Lecture 1: Materials in Nuclear Power Plants (PDF)

DEPT. OF Chemical Engineering CHEG 352/NUCE 352- Materials in Nuclear Power Plants LECTURES: Section 01: Tuesday and Thursday at 9:30 to 10:45 am – classroom 2-135 Section 02: Tuesday and Thursday at 11:00 to 12:15 pm –classroom 2-126 Instructor: Dr. Akram Alfantazi e-mail:...

DEPT. OF Chemical Engineering CHEG 352/NUCE 352- Materials in Nuclear Power Plants LECTURES: Section 01: Tuesday and Thursday at 9:30 to 10:45 am – classroom 2-135 Section 02: Tuesday and Thursday at 11:00 to 12:15 pm –classroom 2-126 Instructor: Dr. Akram Alfantazi e-mail: [email protected] Office Hours: Monday and Wednesday 11:00 to 1:00. Assessment: Home work/Quizzes 20% Midterm Exam 25% Project 15% Field trip 10% Final Exam 30% Chapter 1 - 1 Light water reactor (LWR) Typical Pressurized-Water Reactor Chapter 1 - 2 A History of Firsts: Nuclear Science & Technology E = mc2 : Energy-Mass Equivalence (1905) Neutron Discovered (1932) Fission Discovered (1938) First Accident Involving Nuclear Material (1942) First Controlled Nuclear Chain Reaction (1942) First Nuclear Detonation (1945) First Nuclear Weapons (1945) First Death from a Nuclear-criticality Accident (1945) First Nuclear Electricity (1951) First Nuclear Reactor Accident (1952) First Nuclear Power Plant (1954) First Nuclear Propulsion (1954) First Nuclear Reactor in Space (1965) First 1,000 MW(e) Nuclear Power Plant (1974) First Major Accident at a Civilian NPP (1979) First Space Mission Powered by Plutonium RTG (1979) First NPP in an Arab Country: UAE (construction began 2012) Chapter 1 - Nuclear Fission – A Source of Energy Nuclear Binding Energy – E = Δmc2 Some nuclei absorb neutrons … and split – or fission  “fission fragments “or “fission products” Chapter 1 - Nuclear Fission – A Source of Energy Fission “releases” nuclear binding energy – E = Δmc2 – Imparts kinetic energy to fission fragments & neutrons Heat is generated – Kinetic energy is converted to heat as fission fragments slow down through matter Results of Fission – Energy – Fission Fragments – Neutrons More Neutrons  More Fission Chapter 1 - Nuclear Chain Reaction Chain Reaction – Neutrons fission more nuclei – Fission keeps repeating – Self-sustaining Critical Mass – Mass that can sustain fission Heat produced during sustained fission can be used to generate electricity Chapter 1 -  Commercial Nuclear Reactor Development Other countries’ first power reactors France (1956) New Nuclear Countries Each Year Canada (1962) Sweden (1964) Japan (1965) Pakistan (1972) India (1973) S. Korea (1978) Taiwan [ROC] (1978) China [PRC] (1994) Chernobyl Accident, 1986 7 Other Uses For Nuclear Technologies In addition to Military Use & Electricity Generation – Research Reactors: Radioisotope production agriculture, medical, and industrial applications Materials characterization, Basic science, Teaching – Medical Radiation Therapy – Geological Exploration Oil & gas – Space Power Sources Chapter 1 -  Nuclear Fueled Steam Plant Nuclear Energy → Kinetic Energy → Thermal Energy → Kinetic Energy → Mechanical Energy → Electrical Energy Fossil Fueled Steam Plant Nuclear Fueled Steam Plant Source: "Nuclear Reactor Concepts" Workshop Manual, U.S. NRC http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/teachers/unit3.html 9  Nuclear Fission Energy (E = mc2) energy = mass times the square of the speed of light Fission Demonstration Uranium in nature Fissioning 1 kg. U-235 Equivalent to Burning 99.3 percent U-238 3,000 tons Coal 0.72 percent U-235 10  Where the Thermal Energy (Heat) Comes From UO2 fuel pellet. Enriched to 3-5 percent U-235 11  Electricity Production Global Electricity Production (2012) Solar 0.4% Wind Geo- 2.4% thermal 0.3% Biomass 2% Fossil Fuels 67% Renewables 22% Hydro 17% Nuclear 11% Source: US Energy Information Agency (http://www.eia.gov/) 12  World Nuclear Energy Production 2011 3000 Fukushima Accident Electricity Generation Worldwide (TW-h) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 13 World Distribution of NPPs *Data source: IAEA/PRIS web site as of 2015 Jan (http://www.iaea.org/pris/) 14  Current Status of World Nuclear Power 41 reactors in LTO Future Plans POWER REACTORS NUCLEAR 69 UNDER CONSTRUCTION NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS 96 PLANNED 380 GWe installed capacity 83.5 GWe NEW CAPACITY PLANNED LTO = long-term outage (>4 years) Source: https://www.iaea.org/pris/ 15  World Distribution of Uranium 16  Greenhouse Gas Emissions Life Cycle GHG Emissions Nuclear 17