The President of India PDF

# The President of India ## The Union Executive Articles 52 to 78 in part V of the constitution deal with the Union executive. The Union executive consists of: * **The President** * **The Vice-President** * **The Prime Minister** * **The Council of Ministers** * **The Attorney General of India**...

# The President of India ## The Union Executive Articles 52 to 78 in part V of the constitution deal with the Union executive. The Union executive consists of: * **The President** * **The Vice-President** * **The Prime Minister** * **The Council of Ministers** * **The Attorney General of India** The President is the head of the Indian State. He is the first citizen of India and acts as the symbol of unity, integrity, and solidarity of the nation. ## Election of The President The President is elected not directly by the people, but by members of the electoral college consisting of: * **The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament** * **The elected members of the legislative Assemblies of the states** * **The elected members of the legislative Assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry, J&K** The nominated members of both the Houses of Parliament, the nominated members of the state legislative assemblies, the members (both elected and nominated) of the state legislative councils (in the case of a bicameral legislature), and the nominated members of the legislative assemblies (in the case of the legislative assemblies of Delhi and Puducherry) do not participate in the election of the President. If an assembly is dissolved, the members cease to be qualified to vote in presidential elections, even if fresh elections to the dissolved assembly are not held before the presidential election. The constitution provides that there shall be uniformity in the scale of representation of different states as well as parity between the states as a whole and the Union at the election of the President. This is achieved by determining the number of votes which each elected member of the legislative assembly of each state and the Parliament is entitled to cast at such election. This number is determined using the following method: ### Determining the number of Votes 1. **Each elected member of the legislative assembly of a state shall have as many votes as there are multiples of one thousand in the quotient obtained by dividing the population of the state by the total number of the elected members of the assembly.** * The value of the vote of an MLA or the value of the vote of an assembly member is $Value\ of\ the\ Vote\ of\ MLA = \frac{Total\ population\ of\ state}{Total\ number\ of\ elected\ members\ in\ the\ state\ legislative\ assembly} \times 1000$ 2. **Each elected member of either House of Parliament shall have the same number of votes as is obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to members of the legislative assemblies of the state by the total number of the elected members of both the Houses of Parliament.** * This can be expressed as: $Value\ of\ the\ Vote\ of\ MP = \frac{Total\ value\ of\ votes\ of\ all\ MLAs\ of\ all\ states}{Total\ number\ of\ elected\ members\ of\ Parliament}$ ## Qualifications, oath, and conditions A person to be eligible for election as president must meet the following qualifications: 1. **The person must be a citizen of India.** 2. **The person must be at least thirty-five years of age.** 3. **The person must be qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha.** 4. **The person must not hold any office of profit under the Union government, or any state government or local authority or any other public authority.** Further, the nomination of the candidate for election to the office of President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Every candidate must make a security deposit of ₹15,000 in the reserve Bank of India. This deposit is liable to be forfeited if the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled. Before entering upon the office, a president makes an oath or affirmation, which includes: 1. **Faithfully executing the office** 2. **Preserving, protecting, and defending the constitution and the law** ## Election of the Presidents | St. No. | Election Year | Victorious Candidate | No. of Votes secured (%) | Main Rival Candidate | No. of Votes secured (%) | |---|---|---|---|---|---| | 1 | 1952 | Dr. Rajendra Prasad | 507400 (83.81) | K.T. Shah | 92827 (15.3) | | 2 | 1957 | Dr. Rajendra Prasad | 459698 (99.35) | N.N. Das | 2000 (0.4) | | 3 | 1962 | Dr. S. Radhakrishnan | 553067 (98.24) | Ch. Hari Ram | 6341 (1.1) | | 4 | 1967 | Dr. Zakir Hussain | 471244 (56.23) | K. Subba Rao | 363971 (43.4) | | 5 | 1969 | V.V. Giri | 420077 (50.22) | N. Sanjeeva Reddy | 405427 (48.5) | | 6 | 1974 | Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed | 756587 (80.18) | Tridev Chaudhuri | 189186 (19.8) | | 7 | 1977 | N. Sanjeeva Reddy | Unopposed | | | | 8 | 1982 | Giani Zail Singh | 754113 (72.73) | H.R. Khanna | 282685 (27.6) | | 9 | 1987 | R. Venkataraman | 740148 (72.29) | V.Krishna Ayyer | 281550 (27.1) | | 10 | 1992 | Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma | 675564 (65.86) | George Swell | 346485 (33.21) | | 11 | 1997 | K.R. Narayanan | 956290 (94.97) | T.N. Sheshan | 50431 (5.07) | | 12 | 2002 | Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam | 922844 (89.58) | Laxmi Sehgal | 107366 (10.42) | | 13 | 2007 | Ms. Pratibha Patil | 638116 (65.82) | B.S. Shekhawat | 331306 (34.17) | | 14 | 2012 | Pranab Mukherjee | 713763 (68.12) | P.A. Sangma | 315987 (30.15) | | 15 | 2017 | Ram Nath Kovind | 702044 (65.65) | Meira Kumar | 367314 (34.35) | ## Term, Impeachment, and vacancy <start_of_image> Presid * **Term** - The president holds office for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. However, a president can resign from his office at any time by addressing the resignation letter to the Vice-President. Further, the president can be removed from office before the completion of his term by impeachment. * **Impeachment** - The president can hold office beyond his term of five years until his successor assumes charge. However, a president cannot be elected to the office of the president more than twice. * The president can be removed from office by impeachment for violation of the constitution. However, the constitution does not define the meaning of the phrase "violation of the constitution". The impeachment charges can be initiated by either House of Parliament. * **Vacancy** - * A vacancy in the President's office can occur on the expiry of his tenure of five years, by his resignation, on his removal by impeachment, by his death, or otherwise (for example, when he becomes disqualified to hold office or when his election is declared void). * If a vacancy occurs in the President's office (resignation, removal, death, etc.), the Vice-President acts as the President until a new president is elected. * If the sitting President is unable to discharge his functions due to absence, illness, or any other cause, the Vice-President discharges his functions until the president resumes his office. * If the office of the Vice-President is vacant, the Chief Justice of India (or, if the office of the Chief Justice of India is also vacant, the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court available) acts as the President or discharges the functions of the President. When any person (that is, Vice-President, Chief Justice of India, or the most senior judge of the Supreme Court) is acting as the President or discharging the functions of the President, he enjoys all the powers and immunities of the president and is entitled to such emoluments, allowances, and privileges as are determined by Parliament. ## The powers enjoyed and the functions performed by the president The powers enjoyed and the functions performed by the President can be studied under the following seven heads: 1. **Executive powers** 2. **Legislative powers** 3. **Financial powers** 4. **Judicial powers** 5. **Diplomatic powers** 6. **Military powers** 7. **Emergency powers** ### Executive Powers The executive powers and functions of the president are: * **Executive Actions** - All executive actions of the Government of India are formally taken in the name of the President * **Rules** - The president can make rules specifying the manner in which the orders and other instruments made and executed in his name shall be authenticated. The president also makes rules for more convenient transaction of business of the Union government, and for allocation of the said business among the ministers. * **Appointment of ministers** - The president appoints the prime minister and the other ministers, who hold office during his pleasure. * **Attorney general** - The president appoints the attorney general of India and determines the remuneration. The attorney general holds office during the pleasure of the President. * **Other appointments** - The president appoints the comptroller & auditor general of India, the Chief Election Commissioner & other Election Commissioners, the chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission, the governors of the states, the chairman of the Finance Commission, etc. * **Information** - The president can seek any information relating to the administration of affairs of the Union &proposals for legislation from the prime minister. * **Requiring a submission** - The president can require the prime minister to submit, for consideration of the Council of Ministers, any matter on which a decision has been taken by a minister, but which has not been considered by the council. * **Appointment of a commission** - The president can appoint a commission to investigate into the conditions of SCs, STs & other backward classes. * **Inter state council** - The president can appoint an inter state council to promote Center-state and inter-state cooperation. * **Administrating Union Territories** - The president directly administrates the Union territories through administrators appointed by him. * **Scheduled Areas** - The president can declare any area as scheduled area and has powers with respect to the administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas. ### Legislative Powers The president is an integral part of the Parliament of India and enjoys the following legislative powers: * **Summoning and proroguing parliament** - The president can summon or prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha. The president can also summon a joint sitting of both the houses of parliament, which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. * **Addressing Parliament** - The president can address the Parliament at the commencement of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year. * **Messages** - The president can send messages to the Houses of Parliament, whether with