LEAD311-POLICE-PLANNING.pptx

Law Enforcement Operations and Planning with Crime Mapping  PRINCIPLES, ELEMENTS AND FACTORS AFFECTING PLANNING  Principles And Elements Of Planning A.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning requires scientific thinking and it should spell out in clear terms the definition...

Law Enforcement Operations and Planning with Crime Mapping  PRINCIPLES, ELEMENTS AND FACTORS AFFECTING PLANNING  Principles And Elements Of Planning A.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING Planning requires scientific thinking and it should spell out in clear terms the definition of the purpose, analyze the problem and make a careful and diligent search for all the facts bearing upon it. The task of planning will be well-accomplished if some fundamental principles are followed in the process.  Principles of Planning 1. Principle of Commitment This means that certain resources must be committed for the purpose of planning. Planning is not an easy task. So, necessary help is to be taken from experts. The organization must be ready to exhaust the available resources for the achievement of plan. 2. Principle of the Limiting Factor A plan involves varied factors of different importance. This principle implies that more emphasis has to be put on that factor which is scarce o limited in supply or extremely costly. This will help in selecting the most favorable alternative.  Principles of Planning 3. Principle of Reflective Thinking Signifies problem–solving thought process – a process by which a past experience are superimposed on the fact of present situation and possible future trends. None can be a planner whose mind is not active, who does not possess any deliberate power and whose sense of judgement is not strong.  Principles of Planning 4. Principle of Flexibility Though a plan is prepared after reflective thinking, this does not mean that no departure can be made in the course of its operation. The plan should be so prepared that there is sufficient scope for changing it from time to time. Changes must necessarily be effected in the plan for taking in to account new developments that may take place in the course of operation of the plan.  Principles of Planning 5. Principle of Contribution to Organizational Objectives A major plan is prepared and it is supported by many derivative plans. But all plans must contribute in a positive way towards the achievements of the organizational objectives. 6. Principle of Efficiency A plan should be made efficient to attain the objectives of the organization at the minimum cost and least effort. It must also achieve better results with the minimum of unexpected happenings. Therefore, it is to be seen that what is expected is likely to be achieved.  Principles of Planning 7. Principle of Selection of Alternatives Planning is basically a planning of choosing. The essence of planning is the choice among alternative courses of action. There is no need for planning if there is only one way for doing something. In choosing from alternatives, the best alternative will be that which contributes most efficient and effectively to the accomplishments of a desired goal. 8. Principle of Planning Premises A plan is prepared against some foundations or backgrounds known as ‘Planning Premises’. There must be complete agreement among the managers in respect of planning premises over which the structure of plan is to be  Principles of Planning 9. Principle of Timing and Sequence of Operations To determine the starting and finishing time for each piece of work according to some definite schedule and give practical and concrete shape and form to work performance. 10. Principle of Securing Participation To secure participation of the employees with whole- hearted cooperation in execution of the plan, it is necessary that the plan must be communicated and explained to them for their full understanding. This understanding provides the basis for additional knowledge about new facts. It also ensures an obligation of the personnel of the organization  Principles of Planning 11. Principle of Pervasiveness Though major planning function is entrusted to the top management, it is not restricted to the top level only. It is a function of every manager at every level in the organization. 12. Principle of Strategic planning Is essential where there is competition. It is prepared in the light of what the competitors are intending to do. Planners must take into account the strategies of the rival organizations, otherwise the planning projection may land them in trouble.  Principles of Planning 13. Principle of Innovation A good system of planning should responsive to the opportunities for innovation. Innovation consist in creating something new for increasing satisfaction of the clientele. Innovation is achieved through research and development and planning is required to provide such scope. 14. Principle of Follow-up In the course of execution of a plan, certain obstacles may crop up in the midway and planning may require revision, alteration or correction. This is why there must be follow-up system in planning process itself. This allows timely changes in the planning and makes it more effective.  Elements of Planning 1. Objectives: are a specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period of time. The important task of planning is to determine the objectives of the organization. 2. Forecasting: It is the analysis and interpretation of future in relation to the activities and working of an organization. Forecasting provides a logical basis for anticipating the shape of the future situation and the requirements to cope up such situation.  Elements of Planning 3. Policies: - refers to statements of aims, purposes, principles or intention which serves as continuing guidelines for management in accomplishing objectives. It is general guidelines for decision making. - are statements or principles that guide and direct different manager/leaders at various level in making decision. Policies act as guidelines for taking operational and administrative decision. 