LANGUAGE LEARNING MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT.pdf

LANGUAGE LEARNING MATERIALS move from verbal representation to a more DEVELOPMENT concrete level. They are mostly composed of study prints, charts, Instructional Materia...

LANGUAGE LEARNING MATERIALS move from verbal representation to a more DEVELOPMENT concrete level. They are mostly composed of study prints, charts, Instructional Materials posters, maps, flashcards, photographs, textbook - are alternative channels of communication used illustrations, and illustrations found in magazines by teachers to concretize concepts during the and newspapers. teaching and learning process. They include both human and non-human materials and facilities Still Projected Display Materials that ease, encourage, improve, and promote - that of representations of actual objects and teaching and learning activities. They are didactic phenomena, including three-dimensional materials meant to make learning and teaching materials (castings, globes, and experimental possible. models) two-dimensional materials (charts, pictures, photographs, maps, diagrams, and An instructional material is any systematic drawings), and audiovisual materials (motion description of the techniques and exercises to be pictures, film clips, filmstrips, slide sequences, used in classroom teaching. transparencies, records, and tape recordings, and radio and television broadcasts). Examples: resources such as textbooks, tasks, and supplementary materials that organize and Technology-based/Digital Materials support instruction. - these materials reside in an electronic repository or digital library for access by educators. Purpose: - programs, websites or online resources. The main goal of producing instructional materials is to facilitate the teaching and learning process. Cunningsworth as cited in Richards, 2003 “The role of materials (particularly textbook) in language teaching as resource-for presentation materials; activities for learners practice and communicative interaction; for learners on grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation stimulation and ideas for classroom activities; a support for less experienced teachers.” Types of Instructional Materials: Material Development 1. Printed and duplicated materials 2. Non-projected display material Nunan, 1991 3. Still projected material “Materials development is basically dealing with 4. Technology-based material selection, adaptation, and creation of teaching materials.” Printed and Display Materials - that of written descriptions., including scientific, Tomlinson, 1998 scholarly, reference, and methodological teaching “Materials development refers to anything which aids, as well as textbooks, books on problems is done by writers, teachers, or learners to and exercises, books for recording scientific provide sources of language input in ways which observations, laboratory manuals, manuals for maximize the likelihood of intake.” production training, and programmed textbooks. Macgrath, 2013 Non-Projected Display Materials “The importance of materials as content act as a - those aids which are used without any stimulus for communicative interaction, and projection. So they translate abstract ideas into a materials as language serves the purpose of more realistic format. They allow instruction to information about the target language and carefully selected examples of use.” Pardo and Tellez, 2009 Adaptation of Instructional Materials “Teacher-produced materials play an important 1. Choose a renowned and credible author. role in bridging the gap between the classroom 2. As permission from the author and the world outside.” 3. Modify certain ideas to suit to your purpose and context. Reinders and white, 2010 4. Validate the material by experts of the “Language learning and teaching have been field. further transformed by the rapid development of a wide range of technology-mediated resources, “Adopt” implies a direct and deliberate choice to material, tasks, and learning environments.” use something, while “adapt” implies a more flexible and responsive approach to changing Regmi as citetdd in Nambiar; Ibrahim et. a., circumstances. 2020 “Integrating texts with the local culture will lessen Adapt is used either when a change is made to the unfamiliarity and help students to read better.” make something more suitable for a particular use or when adjusting to a new place. Adopt is Considerations in developing your Ims. used when something is taken over, chosen, 1. Know your students accepted or approved by choice. 