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Week 11 September 2-6, 2024 Core Value: Excellence  This learning area is designed to provide a general background for the understanding of Biology. It deals with the basic principles and processes in the study of biology. It covers life processes and interactions at the cell...

Week 11 September 2-6, 2024 Core Value: Excellence  This learning area is designed to provide a general background for the understanding of Biology. It deals with the basic principles and processes in the study of biology. It covers life processes and interactions at the cellular, organism, population, and ecosystem levels. LIFE SCIENCE Lesson overview and objectives: 01 Theories of Life 02 Explain the evolving concept of life Describe classic experiments that based on emerging pieces of model conditions which may have evidence enabled the first forms to evolve 03 Unifying themes of life Describe how unifying themes (e.g., structure and function, Origin of life evolution, and ecosystems) in the study of life show the connections among living things and how they interact with each other and with their environment Please prepare your activity sheet for the CONCEPT NOTES. 01 Evidence of Life  Early Earth What do you think the earth looked like before life began? What is the condition of the earth during that time? What is the difference between the atmosphere of 3.5 Gya (Giga – annum) and today? Have you ever wondered when and where did life possibly start on earth? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dO2xx-aeZ4w&ab_channel=TED-Ed What information can you get from this picture? Fossils are the remnants of living things that Stromatolites and traces fossils Fish fossils were mineralized over a long period of time. bones, imprints on rocks, and a burrow. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/MISS-Stromatolites-and-trace- trilobite fossils fossils-reported-from-the-different-horizons-of-Marwar_fig2_305712729 Layers of rock Relative and Absolute dating GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE The Geologic Time Scale is a system used by scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events in Earth’s history. It covers a vast expanse of time, from the formation of the planet nearly 4.6 billion years ago to the present day. GUIDE QUESTIONS: When and where did life possibly start on earth? What are fossils? Why do fossils serve as an important record in studying the past? How do rock layers help in studying life on earth? (might recall principles under relative dating) How do different geological process aid and support the idea of the early earth? What are the living things that existed during the early earth? How did the evolution of oxygen–releasing photosynthesis in cyanobacteria increase the likelihood that mitochondria would one day evolve? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PQURsc2SYss://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7PQURsc2SYs&ab_channel=BlethwynFilms  Theories of Life 02  1. Creation Theory (Divine Creation or Creationism, p.92) life was put on Earth by divine forces common to many of the world's religions and cultures the Book of Genesis provides the foundation for the theory of divine creation. It state that God created the universe and all living things in it in six days and then placed Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. https://anthroholic.com/theory-of-special-creation-or-divine-creation?srsltid=AfmBOorfolwOvqMjzGJrftUPUBbYUOVb_PWPITXDvGYjFSytQDm1hoDR  2. Theory of Abiogenesis (Spontaneous Generation) A natural process that leads to the evolution of life forms from non-living matter is known as abiogenesis. The theory of abiogenesis states that the evolution of living forms from non-living matter is spontaneous. Supporters :- Aristotle, Epicurus, Von Helmont Example: Meat left open generates flies and maggots. This shows spontaneous generation. The opposers disproved this theory (Fransisco Redi, Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur). 16 https://byjus.com/question-answer/what-is-abiogenesis/ https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/origin-of-life-27039382/27039382  3. Biogenesis (Bio=life; genesis=creation) The term Biogenesis refers to “Life From Life”. Biogenesis refers to all living things that come from other living things. This also gave rise to the cell, cell theory and the theories on the origin of life. Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to show that biogenesis was true even for microorganisms 17 https://byjus.com/biology/what-is-biogenesis/ https://slideplayer.com/slide/12837010/ GUIDE QUESTIONS: ⁕ How does Miller-Urey's experiment support the theory of abiogenesis? ⁕ What is the difference between abiogenesis and biogenesis theory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNijmxsKGbc&ab_channel=St atedClearly MODERN IDEAS: MILLER-UREY EXPERIMENT PURPOSE: - Demonstrate the formation of simple organic molecules from inorganic compounds RESULTS: - Experiment produced several amino acids- Suggested that early earth had substances that could Produce organic compounds and then living things.  Once amino acids were formed, proteins are needed for life- CELLULAR EVOLUTION Scientists think clay particles could hold aa together to form proteins EARLY GENETIC MATERIAL-RNA Scientists are working to discover how organic molecules became cells. First cells were probably prokaryotic Archaea (modern prokaryotes) are probably the closest relatives of modern cells Cyanobacteria-primitive prokaryotes- autotrophs-produced Oxygen to form ozone layer-alters conditions on earth for Eukaryotic cells to survive. 