4. Procedure: - are sequence of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired. - it is a chronological sequence of detailed instructions necessary for the successful carrying out of an activity.  Elements of Planning 5. Rules: - a rule specifies necessary course of action in a particular situation. It acts as a guide and is essentially in the nature of a decision made by the management authority. - it is the simplest types of standing plan. They are statement that a specific action must or must not be taken in a given situation. They act as substitutes to thinking and decision making and its serve as guides to behavior. It state specific action for specific situations.  Elements of Planning 6. Programs: are precise plans of action followed in proper sequence in accordance with the objectives, policies and procedures. - it is a collection of organizational resources that is geared to accomplish a certain major goal or set of goals. 7. Budget: - means an estimate of men, money , materials and equipment in numerical terms required for implementation of plans and programs. - is simply a statement in quantitative and usually financial terms of the planned allocation and use of resources.  Elements of Planning 8. Projects: is a single-use plan which is a part of a general programs. It is part of the job that needs to be done in connection with the general program. – a single step in a program is set up as a project. 9. Strategies: are the devices formulated and adopted from the adversarial standpoint as well as from the point of view of the personnel, clientele, media and superior officers. strategies may be internal or external, the success of the plans demands that it should be strategy-oriented.  Factors Affecting Planning Condition – a consideration of political atmosphere, public opinion; behavior and discipline in the area where the plan will be implemented. Time – it is the period available to establish plan before putting it into effort. Resources Available – allocation of man power, money and materials. Skills and Attitudes of Management – refers to the level of experience of the personnel who are involved in the preparation of the plan and those who will execute the plan.  Factors Affecting Planning Social and Political Environment – refers to social and political practices, which will be affected by the plan. Physical Facilities – refers to machinery, instrument or tools in the attainment of the goals of the plan. Collection and Analysis of Data – ready sources and basis of good decision-making by the makers of the plan may be properly obtain through research and other means of gathering techniques.  If you know your enemy and you know yourself you need not to fear the results of a hundred battles Sun Tzu, Art of War If you know neither yourself nor your enemy you will suffer defeat in every battle. Sun Tzu, Art of War THE LAW ENFORCEMENT PLANNING  Plan - is an organized schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain a goal and objectives for the accomplishments of mission or assignment. It is a method or way of doing something in order to attain objectives. Plan provides answer to 5W’s and 1H, viz: 1.What to do – Mission/objectives 2.Why to do – Reason/philosophy 3.When to do – Date/time 4.Where to do – Place 5.Who will do – People involve 6.How to do – Strategy  Planning – defined as thinking about the future to be, and thinking about what we need to do now to achieve it. Planning involves linking present actions to future conditions. - the determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be attained. - the process of setting performance objectives and identifying the actions needed to accomplish them. - working out in broad outline the things that need to be done and the methods for doing them to accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise. Police Planning – is an attempt by police administrators in trying to allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated service demands. It is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and events as basis for policy formulation and decision affecting law enforcement management. Operational Planning – is the use of a rational design or pattern for all departmental undertakings rather than relying on chance in an operational environment. It is the preparation and development of procedures and techniques in accomplishing of each of the primary tasks and functions of an organization. Police Operational Planning – is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police activities and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and operations in the department. It may also be the process of formulating coordinated sequence of methodical activities and allocation of resources to the line units of the police organization for the attainment of the mandated objectives or goals. Objective – a specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period of time. Goals are general statement of intention and typically with time horizon, or it is an achievable end state that can be measured and observed. Making choices about goals is one of the most important aspects of planning. Strategy – is a broad design or method; or a plan to attain a stated goal or objectives. Tactics are specific design, method or course of action to attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy. Procedures – are sequences of activities to reach a point or to attain what is desired. Guidelines – rules of action for the rank and file to show them how they are expected to obtain the desired effect.  OBJECTIVES OF POLICE PLANNING 1. To increase the chances of success by focusing on results and not so much on the objectives. 2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better decisions. 3. To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal of the organization. 4. To orient people to action instead of reaction. 5. To modify the day-to-day style of operation to future management.  OBJECTIVES OF POLICE PLANNING 6. To provide flexibility in decision making. 7. To provide basis for measuring original accomplishments or individual performance. 8. To increase employee and personnel involvement and to improve communication.  CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD POLICE PLAN 1. Clearly defined Objectives and Goals. 2. Simplicity, Directness, Clarity, and Flexibility 3. Possibility of Attainment 4. Must provide Standards of Operation 5. Practical in terms of Resources needed for implementation.  CLASSIFICATION OF PLAN ACCORDING TO COVERAGE 1.National Plan-Those broad internal plans prepared by the national headquarters. 2.Regional Plans-Plans that are devised by the Regional Police Offices. 3.Local Plan- Police plans devised by the city or municipal police stations.  CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE PLAN ACCORDING TO TIME 1. Strategic Plan or Long Range Plan– it relates to plans which are strategic or long range in application, and it determine the organization's original goals and strategy. It is the general roadmap and direction of the organization usually aligned with national government strategy on public strategy. 2. Intermediate or Medium Range Plan– medium range plan that determines the quantity and quality of efforts and accomplishments. Examples are Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo (Anti-Crime) and Master Plan Sandugo(Internal Security Operations).  CLASSIFICATION OF POLICE PLAN ACCORDING TO TIME 3. Operational or Short Range Plans– are short range plans that determines the schedule of special activities usually applicable from one week or less than year duration. Plans that addresses the immediate need which are specific and how it can be accomplished on time with available allocated resources. Examples of OPLANS are: OPLAN Tokhang (Anti-Drug War), OPLAN Salikop (Anti-Organized Crime Groups) and OPLAN Bantay Dalampasigan.  APPROACHES IN POLICE PLANNING 1. Synoptic Planning / Rational Comprehensive Approach – the dominant traditional approach in planning. It is also the point of departure for most of the other planning approaches. This typically looks at problems from a systems viewpoint, using conceptual or mathematical models relating ends (objectives) to means (resources and constraints), with heavy reliance on numbers and quantitative analysis.  Consideration of Synoptic Planning a. Strategic Analysis – this includes the study on the courses of actions; suitability studies; feasibility studies; acceptability studies; and judgment. b. Suitability – each course of action is evaluated in accordance with general policies, rules and laws. c. Feasibility – the include the appraisal of the effects of a number of factors weighed separately and together.  Consideration of Synoptic Planning d. Acceptability – those judged to be suitable and feasible are then analyzed in acceptability studies. e. Cost-Effective Analysis – technique is sometimes called cost-benefit or cost performance analysis. The purpose of this form of selection is that the alternative chosen should maximize the ratio of benefit to cost. f. Must-wants Analysis – this method of selecting a preferred course of action combined with the strength of both strategic and cost effectiveness analysis. This is concerned with both the subjective weights of suitability, feasibility, and acceptability and the objectives weights of cost versus benefits.  APPROACHES IN POLICE PLANNING 2. Incremental Planning – conclude that long-range and comprehensive planning are not only too difficult but inherently bad. The problems are seen as too difficult when they are grouped together and easier to solve when they are taken one at a time and broken down into gradual adjustments over time. 3. Transactive Planning – is carried out in face-to-face interactions with people who will be affected by the plan and not to an anonymous target community of beneficiaries. Techniques include field surveys and interpersonal dialogue marked by a process of mutual learning.  APPROACHES IN POLICE PLANNING 4. Advocacy Planning – is usually associated with defending the interests if the weak – the poor and politically impotent for example – against the strong. The beneficial aspects of this approach include a greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative side effects of plans. 5. Radical Planning – two mainstreams that sometimes flow together: the first mainstream involves collective actions to achieve concrete results in the immediate future. The second mainstream is critical of large-scale social processes and how they permeate the character of social and economic life at all levels.  APPROACHES IN POLICE PLANNING 6. Systemic Planning – is sometimes called Traditional planning. It identifies a rational step-by-step process that can be used to develop all types of plans.  TYPES OF POLICE PLANS 1. Policy or Procedural Plans. Standard operating procedures which guide members in routine and field operations and in some special operations. Kinds of Procedural Plan 1.Office Procedures such as: reporting regulations and records division operation  TYPES OF POLICE PLANS 2. Field Procedures- outline of procedures intended to be used in all situations to guide officers and men in the field, such as: reporting, dispatching, raids, arrests, stopping suspicious persons, receiving complaints, touring beat, investigation of crimes, use of physical force, restraining devices, dealing with group or individuals, and the like.  TYPES OF POLICE PLANS 3.Headquarters Procedures- it include the duties of the dispatcher, jailer, matron, and other personnel concerned which may be neglected in the duty manual. 4.Special Operating Procedures- it include the operation of the special units, such as auxiliary force, searching and preservation of physical evidence, dissemination of information of wanted persons, inspection of police headquarters, and the like.  TYPES OF POLICE PLANS 2. Tactical Plan. Procedures for coping with specific situations at known locations. Included in this category are plans for dealing with attacks against building with alarm system and against headquarters by lawless elements, blockade and jail emergencies, special community events, and street affairs. 3. Operational Plans. Plans for the operations of special divisions like the patrol, detective, traffic, vice and juvenile control divisions. It is prepared to accomplish each of the primary police tasks.  