respect to a bill pending in the parliament or otherwise. * **Appointment of a member to preside over Parliament** - The president can appoint any member of the Lok Sabha to preside over its proceedings when both the speaker and the deputy speaker fall vacant. Alternatively, the president can appoint any member of the Rajya Sabha to preside over its proceedings when both the chairman and the deputy chairman fall vacant. * **Nominations to the Rajya Sabha** - The president nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service. * **Nominations to the Lok Sabha** - The president can nominate two members to the lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian Community. * **Disqualification of members** - The president decides on questions as to disqualifications of members of the parliament, in consultation with the election commission. * **Recommendations for bills** - The president's prior recommendation or permission is needed to introduce certain types of bills in the Parliament. These include bills involving expenditure from the consolidated Fund of India or a bill for the alteration of boundaries of states or the creation of a new state. * **Bills passed by parliament** - When a bill is sent to the president after it has been passed by Parliament, the president can: * *Give his assent to the bill* * *Withhold his assent to the bill* * *Return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for reconsideration of the Parliament* If the bill is passed again by the Parliament, with or without amendments, the President has to give his assent to the bill. * **Bills passed by a state legislature** - When a bill passed by a state legislature is reserved by the governor for consideration of the President, the President can: * *Give his assent to the bill* * *Withhold his assent to the bill* * *Direct the governor to return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for reconsideration of the state legislature* It should be noted here that it is not obligatory for the president give his assent even if the bill is passed by the state legislature and sent again to him for his consideration. * **Promulgation of Ordinances** - The president can promulgate ordinances when the Parliament is not in session. These ordinances must be approved by Parliament within six weeks from its reassembly. The president can also withdraw an ordinance at any time. * **Reports** - The president lays the reports of the Comptroller & Auditor General, Union Public Service commission, Finance Commission, and others, before parliament. * **Regulations** - The president can make regulations for the peace, progress, and good government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Ladakh. (in the case of Puducherry also, the president can legislate by making regulations, but only when the assembly is suspended or dissolved.) ### Financial Powers The financial powers and functions of the president are: * **Money Bills** - Money bills can be introduced in the Parliament only with his prior recommendation. * **Annual Financial Statement** - The president causes to be laid before the Parliament the annual financial statement (i.e., the Union Budget). * **Demand for a grant** - The president states that no demand for a grant can be made except on his recommendation. * **Contingency Fund** - the president can make advances out of the contingency fund of India to meet any unforeseen expenditure. * **Finance Commission** - The president constitutes a finance commission after every five years to recommend the distribution of revenues between the Centre and the states. ### Judicial powers The judicial powers and functions of the president are: * **Appointment of Judges** - The president appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court and high courts. * **Advice from the Supreme Court** - The president can seek advice from the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact. However, the advice tendered by the Supreme Court is not binding on the President. * **Pardons** - The president can grant pardon, reprieve, respite and remission of punishment, or suspend, remit, or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offense: * **Court Martial** - In all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a court martial * **Acts against a Union Law** - In all cases where the punishment or sentence is for an offence against a Union Law * **Death Sentences** - In all cases where the sentence = death ### Diplomatic Powers The international treaties and agreements are negotiated & concluded on behalf of the president. These treaties are subject to the approval of parliament. The president also represents India in international forums, like the United Nations where the president sends and receives diplomats like ambassadors, etc. ### Military Powers The president is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India. In that capacity, they appoint the chiefs of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. They can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval of Parliament. ### Emergency powers The constitution confers extraordinary emergency powers upon the president to deal with the following three types of emergencies: * **National Emergency** (Article 352) * **President's Rule** (Article 356 & 365) * **Financial Emergency** (Article 360) ## Veto power of the President A bill passed by the Parliament can become an act only if it receives the assent of the President. When such a bill is presented to the President for his assent, he has three alternatives (under Article 111of the Constitution): 1. **Give his assent to the bill** 2. **Withhold his assent to the bill** 3. **Return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for the reconsideration of the Parliament.