ANP 1105C Lecture 1 & 2 Cells and Tissues PDF

Welcome to ANP 1105C! Course Coordinator: John Copeland, PhD [email protected] Roger Guindon Hall, Rm 3155 Lecturers: John Copeland, Ph.D. Joanne Savory, Ph.D. Textbook: E.N. Marieb & K. Hoehn: Human Anatomy & Physiology...

Welcome to ANP 1105C! Course Coordinator: John Copeland, PhD [email protected] Roger Guindon Hall, Rm 3155 Lecturers: John Copeland, Ph.D. Joanne Savory, Ph.D. Textbook: E.N. Marieb & K. Hoehn: Human Anatomy & Physiology (12th edition, 2024). Mastering A&P Course ID: copeland09047 Class times: Tuesday 11:30-13:00 in CRX C140 Friday 13:00-14:30 in CRX C240 Office Hours: TBD. Section 1. Structural Organization of the Human Body 1.1 Levels of Organization (Chapter 1, pages 4-5) 1.2 Cells (Chapter 3, pages 83-96) 1.3 Tissues (Chapter 4, pages 116-137). Section 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization Chemical – Atoms and molecules (chapter 2); and organelles (chapter 3) Cellular – Cells (chapter 3) Tissue – Groups of similar cells (chapter 4) Organ – Contains two or more types of tissues Organ System – Organs that work closely together Organismal – All organ systems © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization. Atoms Molecule Organelle Smooth muscle cell Chemical level Cellular level Atoms combine to Cells are made up form molecules. of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system Tissue level Heart Tissues consist of Blood similar types of cells. vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organismal level Organ system level The human organism is made Organ systems consist of different up of many organ systems. organs that work together closely. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Section 1.2 Cells/cell theory Cell - structural and functional unit of life Organismal functions depend on individual and collective cell functions Biochemical activities of cells dictated by their shapes or forms, and specific subcellular structures Continuity of life has cellular basis © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Cell Diversity Over 200 different types of human cells Types differ in size, shape, subcellular components, and functions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 3.1 Cell diversity. Erythrocytes Fibroblasts Epithelial cells Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases Skeletal muscle Smooth cell muscle cells Cells that move organs and body parts Macrophage Fat cell Cell that stores nutrients Cell that fights disease Nerve cell Cell that gathers information and controls body functions Sperm Cell of reproduction © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Generalized Cell All cells have some common structures and functions Human cells have three basic parts: – Plasma membrane—flexible outer boundary – Cytoplasm—intracellular fluid containing organelles – Nucleus—control center © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Figure 3.2 Structure of the generalized cell. Chromatin Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Nucleus Plasma Smooth endoplasmic membrane reticulum Cytosol Mitochon- drion Lysosome Centrioles Rough Centro- endoplasmic some reticulum matrix Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Cytoskeletal elements Microtubule Intermediate filaments Peroxisome The cell is dynamic Cell motility https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TB6H8RoyPh0 Cell Division https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N97cgUqV0Cg Golgi and Mitochondria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uFYIAdwqAac Mitochondrial movement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpgRGbwu6CM  Table 3.3 Parts of the Cell: Structure and Function (1 of 4) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 3.3 Parts of the Cell: Structure and Function (2 of 4)  Table 3.3 Parts of the Cell: Structure and Function (3 of 4) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 3.3 Parts of the Cell: Structure and Function (4 of 4) 1.3 Describe the different tissues of the human body Individual body cells are specialized – Each type performs specific functions that maintain homeostasis (division of labour) Tissues – Groups of cells similar in structure that perform common or related function (1.3.1) Histology – Study of tissues © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  Nervous tissue: control, regulation (Internal communication) Brain Spinal cord Nerves Muscle tissue: Contracts to cause movement Muscles attached to bones (skeletal) Muscles of heart (cardiac) Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth) Epithelial tissue: Forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters Lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs Skin surface (epidermis) Connective tissue: Supports, protects, binds other tissues together Bones Tendons Fat and other soft padding tissue 1.3.2 Four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. nervous tissues.  