Pharmacology Lecture 1 (Fall 2024-2025) Introduction to Pharmacology PDF

Pharmacology-1 Fall Semester (2024-2025) Associated Prof. Ahmed Esam Khodir Academic E-mail : [email protected]  Pharmacology-I (PPT301) Lecture 1 ( Introduction to pharmacology) Vision: Faculty Vision and Mission Excellence and Leadership in pharmaceutical educatio...

Pharmacology-1 Fall Semester (2024-2025) Associated Prof. Ahmed Esam Khodir Academic E-mail : [email protected]  Pharmacology-I (PPT301) Lecture 1 ( Introduction to pharmacology) Vision: Faculty Vision and Mission Excellence and Leadership in pharmaceutical education and scientific research, locally and regionally within the frame of international standards, to develop the pharmaceutical services provided to the community. Adopt continuous innovation in education, research and pharmaceutical practice to provide society with a graduate capable of participating in the provision of a distinguished health service. ‫اﻟﺗﻣﯾز واﻟرﯾﺎدة واﻻﺑﺗﻛﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﺻﯾدﻻﻧﻲ واﻟﺑﺣث اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ ﻣﺣﻠﯾًﺎ وإﻗﻠﯾﻣﯾًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺿوء اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر اﻟدوﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﺗطوﯾر‬ ‫اﻟﺧدﻣﺎت اﻟﺻﯾدﻻﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ‬. ‫اﻻﺑﺗﻛﺎر اﻟداﺋم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎل اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم واﻟﺑﺣث واﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ اﻟﺻﯾدﻟﯾﺔ ﻹﻣداد اﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﺑﺧرﯾﺞ ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘدﯾم ﺧدﻣﺔ ﺻﺣﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﻣﯾزة‬. Mission: The Faculty of Pharmacy, New Mansoura University, provides Provision of a special level of education to prepare pharmacists in an advanced professional framework with a view to optimizing the health care outcomes in an ethical and compassionate practice. ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺻورة اﻟﺟدﯾدة ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﺎ ﺻﯾدﻟﯾﺎ ﺗﻘدﯾم ﻣﺳﺗوى ﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ ﻣﻣﯾز ﻹﻋداد ﺻﯾﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬-‫ﺗوﻓر ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﯾدﻟﺔ‬.‫إطﺎر ﻣﮭﻧﻲ ﻣﺗطور ﻟﺗﻌظﯾم ﻣﺧرﺟﺎت اﻟرﻋﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺳﺗوى أﺧﻼﻗﻲ وﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ رﺣﯾﻣﺔ‬  Basic Information: Pharmacology Course data: Course Title Pharmacology I Course Code PPT301 Prerequisite BMS 232 Teaching Hours: Lecture 2 hours (2 credit hours) Practical 2 hours (1 credit hour) Total Credit Hours 3 hours  Course Description Pharmacology-I (PPT301) Ø This course covers the general principals of pharmacology: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, receptor theory and drug interactions. Ø This is followed by studying the pharmacodynamics and therapeutic uses of drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system, autacoids and Cytokines. Ø This course also introduces the student to mechanisms of drug action: an understanding of the location of the site and mode of drug action; the relationship between dose-response functions and biologic action, major side effects and the fate of drugs in the body in addition to drugs affecting the endocrine, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.  Assessment schedule Assessment 1 Mid-term Exam (MCQ) 8th week Assessment 2 Practical 14-15th week Assessment 3 Final (MCQ) 16-17th week Assessment 4 TBL 7th and 9th weeks Weighing of assessments 1 Mid-term examination 20% 2 Practical examination 20% 3 Final-term examination 40% 5 Team-Based activities 20% Total 100%  ☞ Pharmacology Resources Ø LMS Ø Connect Ø Access Pharmacy q https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookID=3191 q https://connect.mheducation.com/class/a-khodir-nmu-pharmacology-1 q https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookid=3136 q Pharmacology: An Introduction 8th edition, New York, NY: Mc Graw Hill Education 2022. q https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/multimedia.aspx#767 q https://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com/multimedia.aspx#20416 q https://medicalflashcards.mhmedical.com/index.html?siteId=eo43sSHecRuHo7adrF2dyA%3d%3d&referen ceId=ASTbMXYLCDutUkG2dt7sDA%3d%3d&isbn=k%2f%2fMdkIrjlDmAheFUk7dwLgn6zZuBEParoHYlJyQ38 M%3d&topicid=zGRPUygPtjtMkkHUoMqI0g%3d%3d&title=h1h2JiZ6p3%2bnWZTXtWP0mhuiHWbZuMzMJ DuJEwnaq78%3d#/dashboard/cardslides  JIJILOs (Intended learning Outcomes) Learning Objectives ¶¶ By the end of this Lecture, the student will be able to 1) Define various terminologies used in Pharmacology. 2) Know about nature and sources of drugs. 3) Identify the concepts of pharmacokinetics pharmacokinetics like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of drugs. 4) Understand drug safety and effectiveness like factors affecting drug action and adverse drug reactions.  