2. Understand the learning outcomes 3. Think smart and practical; 4. adapt/adopt well-proven effective instructional material 5. Create contextualized materials Evaluating Materials Alignment of purpose - see to it that the materials intended for use are aligned to the learning outcomes. Capacity of the learners - make sure that the learning material do not bore the students with advanced knowledge and skills and frustrate those who with lesser capability to perform. Localization and Contextualization - a meaningful learning experience happens when materials are familiar to the students and when experiences are authentic. Physical appearance of the instructional materials. - provide sufficient but attractive graphics that can capture the interest of the students. The content, style, and structure should be considered to ensure continuance of engagement. Challenge Lifelong Learning - instructional materials should likewise contain challenging activities that guide students in the development of their critical and creative thinking skills may they be on paper or on technology. Retorika 5. makapagpaunawang mabuti at makapagpaliwanag; Socrates 6. maipagamit ang inihahayag na mensahe; Ang retorika ay agham ng paghimok o 7. makapagtatag ng tiwala sa sarili, at Pagpapasang-ayon. 8. makadebelop ng kritikal na pag-iisip Morong at Cruz Panrelihiyon Ang retorika ay mula sa salitang Griyegong rhetor Salita ang puhunan ng mga pari at ministro ng na nangangahulugang guro o mahusay na alinmang sekta ng relihiyon sa kanilang mananalumpati. pagpapalaganap ng pananampalataya. Nakasalalay sa kanilang makarismatikong tinig, Bisa et al. malinaw, at madaling maintindihang pananalita at Sining ng epektibo at masining na maengganyong pagsasalita ang tagumpay ng pagpapahayag. Nakaugnay ito sa maraming kanilang misyon. sangkap ng pagsulat, pananalita, himig, estruktura, at kalinawan ng pagpapahayag. Pampanitikan Ang bisa ng pamamaraan o estilo ng pagsulat at Tumangan et al paggamit ng wika ng mga kuwentista at nobelista Ang retorika ay isang mahalagang kaalaman sa sa kanilang mga akda ay nakakuha ng simpatiya pagpapahayag na tumutukoy sa kaakit-akit at at empatiya sa mga mambabasa. magandang pagsasalita at pagsulat. Pinag- aaralan dito ang ukol sa mga tuntunin ng Pang-ekonomiya malinaw, mabisa, at kaakit-akit napagpapahayag. Ang mga batikang manunulat at iba pang propesyonal ay umunlad sa kanilang kabuhayan Decena at Macalino at pananalapi sa pamamagitan ng kanilang Ito ay sining ng maayos, malinaw at mabisang mabisa at kapani-paniwalang pagpapahayag sa pagpapahayag maging pasalita o pasulat. madla at mga nagawang aklat. Abad Pangmidya Ito ay proseso ng maayos na pagpili ng wasto, Ang mga artista sa teatro, telebisyon, at pelikula, malinaw, mabisa at kaaya-ayang pananalita sa gayundin, ang mga personalidad sa iba’t ibang pagpapahayag ng mensahe upang higit na midya ay nakararating sa rurok ng kanilang maunawaan ng nakikinig o nagbabasa. tagumpay gmait ang mga katangi-tangi nilang pagsasalita at mga kaakit-akit nilang boses na Panganiban humuhubog sa kanilang personalidad para sila’y Ang retorika ay isang sining ng maayos na pagpili makilala. ng wastong salita sa loob ng isang pahayag upang maunawaan, makahikayat at kalugdan ng Pampolitika mga nakikinig o bumabasa. Marami na rin ngayon ang nagtagumpay sa larangan ng politika na likha ng personalidad at Ayon kay Arrogante (2007), ang retorika ay popularidad. Maraming batikang politiko ang kabuuan ng pinakahulugan ng isang simpleng namumuhunan na sa maretorikang kilala ng lahat na idyomang ―matamis na dila, pagpapahayag. Sa sandali ng kanilang ang kagalingan ng isang tao na: pangangampanya, kapana panabik ang 1. makapanghikayat na gumawa ng isang pagbibitiw nila ng mga pananalita, lalo’t bagay na ipinadamang tama; naglalaman ng mga platapormang mapangako sa 2. makapagbatid ng tungkol sa mga mga kalagayang naghihintay ng pagbabago. bagay-bagay na hindi pa nalalaman; 3. makapang-aliw, para makapagbigay ELEMENTO NG MABISANG PAGPAPAHAYAG kasiyahan at kabutihan sa kapwa; 4. makapagpokus ng atensiyon sa Ang pagpapabatid ng iniisip at nadarama sa tagapakinig; hangaring maunawaan at unawain ang kausap na maaaring maisagawa nang pasalita o pasulat ay tinatawag 3. Kakayahan sa pagpili ng estilo (register) na diskurso. na angkop at tinatanggap sa iba't ibang kalagayang sosyal. Diskurso 4. Kasanayan sa pagpili ng mabisang - tumutukoy sa kombersesyonal na interaksiyon estratehiya upang maipahatid ang iniisip sa pagitan ng tagapagsalita at tagapakinig. na mensahe Ito ay kakayahang maunawaan at makabuo ng GRAMATIKA sasabihin o isusulat sa iba't ibang genre tulad ng - Ito ay tumutukoy sa kawastuhan ng