1.3.3 Define Epithelial Tissue and its functions A) A sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity 1) covering and lining epithelium -creates boundaries 2) glandular epithelium -secretion Six Epithelial Functions 1) protection (mechanical, chemical, infection) - e.g. skin, 2) Absorption - e.g.GI tract, 3) Filtration - e.g.kidney, 4) excretion – e.g.kidney, 5) secretion – e.g. glands, 6) sensory reception – e.g. taste buds, olfactory membranes... T&G 1.3.4 Seven special structural characteristics of epithelial tissue 1. Cellularity 2. Specialized contacts: tight junctions & desmosomes – why? (polarity, barrier) 3. Polarity: apical and basal surfaces; apical surface often specialized such as having microvilli or cilia 4. Basal lamina: noncellular, underlying supportive sheet of primarily glycoproteins - What are two functions of a basal lamina?? (filter & scaffold) 5. Supported by connective tissue: basement membrane = basal lamina + underlying reticular CT (Collagen fibers from connective tissue) 6. Innervated but avascular: how nourished? (diffusion from CT) 7. Regeneration: high regenerative capacity - Reflects nature of their job – rubbed off, damaged. * An important feature of cancerous epithelial cells is failure to respect the boundary imposed by the basement membrane 1.3.5 Indicate the 2 criteria used to classify epithelial cells 1. Cell Shape Squamous cells – Flattened and scalelike – Nucleus flattened Cuboidal cells – Boxlike – Nucleus round Columnar cells – Tall; column shaped – Nucleus elongated © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1.3.5 Indicate the 2 criteria used to classify epithelial cells 2. Cell Layers Simple epithelia = single layer of cells Stratified epithelia = two or more layers of cells Shape can change in different layers In stratified epithelia, epithelia classified by cell shape in apical layer  1.3.6 List the 4 types of simple epithelia: 1. Simple squamous epithelium Description: Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia. Air sacs of lung tissue Nuclei of Function: Allows materials to pass by squamous diffusion and filtration in sites where epithelial cells protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae. Location: Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae). Photomicrograph: Simple squamous epithelium forming part of the alveolar (air sac) walls (140x). 2 other locations: Endothelium - lining of blood vessels, and heart Mesothelium - epithelium of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity 1.3.6 List the 4 types of simple epithelia (cont’d) 2. Simple cuboidal epithelium Description: Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei. Simple cuboidal epithelial cells Nucleus Function: Secretion and absorption. Basement membrane Location: Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface. Connective tissue Photomicrograph: Simple cuboidal epithelium in kidney tubules (430x).  1.3.6 (Cont’d): 3. Simple columnar epithelium Description: Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells). Microvilli Simple columnar Function: Absorption; secretion of epithelial cell mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action. Mucus of goblet cell Location: Nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small Basement bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions membrane of the uterus. Photomicrograph: Simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine mucosa (660x).  1.3.6 (cont’d): 4. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Description: Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus- secreting cells and bear cilia. Cilia Pseudo- stratified Function: Secrete substances, epithelial particularly mucus; propulsion of layer mucus by ciliary action. Location: Nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract. Basement membrane Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the human Trachea trachea (800x). Note: the position of the nuclei give the appearance of a stratified epithelia Stratified Epithelial Tissues Two or more cell layers Regenerate from below Basal cells divide, cells migrate to surface More durable than simple epithelia Protection is major role 1.3.7 Stratified Squamous Epithelium Most widespread of stratified epithelia Free surface squamous; deeper layers cuboidal or columnar Located for wear and tear Those farthest from basal layer (and therefore nutrients) less viable © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.  1.3.7. Stratified squamous epithelium Description: Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers. Stratified squamous epithelium Function: Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion. Nuclei Location: Nonkeratinized type Basement forms the moist linings of the membrane esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the Connective epidermis of the skin, a dry tissue membrane. Photomicrograph: Stratified squamous epithelium lining the esophagus (285x). What is the most widespread example of stratified squamous epithelium? What happens to the apical layers of cells?  1.3.8 Glandular Epithelia Gland One or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion Classified by: -Site of product release: endocrine or exocrine -Relative number of cells forming the gland unicellular (e.g., goblet cells) or multicellular Endocrine Glands: release product (hormones) directly into blood covered elsewhere; just know that they are ductless Exocrine Glands: release products into ducts mucous, sweat, oil/salivary glands, liver, pancreas, etc. a) Unicellular exocrine glands: no ducts because only one cell! really just the goblet cells (digestive & respiratory tracts) b) Multicellular exocrine glands: epithelium-derived duct & secretory cells; surrounded by supportive CT which brings blood vessels & nerves Goblet cells: Microvilli A unicellular exocrine gland Secretory vesicles containing mucin Golgi apparatus Rough ER Nucleus  Classification of Multicellular Glands By structure and type of secretion i) Structure Simple glands (unbranched duct) or compound glands (branched duct) ii) Type of secretion Merocrine Holocrine Apocrine © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. (ii) Secretory method: Merocrine – most common, secrete products by exocytosis as produced e.g. pancreas, salivary glands, most sweat glands Holocrine – accumulate products within then rupture e.g. only sebaceous glands Apocrine – accumulates products within then apex pinches off -- controversy if exist in humans Is mammary gland apocrine or merocrine? Lipids by pinching off of droplets, but proteins by exocytosis Merocrine Holocrine Fig. 4.6 