** If the bill is passed again by the Parliament, with or without amendments, and again presented to the President, the President must give his assent to the bill. ### Types of Veto Power The president has veto power over bills passed by the parliament. The veto power exercised by the president in modern states can be classified into the following four types: 1. **Absolute veto** - withholding of assent to the bill passed by the legislature. 2. **Qualified veto** - The bill can be overridden by the legislature with a higher majority. 3. **Suspensive veto** - The bill can be overridden by the legislature with an ordinary majority. 4. **Pocket veto** - The president takes no action on the bill passed by the legislature. The president of India is vested with three veto powers: absolute veto, suspensive veto and pocket veto. The three vetos of the President of India are explained below: * **Absolute Veto** - This means the president can withhold his assent to a bill passed by the parliament. The bill then ends, and does not become an act. Typically, this veto is exercised in the following two cases: * **Private members bills** — Bills introduced by any member of parliament who is not a minister, and * **Government bills** - When the cabinet resigns (after the passage of the bills but before the assent by the president) and the new cabinet advises the president not to give his assent to such bills. * **Suspensive Veto** - The president exercises this veto when they returns a bill for reconsideration of the parliament. However, if the bill is passed again by the parliament with or without amendments and again presented to the president, it is obligatory for the president to give his assent to the bill. This means that the presidential veto is overridden by a re-passage of the bill by the same ordinary majority (and not a higher majority as required in USA). The president does not possess this veto in the case of money bills. The president can either give his assent to a money bill or withhold his assent to a money bill but cannot return it for the reconsideration of the Parliament. Normally, the president gives his assent to money bills, as they are introduced in the parliament with his previous permission. * **Pocket Veto** - The president neither ratifies nor rejects nor returns the bill, but simply keeps the bill pending for an indefinite period. This power of the president not to take any action (either positive or negative) on the bill is known as the pocket veto. The president can exercise this veto power as the constitution does not prescribe any time-limit within which they have to take the decision with respect to a bill presented to them for their assent. In USA, the president has to return the bill for reconsideration within 10 days, hence it's remarked that the pocket of the Indian president is bigger than that of the American President. ## Presidential Veto Over State Legislation The president has veto power with respect to state Legislation. A bill passed by a state legislature can become an act only if it receives the assent of the governor or the president (in the case the bill is reserved for the consideration of the president). When a bill passed by a state legislature is presented to the governor for their assent, they have four alternatives (under Article 200 of the Constitution): 1. **Give their assent to the bill** 2. **Withhold their assent to the bill** 3. **Return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for the reconsideration of the state legislature** 4. **Reserve the bill for the consideration of the president** When a bill is reserved by the governor for the consideration of the president, the president has three alternatives (Under Article 201 of the Constitution): 1. **Give their assent to the bill** 2. **Withhold their assent to the bill** 3. **Direct the governor to return the bill (if it is not a money bill) for the reconsideration of the state legislature.** If the bill is passed again by the state legislature with or without amendments and presented again to the president for their assent, the president is not bound to give their assent to the bill. ## Ordinance-Making Power of The President Article 123 of the Constitution empowers the president to promulgate ordinances during the recess of parliament. These ordinances have the same force and effect as an act of Parliament, but are in the nature of temporary laws. The ordinance-making power is the most important legislative power of the president. It has been vested in them to deal with unforeseen or urgent matters. But, the exercises of this power is subject to the following four limitations: 1. **When an Ordinance can be promulgated** - The president can promulgate an ordinance only when both the Houses of Parliament are not in session or when either of the two Houses of Parliament is not in session. The ordinance can also be issued when only one House is in session because a law can be passed by both the Houses of Parliament, and not by one house alone. An ordinance made when both the Houses are in session is void. Thus, the power of the president to legislate by ordinance is not a parallel power of legislation. 