The objective of education is , Not Teaching?! J Education is what remains after one forgotten everything he teach in university. )  Pharmacology is the science which deals with drugs and their effects on biological systems. (pharmacology: study of drugs.) Without pharmacological studies, we would not be able to differentiate between therapeutic and toxic drugs or chemical agents, which could lead to fatal results. So, what makes pharmacology so important? q 1. Pharmacological studies are important for treating and preventing diseases q 2. Pharmacology studies how drugs affect biological systems q 3. Pharmacology is the study of how the body responds to drugs q 4. Pharmacology Integrates Numerous Other Disciplines With the aim to enhance the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of various drug therapies in patients, pharmacology integrates multiple other disciplines, such as cell and molecular biology, biochemistry, physiology, medicine, and pharmaceutical sciences. ! For that reason, pharmacology is often referred to as bridge science that uses knowledge of different basic scientific disciplines and translates it into practical drug development approaches ". q 5. Pharmacology Explores Physicochemical Properties of Drugs q 6. Pharmacology Studies therapeutic effects of drugs q 7. Pharmacology Studies Toxic Effects of Drugs q 8. Pharmacology Is Essential for the Improvement and Development of Drugs q 9. Pharmacology Promotes the Advancement of Nanotechnology-Based Approaches q 10. The Nature of Pharmacology Offers Scientists a Broad Range of Research Opportunities  Introduction to pharmacology A. Definitions: Pharmacology: Pharmacology is the study of interaction of drugs with living organisms. It also includes history, source, physicochemical properties, dosage forms, methods of administration, absorption, distribution, mechanism of action, biotransformation, excretion, clinical uses and adverse effects of drugs. Clinical Pharmacology: It evaluate the pharmacological action of drug preferred route of administration and safe dosage range in human by clinical trails. Drugs: Ø A drug is a chemical agent that affects (pharmacologically) living processes and can be used in diagnosis, prophylaxis or treatment of a disease or for improving certain conditions Pharmacy: It is the science of identification, selection, compounding and dispensing of medical substances.  Pharmacokinetics: Study of the absorption, distribution metabolism and excretion (ADME) of drugs (“i.e what the body does to the drug”). Pharmacodynamics: The study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs (i.e, “what the drug does to the body”). Agonist: drug that binds to a receptor and activates a physiologic response or drug action. Antagonist: drug that binds to a receptor and interferes with other drugs or substances from producing a drug effect Pharmacotherapeutics: It deals with the proper selection and use of drugs for the prevention and treatment of disease. Toxicology: It’s the science of poisons. Many drugs in larger doses may act as poisons. Poisons are substances that cause harmful, dangerous or fatal symptoms in living substances. Chemotherapy: It’s the effect of drugs upon microorganisms, parasites and neoplastic cells living and multiplying in living organisms. (Antibiotic-antibacterial-antimicrobial) Pharmacopoeia: An official code containing a selected list of the established drugs and medical preparations with its descriptions and tests for their identity, purity and potency e.g. Indian Pharmacopoeia (I.P), British Pharmacopoeia (B.P). § Drug: chemical substance that produces a change in body function. § Dose: a measurement of the amount of drug that is administered. Ø Chemical name: name that defines the chemical composition of a drug. Ø Generic name: nonproprietary name of a drug. Ø Trade name. (Brand name) : patented proprietary name of a drug sold by a specific drug manufacturer; also referred to as the brand name. q Drug indications: intended or indicated uses for any drug. q Contraindications: situations or conditions when a certain drug should not be administered  Side effect: drug effect other than the therapeutic effect that is usually undesirable but not harmful. (Dry mouth and sedation are typical side effects of some antihistamine drugs.) Adverse effect: general term for undesirable and potentially harmful drug effect. Toxic effect: undesirable drug effect that implies drug poisoning; can be very harmful or life- threatening.’ Teratogens: is a substance that interferes with normal fetal development and causes congenital disabilities. Drugs, alcohol, chemicals and toxic substances are examples of teratogens. Drugs that produce birth defects, such as Thalidomide. Carcinogens promote the growth of cancerous tumors.  Nonprescription, over-the-counter (OTC) drug: drug that can be purchased without the services of a physician. Prescription drug: drug for which dispensing requires a written or phone order that can only be issued by or under the direction of a licensed physician Mechanism of action: explanation of how a drug produces its effects. Site of action: location within the body where a drug exerts its therapeutic effect, often a specific drug receptor.  Receptor: specific cellular structure that a drug binds to in order to produce a physiologic effect. Therapeutic effect: desired drug effect to alleviate some condition or symptom of disease. Potency: measure of the strength, or concentration, of a drug required to produce a specific effect. The absorption rate is the rate at which the drug is absorbed by the body. Drugs are obtained from: q Minerals: Liquid paraffin, magnesium sulfate, etc. q Animals: Insulin, thyroid extract, heparin, etc. q Plants: Morphine, digoxin, atropine, etc. q Synthetic source: Aspirin, sulphonamides, paracetamol, etc. q Micro organisms: Penicillin, streptomycin and many other antibiotics. q Genetic engineering: Human insulin, human growth hormone etc. Ø Drugs are derived from plants and living organisms. They are also synthesized from chemicals. Ø Out of all the above sources, majority of the drugs currently used in therapeutics are from synthetic source.  The objective of education is , Not Teaching?! J Education is what remains after one forgotten everything he teach in university. 1) Controlled substance 2) Drug Abuse Quiz on pharmacology Lecture-1  Training Questions Q) Define the following terms? 1) Pharmacokinetics 2) Over-the-counter (OTC) drug 3) Toxic effect 4) Contraindications 5) Pharmacodynamics