Pahayag. pagsasalaysay paglalarawan, paglalahad at Ito ay nauukol sa kawastuhan at sa kaibahan ng pangangatuwiran (Alcaraz, et al., 2005) tama sa maling pangungusap. Ang kaayusan ng salita ay dinidikta ng gramatika. Iniutos ng Kakayahang Lingguwistika gramatika ang tamang paggamit ng salita upang Ito ang kakayahang makabuo ng pangungusap o mabuo ang pangungusap na gramatikal. pahayag na may wastong kakayahang panggramatika (morpolohiya at sintaks), - pag-aaral sa mga uri ng salita, sa tamang gamit bokabularyo at mekaniks. Sa pamamagitan ng ng mga salita, gayundin ang tamang kasanayang panggramatika maluwag na pagkakaugnay ng mga salita upang makabuo ng dumadaloy sa ating pagsasalita ang mga kataga malinaw na kaisipang panggramatika at pangungusap na maliwanag at nauunawaan ng nakikinig o mambabasa. RETORIKA - Ito tumutukoy kagandahan ng Pahayag. Ito ay Kakayahang Estratehikal tumutukoy sa mga batas ng malinaw, mabisa, kung paano ginagamit ang lengguwahe sa maganda at kaakit- akit na pagpapahayag. Ang pagtamo ng layuning pangkomunikasyon tamang wastong pagpili ng salita ay dinidikta ng retorika. pagkakataon kung kailan dapat magsalita at Iminumungkahi ng retorika ang pinakamabisang paano magsalita, paano mapananatiling patuloy paggamit ng mga salita upang makapaghatid ng at masigla ang talakayan, kailan tatapusin ang pinakamabisang mensahe. isang magandang usapan magdagdag ng kaugnay na paksa kung hindi nagkauunawaan at - sangkap na kailangang katambal at kasama ng ang kahandaang magbigay ng paliwanag sa mga gramatika upang magkaroon ng buhay at terminolohiyang naging paksa ng pagtatalo. kabuluhan ang pakikipagkomunikasyon ng tao Kakayahang Sosyo-Lingguwistika GABAY SA MABISANG PAGPAPAHAYAG alam niya kung paano magiging katanggap-tanggap ang kanyang pahayag ayon sa kultura at lipunang kanyang ginagalawan Kasanayang Diskorsal naipakita niyang may kaisahan at pagkakaugnay ang kanyang pangungusap marunong magpakita ng pangunahing kaisipan, maglarawan ng ugnayan ng panahon o oras at agwat, magpakita ng sanhi, kaibahan at diin Maaaring lagumin sa puntong ito ang mga kasanayan sa mabisang pagpapahayag: 1. Kakayahang panggramatika 2. Kakayahang pumili ng kayariang panggramatika na angkop gamitin sa pagpapahayag ng nais na mensahe FIELD STUDY 1 Intra- personal - understanding yourself, what you feel, and what UNIT 1: THE LEARNERS you want The Learner Musical - center of the educative process - discerning sounds, their pitch, tone, rhythm - without whom, there is no need for teaching Bodily- Kinesthetic VARK MODEL (Neil Flemming) - coordinating your mind with your body - (Visual, Audio, Reading, Kinesthetic) - focused on the idea that students retain and Individual Differences process information differently and have - No two individuals can be exactly alike in their “preferred learning modes” that allow them to resulting development and adjustments. learn their best.“ - The unique characteristics and traits emerges - prefer to take in information using charts, maps, as children pass from one stage to another. graphs, diagrams, and more. Using images to explain concepts and ideas is the best way to - Aside from number of factors the following reach a visual learner. specific factors are considered significant in school learning: - describes students who learn best when 1. Age, information is heard or spoken. They benefit from 2. Sex, and lectures, group discussion, and other strategies 3. Community Backgrounds. that involve talking things through. What are characteristics? - prefer information to be presented using words. - character traits, or habits possessed by They love to read and perform well on written relatively fixed individuals (Polansky, 2017) assignments such as stories or book reports. - a person's character, lifestyle, and values that - learners learn best when they can use tactile develop regularly so that behavior becomes experiences and carry out a physical activity to consistent and observable (Djamarah, 2000) practice applying new information. Characteristics of Learners MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES (HOWARD GARDNER) Science of Learning and Cognition (Drachsler & Kirschner, 2014) Naturalist - understanding living things and reading nature PERSONAL - associated with demographic information such Spatial as age, gender, maturation, language, - visualizing the world in 3D socioeconomic status, cultural background, and special needs of learner groups such as specific Linguistic skills and disabilities for learning disorders - finding the right words to express what you mean COGNITIVE - relate to things like attention span, memory, Logical-Mathematical