2. **Circumstances** - The president can make an ordinance only when they're satisfied that the circumstances exist that render it necessary for them to take immediate action. In Cooper case, the Supreme Court held that the president's satisfaction can be questioned in a court on the ground of malafide. Thus, the decision of the president to issue an ordinance can be questioned in a court on the ground that the president has prorogued one house or both Houses of Parliament deliberately with a view to promulgate an ordinance, on a controversial subject, so as to bypass the parliamentary decision and thereby circumventing the authority of the Parliament. 3. **Coextensiveness** - The ordinance-making power of the president is coextensive as regards all matters except duration, with the law-making powers of the Parliament. This has two implications: * An ordinance can be issued only on those subjects on which the Parliament can make laws. * An ordinance is subject to the same constitutional limitation as an act of Parliament. Hence, an ordinance cannot abridge, or take away any of the fundamental rights. 4. **Recess of Parliament** - Every ordinance issued by the president during the recess of Parliament must be laid before both the Houses of Parliament when it reassembles. If the ordinance is approved by both the Houses, It becomes an act. If Parliament takes no action at all, the ordinance ceases to operate on the expiry of six weeks from the reassembly of Parliament. The ordinance may also cease to operate even earlier than the prescribed six weeks, if both the Houses of Parliament pass resolutions disapproving it. If the Houses of Parliament are summoned to reassemble on different dates, the period of six weeks is calculated from the later of those dates. This means that the maximum life of an ordinance can be a maximum of six months and six weeks, in case of non-approval by the Parliament (six months being the maximum gap between the two sessions of Parliament). If an ordinance is allowed to lapse without being placed before Parliament, then the acts done and completed under it, before it ceases to operate, remain fully fully valid and effective. The president can also withdraw an ordinance at any time, but this power is not discretionary - the president can only promulgate or withdraw an ordinance on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime minister. The ordinance, like any other legislation, can be retrospective, meaning it can come into force from a back date. It can also modify or repeal any act of Parliament or another ordinance. It can even alter or amend a tax law, but cannot be used to amend the constitution. ## Pardoning Power of The President Article 72 of the constitution empowers the president to grant pardons to persons who have been tried and convicted of an offense in all cases where: 1. **The punishment or sentence is for an offense against a Union Law** 2. **The punishment or sentence is by a Court Marshall (military court)** 3. **The sentence is a sentence of death** The pardoning power of the president is independent of The Judiciary, it is an executive power. The president, while exercising this power, does not sit as a court of appeal. The object of conferring this power on the president is twofold: 1. **To keep the door open for correcting any judicial errors in the operation of law**, and 2. **To afford relief from a sentence, which the president regards as unduly harsh**. The pardoning power of the president includes the following: 1. **Pardon** - This removes both the sentence and the conviction, completely absolving the convict from all sentences, punishments, and disqualifications. 2. **Commutation** - This denotes the substitution of one form of punishment for a lighter form. For example, a death sentence may be commuted to rigorous imprisonment, which in turn may be commuted to simple imprisonment. 3. **Remission** - This implies reducing the period of sentence without changing its character. For example, a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for two years may be remitted to rigorous imprisonment for one year. 5. **Respite** - This denotes awarding a sentence in place of one that is originally due to some special fact, such as the physical disability of a convict or the pregnancy of a woman offender. 5. **Reprieve** - This implies a stay of the execution of a sentence (especially that of death) for a temporary period. Its purpose is to enable the convict to have time to seek pardon or commutation from the president. Under Article 161 of the Constitution, the governor of a state also possesses the pardoning power. Hence, the governor can also grant pardons, reprieves, respites, and remissions of punishment or suspend, remit, or commute the sentence of anyone convicted of any offence against a state law. However, the pardoning power of the governor differs from that of the president in the following two respects: 1. **Court Martial** - The president can pardon sentences inflicted by a court martial (military courts) while the governor cannot. 