1 966, Lynn Margulis, ancestors of eukaryotic cells lived in association with prokaryotic cells- possibly inside-developed mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship 21 https://slideplayer.com/slide/12837010/ Abiogenesis and Biogenesis Abiogenesis Biogenesis is the natural process by theory states that living which life has arisen from things comes from living non-living matter, such as things. simple organic compounds. 4. Theory of Catastrophism This theory assumes that life is originated by the creation, and it is followed by catastrophe due to geographical disturbances. Each catastrophe destroyed the life completely whereas each creation forms life different from the previous one. Hence, each round of catastrophe/creation is responsible for evolvement of different types of organisms on earth. The theory of catastrophism is supported by French scientists George Cuvier and Orbigny, is said to be a modification of the creation story of the Bible(p.93). Unifying themes and Characteristics of Life  Research resources Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. However, only around 1.2 million species have been identified and described so far, most of which are insects. This means that millions of other organisms remain a complete mystery. National Geographic Society (2022). National Geographic. Biodiversity https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/biodiversity GUIDE QUESTIONS: ⁕ What are the characteristics of living things in biology? ⁕ Why is it important to know the characteristics of living things? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQPVXrV0GNA&ab_channel=AmoebaSisters  CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS Characteristicsof life describe the basic features all living organisms have in common. Purpose: These are specific traits or qualities that all living organisms share. They help in identifying and defining what constitutes life. Focus: Focus on the basic features that distinguish living organisms from non-living things. Examples include growth, reproduction, metabolism, and response to stimuli. Scope: Concerned with individual organisms and the properties that they must possess to be considered "alive." CHARACTERISTICS Examples: OF LIVING THINGS Characteristics of Life: 1. Living things are made up of cells 2. Living things metabolize 3. Living things grow and develop 4. Living things respond to stimuli 5. Living things interact 6. Living things reproduce 7. Living things adapt and evolve 8. Living things maintain homeostasis 9. Living things are organized 10. All living thing obtain and use energy (Textbook, pp. 95-99) 1. Living things are made up of cells. Number of cells unicellular multicellular Some All plants and All bacteria protists & animals, fungi most fungi https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/what-is-the-difference-between-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells-1523518350-1 CELL THEORY 1.All living organisms are composed of one (unicellular) or more cells (multicellular). 2. A cell is the basic unit of life of the structural organization of an organism. 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (Hence not derived from spontaneous generation) https://microbenotes.com/principles-of-cell-theory/ 2. Living things metabolize Chemical reactions inside cells, tissues, organs and living beings perform various actions that keep the organism alive Breakdown incoming food Send nutrients to cells Remove waste products Transform energy  3. Living things grow and develop All living things grow. Some nonliving things grow as well (crystals). Living things grow because of cell division and cell enlargement. https://slideplayer.com/slide/14889708/ 4. Living things respond to stimuli A stimulus is anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change Organisms react to stimuli: ✓Light ✓Temperature ✓Odor/Smell ✓ Touch ✓Sound ✓Gravity ✓Heat ✓Water 5. Living things interact - Interactions between organisms Symbiosis is defined as a relationship or interaction between two different organisms that share similar habitat.  https://slideplayer.com/slide/14889708/ 6. Living things reproduce All living things reproduce and have genetic information All organisms have the ability to reproduce. Reproduction is not essential to the survival of an organism, but reproduction is necessary for the continuation of a species.  2 types of reproduction asexual sexual Offspring Offspring 1 parent 2 parents are clones are unique  All living things reproduce and have genetic information Heredity is the reason children resemble their parents 7. Living things adapt and evolve Conclusion Adaptation Venus has a beautiful name and is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has a ✓A process that enables organisms to poisonous atmosphere become better suited to their environment ✓ Species obtain adaptations through evolution over great periods of time ✓Body temperature ✓Blood volume ✓pH balance ✓Water balance ✓Gas exchange 8. Living things maintain homeostasis A stable state of conditions in the body that are necessary for life. 9. Living things are Organized Biological System (systematize and organize) 10. All living thing obtain and use energy Living organisms need the energy to grow, develop, repair damage, and reproduce 44  UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE Unifying Themes of Life are broad principles that explain how different aspects of life are interconnected and how life as a whole operates and evolves. Purpose: ⁕ These are broader concepts or principles that help explain the complexity of life by connecting different biological processes and systems. ⁕ They provide a framework for understanding how life operates and