1.3.9 list the 5 types of CT; list the 4 main functions associated with CTs 5 major types: mesenchyme, CT proper, cartilage, bone & blood main functions: (1) binding or support (2) protection (3) insulation (4) storage (5) transportation 1.3.10 describe the structural organization of CT in general; 1. Three Structural Elements of CT: a) ground substance: interstitial fluid + cell adhesion proteins & proteoglycans: molecular sieve fibronectin, laminin - help cells attach to CT elements proteoglycans - What are these? What do they do? (trap water) b) fibers: 1) collagen fibers: high tensile strength 2) elastic fibers: elastin has coiled structure to allow stretch + recoil 3) reticular fibers: thin collagenous protein; fine network to support blood vessels, soft tissues c) cells: immature (“blast”) forms vs mature (“cyte”) forms “blasts” are actively dividing/synthesizing cells during growth & repair “cytes” primarily provide a level of maintenance Others – fat cells, immune cells (WBC, mast cells, macrophages) **NB: CT is living cells surrounded by matrix; details vary by tissue type https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5g0AT8MDCKU Cell types Extracellular matrix Ground substance Macrophage Fibers Collagen fiber Elastic fiber Reticular fiber Fibroblast Lymphocyte Figure 4.7 Areolar Fat cell connective tissue: A Mast cell prototype (model) connective tissue Neutrophil Capillary 1.3.11 List and describe the 3 kinds of loose CT, its location and function Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells. Function: Wraps and cushions Elastic fibers organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. Ground substance Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina Fibroblast nuclei propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries. Collagen fibers Epithelium Photomicrograph: Areolar connective tissue, a soft packaging tissue of the body (340x). Lamina propria 1.3.11 List and describe the 3 kinds of loose CT, its location and function Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Function: Provides reserve food Nucleus of fuel; insulates against heat loss; adipose supports and protects organs. (fat) cell Location: Under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts. Fat droplet Adipose tissue Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from the subcutaneous layer under the skin (350x). Mammary glands 1.3.11 List and describe the 3 kinds of loose CT, its location and function Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network. Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. White blood cell (lymphocyte) Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen). Reticular fibers Spleen Photomicrograph: Dark-staining network of reticular connective tissue fibers forming the internal skeleton of the spleen (350x). 1.3.12 List and describe the 3 kinds of Dense CT Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great Collagen fibers tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Location: Tendons (m to b), most ligaments (b to b), aponeuroses (m Nuclei of to m). fibroblasts Shoulder joint Ligament Photomicrograph: Dense regular connective tissue from a tendon (430x). Tendon 1.3.12 List and describe the 3 kinds of Dense CT Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; fibroblast is the major cell type. Nuclei of fibroblasts Function: Withstands tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract. Collagen Shoulder fibers joint Fibrous joint capsule Photomicrograph: Dense irregular connective tissue from the fibrous capsule of a joint (430x). 1.3.12 List and describe the 3 kinds of Dense CT Connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic Description: Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers. Function: Allows tissue to recoil after stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration. Location: Walls of large arteries; Elastic within certain ligaments associated fibers with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes. Aorta Heart Photomicrograph: Elastic connective tissue in the wall of the aorta (250x). 1.3.13 List the other remaining types of connective tissue 3. CARTILAGE features between dense CT & bone: tough, but flexible (i) avascular, devoid of nerve fibers (ii) ground substance contains lots of the GAGs chondroitin sulfate & hyaluronic acid also chondronectin, (adhesive protein) (iii) collagen fibers (can have some elastic fibers) (iv) up to 80% H2O 4. BONE calcium salts give hardness & strength for support/protection of softer tissues; cavities for fat storage & synthesis of blood cells Osteoblasts: bone producing cell, mature into osteocytes Osteocytes: mature bone cell, reside in lacunae (spaces in bone matrix) Osteoclasts: “bone-breakers” *cartilage and bone dealt with in detail in ANP1106 5. BLOOD Connective tissue: blood Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Function: Transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. White blood cells: Lymphocyte Neutrophil Location: Contained within blood vessels. Plasma Photomicrograph: Smear of human blood (1670x); shows two white blood cells surrounded by red blood cells. classified as CT because it consists of cells surrounded by a nonliving fluid matrix, blood plasma “fiber” components are soluble protein molecules - only visible during clotting © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. Which of the following fibrous elements give a CT high tensile strength? a) reticular fibers c) collagen fibers b) elastic fibers d) myofilaments 2. The cell that forms bone is the: a) fibroblast d) osteoblast b) chondroblast e) reticular cell c) hemocytoblast 3. Which kind of CT acts as a sponge, soaking up fluid when edema occurs? a) areolar CT d) reticular CT b) adipose CT e) vascular tissue c) dense irregular CT