2. **Death Sentence** - The president can pardon a death sentence while the governor cannot. Even if a state law prescribes death sentence, the power to grant pardon lies with the president and not the governor. However, the governor can suspend, remit, or commute a death sentence. In other words, both the governor and the president have concurrent power in respect of suspension, remission and commutation of death sentences. The Supreme Court examined the pardoning power of the president under a number of different cases and laid down the following principles: 1. **No Oral Hearing** - The petitioner for mercy has no right to an oral hearing by the president. 2. **President's Examination** - The president can examine the evidence afresh and take a view different from the view taken by the court. 3. **Advice Given by the Cabinet** - The power is to be exercised by the president on the advice of the union cabinet. ## The Constitutional Position of The President The Constitution of India has provided for a parliamentary form of government. Consequently, the President has been made only a nominal executive. The real Executive is the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. In other words, the president has to exercise his powers and function with the aid and advise of the Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar summed up the true position of the president as follows: "In the Indian Constitution, there is placed at the head of the Indian Union a functionary who is called the president of the Union. The title of the functionary reminds of the President of the United States. But beyond the identity of names, there is nothing in common between the form of government prevalent in America and the form of government adopted under the Indian Constitution. The American form of government is called the presidential system of government and what the India constitution adopted is the parliamentary system. Under the presidential system of America, The President is the Chief Head of the Executive and administration is vested in him. Under the English constitution, the king under the Indian constitution, the president occupies the same position as the king under the English constitution. He is the head of the state but not of the Executive. He represents the nation, but does not rule the nation. He is the symbol of the nation. His place in administration is that of a ceremonial device or a seal by which the nation's decision are made known. He is generally bound by the advice of his ministers. He cannot do anything contrary to their advice, nor can he do anything without their advice, The president of the United States can dismiss any the secretary at any time. The president of the Indian Union has no power to do so, so long as his ministers command a majority in parliament." In estimating the constitutional position of the president, a particular reference has to be made to the provisions of Article 53, 74, and 75. They are: 1. **Executive power** - "The executive power of the union shall be vested in the president, and shall be exercised by him, either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this constitution (Article 53)." 2. **Council of Ministers** - "There shall be a council of ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President who 'shall', in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice, (Article 74)." 3. **Collective Responsibility** - "The council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to Lok Sabha (Article 75)." This provision is the foundation of the parliamentary system of government. 4. **President's Power to Seek Reconsideration of Advice** - The 42nd Constitutional amendment act of 1976 (enacted by the Indira Gandhi government) made the president bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister.. The 44th constitutional amendment act of 1978 (enacted by the Janata party government headed by morarji Desai) authorized the president to require the Council of Ministers to reconsider such advice, either generally of otherwise. However, he shall act in accordance with the advice tendered after such reconsideration. In other words, the president may return a matter once for reconsideration of his ministers, but the reconsidered advice shall be binding. ## Articles related to the president at a glance | Article No. | Subject-matter | |---|---| | 52 | The President of India | | 53 | Executive Power of the Union | | 54 | Election of President | | 55 | Manner of Election of President | | 56 | Term of Office of President | | 57 | Eligibility for Re-election | | 58 | Qualifications for Election as President | | 59 | Conditions of President's Office | | 60 | Oath or Affirmation by the President | | 61 | Procedure for Impeachment of the President | | 62 | Time of holding election to fill a vacancy in the office of President | | 65 | Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions | | 71 | Matters relating to the election of the president | | 72 | Power of President to grant pardons etc. and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases | | 74 | Council of Ministers to aid and advise the president | | 75 | Other provisions as to ministers like appointment, term, salaries, etc. | | 76 | Attorney General of India | | 77 | Conduct of Business of the Government of India | | 78 | Duties of Prime Minister in respect to furnishing of information to the president, etc.| | 85 | Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution | | 111 | Assent to Bills passed by the parliament | | 112 | Union Budget (annual financial statement) | | 123 | Power of President to promulgate ordinances | | 143 | Power of President to consult supreme court |