evolves. Focus: ⁕ Focus on the overarching ideas that integrate various biological disciplines. Examples include evolution, structure and function, energy and matter flow, and systems biology. Scope: ⁕ Concerned with broader biological processes that apply across different scales of life, from molecules to ecosystems, and even across different species. UNIFYING THEMES OF LIFE These Are Broader Concepts That Help To Organize And Integrate The Vast Field Of Biology, Showing How Different Aspects Of Life Are Connected. The Unifying Themes Include: Biological Systems Higher Degree of Organization Structure and Function Reproduction and Inheritance Life Requires Energy Transfer and Transformation Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment Regulation Organisms Must Maintain Homeostasis to Survive in a Diverse Environment Evolution and Adaptation Scientific Inquiry Science, Technology and Society GUIDE QUESTIONS: How do we show the connections among living things and how they interact with each other and with their environment? How do the different levels affect the totality of the whole system? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtWknf1gzKo&ab_channel=AmoebaSisters  Theme1: Biological Systems ⁕ A biological system is a complex network biologically relevant entities. ⁕ Can be viewed from the smallest unit of matter that is ATOM to the complex view of the living sphere, the BIOSPHERE https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557  Theme 2: Higher Degree of Organization 1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Cell 4. Tissue 5. Organ 6. Organ System 7. Organism 8. Population 9. Community 10. Ecosystem 11. Biosphere https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557  Theme 3: Structure and Function What something does in an organism is directly related to its shape or form Structure and function are related at the level of chemicals in cells. Structure and function are also related to the level of the organism, https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557  Theme 4: Reproduction and Inheritance ⁕ In humans, an egg cell from the mother fuses with a sperm cell from the father, resulting in a fertilized cell containing a combination of DNA from both parents. ⁕ The inherited DNA directs the transformation of the fertilized egg into a person with his/her eye color, facial features, and other characteristics. ⁕ The inherited information of DNA enables organisms to reproduce their kind. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557  Theme 5: Life Requires Energy Transfer and Transformation https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557  Theme 6: Organisms Interact with Other Organisms and the Physical Environment ⁕ In an ecosystem, each organism interacts continuously with its environment, including other organisms and physical factors. ⁕ "No man is an island." This saying is also true for organisms in an ecosystem. ⁕ No organism exists in isolation. ⁕ Individual organisms live together in an ecosystem and depend on one another. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557  Theme 7: Organisms Must Maintain Homeostasis to Survive in a Diverse Environment ⁕ Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism. ⁕ In negative feedback, a change in a system causes a response that tends to return that system to its original state. ⁕ The ability of mammals and birds to regulate body temperature is another example of homeostasis or "steady-state” https://wou.edu/chemistry/courses/online-chemistry-textbooks/ch103-allied-health- https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557 chemistry/ch103-chapter-9-homeostasis-and-cellular-function/  Theme 8: Evolution and Adaptation ⁕ Evolution is the change in living things over time. It is a change in the genetic makeup of a subgroup, or population of a species. ⁕ Natural Selection of genetic traits can lead to the evolution of a new species. In the end, this genetic diversity is responsible for the diversity of life on Earth. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/human-evolution-stages/ https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557  Theme 9: Scientific Inquiry ⁕ In scientific inquiry, scientists observe (collect data) and use inductive reasoning to draw a general conclusion, which can be developed into a testable hypothesis. ⁕ Humans learn about the solution to various problems ⁕ The scientific method can give direction and pace for every inquiry, and technology produced machinery to lengthen the life of By fitting a radio transmitter onto perishable goods an Atlantic turtle, researchers can ⁕ The technology applies scientific knowledge monitor its movement. This can in new ways. help researchers determine how large a nature preserve must be to support a population https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557  Theme 10: Science, Technology and Society The relationship of science to society becomes clearer when we add technology to the picture. SCIENCE (BIOLOGY) TECHNOLOGY The goal of science is to Applies scientific knowledge for understand natural phenomena. some specific purpose Speak of "discoveries" Speak of "inventions." Science and technology are interdependent. Modem biology is changing humans' everyday lives. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/unifying-themes-in-the-study-of-lifepptx/252356557 Theme 10: Science, Technology and Society In 2013, Australia developers created a prototype for a bionic eye. It sends an image to a microchip in the brain, allowing the user to "see“ the image https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2-unifyingthemesoflife-171106120041/75/Unifying-Themes-of-Life-31-2048.jpg