervical vertebrae. First 7 – 8 ribs. Insertion: serrated face of scapula (underside of the scapula - medial aspect) Action: stabilise the limb, a little adducting but not very much. Support trunk Innervation: branch (long thoracic nerve) of the brachial plexus.  RHOMBOIDEUS (8) Origin: occipital bone (base of the skull). Raphe of neck. Spinous processes of T4 to T6 Insertion: medial surface of dorsal border of scapula Action: adducting the limb Innervation: supplied by the brachial plexus in the dog, in some species by dorsal branches of local spinal nerves (unusual for a limb muscle) The end