Cardiovascular System Lecture Notes PDF

Functional anatomy of Cardiovascular System Dr. Tarig Alarabi  INTRODUCTION  The cardiovascular system is transport system of body  It comprises blood, heart and blood vessels.  The system supplies nutrients to and remove waste products fro...

Functional anatomy of Cardiovascular System Dr. Tarig Alarabi  INTRODUCTION  The cardiovascular system is transport system of body  It comprises blood, heart and blood vessels.  The system supplies nutrients to and remove waste products from various tissue of body.  The conveying media is liquid in form of blood which flows in close tubular system. Figure 1-2(f)  FUNCTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Transport nutrients, hormones Remove waste products Gaseous exchange Immunity  Blood vessels transport blood ◦ Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide ◦ Also carries nutrients and wastes Heart pumps blood through blood vessels  COMPONENTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD HEART BLOOD VESSELS  BLOOD The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma A. Blood cells 1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells 2- Leucocytes 3- Thrombocytes B. Plasma is fluid portion  HEART Heart is a four chambered, hollow muscular organ approximately the size of your fist Location: – Superior surface of diaphragm – Left of the midline – Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 8  HEART Figure 18.1 Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 9  The right one, receives deoxygenated blood from the whole body except the lungs through the superior & inferior vena cavae. Then, the blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries (i.e., the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood) to the lungs.  The blood is oxygenated in the lungs and returned by the four pulmonary veins (They are the only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood) to the left side of the heart , from here it is distributed to the whole body through Aorta. N.B. Oxygenated blood; blood filled with oxygen and nutrients. De- oxygenated blood; blood filled with carbon dioxide and waste products  FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART Generating blood pressure Routing blood Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations Ensuring one-way blood flow Heart valves ensure one-way flow Regulating blood supply Changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs  BLOOD VESSELS Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes These includes:  Arteries  Capillaries  Veins  BLOOD VESSELS -Arteries(Distributing channel) Thick walled tubes Elastic Fibers Circular Smooth Muscle –Capillaries (microscopic vessels) One cell thick Serves the Respiratory System –Veins (draining channel)  BLOOD VESSELS General structure: 1.Tunica intima 2.Tunica media 3.Tunica adventitia  ARTERIES  Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called arteries.  They are the thickest blood vessels and they carry blood high in oxygen known as oxygenated blood (oxygen rich blood).  CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron) The smallest blood vessels are capillaries and they connect the arteries and veins. This is where the exchange of nutrients and gases occurs.  VEINS Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart are called veins. They have one-way valves which prevent blood from flowing backwards. They carry blood that is high in carbon dioxide known as deoxygenated blood (oxygen poor blood).  VEINS Factors responsible for venous return: 1.Muscle contraction 2.Negative intrathoracic pressure 3.Pulsation of arteries 4. Gravity 5. Valves How to prevent varicose  Self-care of varicose during work time Things you can do to help ease the pain of varicose veins include: Exercising Raising your legs when sitting or lying down Wearing compression stockings. Self-care measures also might keep the veins from getting worse.  CIRCULATION 1. Coronary circulation – the circulation of blood within the heart. 2. Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and lungs. 3. Systemic circulation – the flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body. 4. Fetal Circulation SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION Pulmonary circulation The flow of blood between the heart and lungs. Systemic circulation The flow of blood between the heart and the cells of the body. Figure 18.5 Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 26 CORONARY CIRCULATION: ARTERIAL SUPPLY Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 27 Figure 18.7a FETAL CIRCULATION  APPLIED  Diseases and Disorders  BLOOD PRESSURE  HAEMORRHAGE/STROKE  ARTERIOSCLEROSIS  ANEURYSM  CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)  HEART ATTACK  CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)  ANEMIA, HEMOPHILIA, AND LEUKEMIA  APPLIED Problems with the cardiovascular system are common, but they don’t just affect older people. Many heart problems affect children and teenagers.  CPR Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that can potentially save a person's life in situations where their heart and/or breathing ceases (cardiac arrest). CPR  Also it's a good idea to learn CPR and how to use an AED so you can help someone who's having a heart attack. Ask your healthcare team if any accredited first-aid training courses are available in your area.  REFERENCES 1- General Anatomy by Vishram Singh 2- Clinical Anatomy by R. Snell 3-Gray’s Anatomy 4- https://www.mayoclinic.org/first- aid/first-aid-heart-attack/basics/ art-20056679