mental procedures, and intellectual skills that - quantifying things, making hypotheses and determine how a learner perceives, remembers, proving them thinks, solves problems, organizes and represents information in the brain Interpersonal - sensing people's feelings and motives SOCIO-EMOTIONAL - group structure, individual place in the group, friendliness, self-image (also feelings of UNIT 2: THE TEACHERS self-confidence), mood, 1. TEACHER AS A PERSON ACADEMIC - showed education and related learning such as Article: Overworked Teachers learning objectives (individual or group), prior knowledge, type of education, and level of Causes: class size, lack of resources, a lot of education. administrative workloads. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT (JEAN PIAGET) Effects: affect teaching quality, professional 1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth - 2 yrs old) growth, demotivated, lack of quality time for 2. Pre-operational Stage (2 - 7 yrs old) family, and taking care of well-being. 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 yrs old) 4. Formal Operational Stage (12 and up) 2. TEACHER AS A PROFESSIONAL Model of Mind Style (Anthoni F. Gregorc) Article: Teachers buying ready-made research - Everyone has and uses all four, but most of us will be dominant in at least one or two. - Teachers as professional must adhere to professional duties. - Owning a ready-made research deteriorates integrity, credibility, and it is unethical - Teachers who bought ready-made research have disadvantages because they will missed the opportunity for development and learning. It also affects how they teach and transmit knowledge to their students. Causes: time constraints, laziness, inadequate knowledge and training, the system of promotion 3. BEST PRACTICES OF TEACHERS Article 3: ordinary story with an extraordinary power What makes a teacher extraordinary? - Passion, grit, versatility, dedication and empathetic. 4. TEACHER EXODUS Article: Teachers going abroad Reasons: Overwork, toxic environment, and low salary Effects: lack of competent teachers, affecting the quality teaching/learning 5. STATE OF TEACHING AND LEARNING Article: High Learning Poverty Causes: lack of mastery and absenteeism which 2. Lack of resources and infrastructure lead to poor learning 3. Calamity-stricken area 4. On-going armed conflicts Lack of Mastery 5. Digital Divide - Ineffective teaching strategies - Lack of teaching trainings Opportunities in the Philippine Educational System 4 Elements of Effective Teaching Training 1. INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES Program - Investing in the Philippines' education system 1. Content knowledge creates quality learning opportunities, improved 2. Practice with colleagues facilities, and enhanced teacher compensation 3. Support through follow-up training content 4. Incentives on increased salary 2. STRENGTHEN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS UNIT 3: THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT - Public-private partnerships enhance educational funding. ensuring equal opportunities for students Importance of school facilities to teaching and and teachers and fostering innovation and learning academic excellence. - With respect to students, school facilities affect 3. EXPLORE DIFFERENT TEACHING health, behavior, engagement, learning, and METHODS growth in achievement. - Embracing diverse teaching methods like peer learning and problem-based learning creates an - With respect to teachers, school facilities affect inclusive and engaging educational environment, teacher recruitment, retention, commitment, and meeting various learning styles of students. effort. 4. TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION - With the rise of online education and virtual - Technology enhances education through remote school setups, school institutions need to pick up learning and innovative teaching methods, the pace of a technology-enhanced education offering adaptability and interactivity to students system and provide their students with an and teachers alike and aiding global improved model of academic learning using competitiveness relevant technological resources. 5. IMPROVE SYSTEM-TEACHER RELATIONS - A solid system-teacher relationship enhances the learning environment, boosts teacher satisfaction, and empowers all sectors toward a common educational goal. How does classroom management relate to learning environment? Issues in the learning environment 1. Lack of access to basic amenities (electricity, water, adequate classrooms and books, good internet connection)