TYPES OF POLICE PLANS 4.Extra- Department Plans (Extra Management Plans). Plans for handling large scale disasters such as floods, storms, typhoons, earthquakes, fires, etc., which require the assistance of other government agencies and the marshalling of all resources to meet the situation. 5. Management Plans. Plans dealing with budget, accounting procedures, purchasing guides, recruitment of personnel, training, selection, personnel and organization.  DOCTRINES AND PLAN CLASSIFICATION The Primary Doctrines Fundamental Doctrines – Are the basic principles in planning, organization and management of the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP Vision, Mission and strategic action plan of the attainment of the national objectives. Operational Doctrines – are principle and rules governing the planning, organization and direction and employment of the PNP forces in the accomplishment of basic security operational mission in the maintenance of peace and order, crime prevention and suppression, internal security and public safety operation.  DOCTRINES AND PLAN CLASSIFICATION Functional Doctrines – provide guidance for specialized activities of the PNP in the broad field of interest such as personnel, intelligence, operations, logistics, planning, etc. The Secondary Objectives Complimentary Doctrines – formulated jointly by two or more bureaus in order to implement an operation with regard to public safety and peace and order. Ethical Doctrines – defines the fundamental principles governing the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior and ethical norm of the organization. OTHER TYPES OF POLICE PLANS Reactive Plans – are developed as a result of crisis. A particular problem may occur for which the department has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes without careful preparation. Proactive Plans – plans that are developed in anticipation of problems. Although not all police problems are predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police department to prepare a response in advance. Visionary Plans – are statements that identify the role of the police in the community and a future condition or state to which the department can aspire. OTHER TYPES OF POLICE PLANS Standing Plans – provide the basic framework for responding to organizational problems. The organizational vision and values, strategic statement, policies, procedures, guidelines and rules and regulations are examples of standing plans. Functional Plans – include the framework for the operation of the major functional units in the organization, such as patrol and investigation. It may also include the design of the organizational structure, the functions and units in relationship with one another and how to coordinate activities. OTHER TYPES OF POLICE PLANS Time-Specific Plans – are concerned with a specific purpose and conclude when an objective is accomplished or a problem is solved.  PNP ADOPTED PROCEDURES  PNP GENERAL PROCEDURES Police Blotter Police Uniform Police Notebook and Pen Use of Force Inter-Unit Coordination Moving Vehicles Police Intervention Operations Warning, Use of Megaphones Warning Shot  PNP ADOPTED PROCEDURES  PNP BASIC PROCEDURES Patrol Procedures Spot Check/Pat Down Searches Arrest Custodial Investigation Inquest Procedures Search and Seizure Crime Scene Response  PNP ADOPTED PROCEDURES  PNP SPECIAL PROCEDURES Rules on labor disputes Demolition and Eviction Police Assistance Re: Implementation of Court Orders Rallies and Demonstrations Civil Disturbance Management Checkpoints Hostage Situations Child Abuse Cases and Internal Security Operations  STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE PLAN 1.Frame of Reference- Careful view of the matters relating to the situation for which plans are being developed and opinions or ideas of persons who may speak with authority in the subjects of concern. Definitive views of the chief of police officers, other government officials, and other professionals are considered. 2.Clarifying the Problems- Identification of the problem, and understanding both its record and its possible solution. A situation must exist for which something must and can be done.  STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE PLAN 3.Collecting all Pertinent Facts- Gathering of all facts related to the problem. No attempt should be made to develop a plan until all facts relating to it have been gathered. 4.Analyzing the Facts- Careful analysis and evaluation of the data gathered, which provide the basis from which a plan or plans evolved. Only facts that are related should be considered.  STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE PLAN 5.Developing Alternative Plans- Development of several alternative measures in the initial phase of plan development which appear to be logically comparable to the needs f the situation. As evaluated, one of the proposed plans will usually prove more logical than the others. 6.Selecting the Most Appropriate Alternatives- Careful consideration of all facts which lead to the selection of best plan.  STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE PLAN 7. Selling the Plan- Involvement or consultation to the heads of the units or offices or persons concerned during the plan development for their acceptance. A plan, to be effectively carried out must be subscribed by persons concerned at the appropriate level of the plan’s development. 8. Arranging for Execution of the Plans- Issuance of orders and directives to the involved units and personnel, the establishment of schedule, and the provision of manpower and equipment for carrying out the plan. Briefings and assurance that all personnel involved understand when, how and what is to be done.  STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE PLAN 9.Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Plan- Determination of the result of the plan. This is necessary to know whether a correct alternative was chosen, the plan is correct, which phase poorly implemented and whether additional planning may be necessary. ….xxxxx……