KIN 1010 - Week 4 Lecture 1 PDF

Alcohol & Tobacco KIN1010 Alcohol  Wasted https://gem.cbc.ca/media/the-nature-of- things/season-55/episode-10/38e815a- 00958f704e9 Please watch minutes 17-25. The rest is very interesting too  Substance use: Alcohol What is binge drinking? In 2 hours… 4 dr...

Alcohol & Tobacco KIN1010 Alcohol  Wasted https://gem.cbc.ca/media/the-nature-of- things/season-55/episode-10/38e815a- 00958f704e9 Please watch minutes 17-25. The rest is very interesting too  Substance use: Alcohol What is binge drinking? In 2 hours… 4 drinks – women 5 drinks – men http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Hangovers/beyondHangovers.pdf  Alcohol Use and Canada’s LO 3 Low-Risk Alcohol Drinking Guidelines Reduce long-term risk of diseases and conditions caused by several years of alcohol consumption Reduce short-term risk of injury, harm, and/or acute illness Population specific guidelines: } Delay youth drinking until their late teens } Young adults should not excessively drink and have non- drinking days } Older adults should be aware of prescriptions and follow guidelines for limited alcohol intake 5  Approx. 5 drinks for men or 4 for women consumed within Binge Drinking about two hours (BAC>0.08) Frequent binge drinkers: 3-7X more likely to engage in unplanned or unprotected sex, to drive after drinking, and to get hurt or injured. 7  Alcohol Intake and Blood Alcohol Concentration Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is a measure of intoxication: – amount of alcohol consumed in a given amount of time – influenced by body weight, percentage body fat, sex, rate of alcohol metabolism due to genetic factors and drinking behaviour Food can slow the rate of alcohol absorption Metabolic rate cannot be influenced by exercising, breathing deeply, eating, drinking coffee, or taking other drugs. 8  Absorption 20% 75% Rate of absorption is affected by many factors Carbonation Food in the stomach Alcohol concentration image- colourbox  Factors affecting absorption 1. Women have proportionally more body fat than men – alcohol is not very fat soluble => enters bloodstream faster 2. Women's bodies have proportionately less water than men's bodies => alcohol doesn't become as diluted as in men 3. Alcohol dehydrogenase (in stomach) is more active in men 4. Smaller body size 5. Alcohol is more quickly absorbed during the premenstrual phase of a woman’s cycle. Women using birth control pills absorb alcohol faster than usual – slow down rate of alcohol elimination  Metabolism and Excretion The main site = liver World J Gastroenterol. 2014 Oct 28;20(40):14672-85. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14672.  Alcohol and Marijuana https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTeaOTkj ut0  Gender, Setting, and Population Differences Men more than women report drinking patterns that exceed Canada’s low-risk drinking guidelines for both chronic and acute effects Women tend to become addicted to alcohol later in life than men and have fewer years of heavy drinking Alcohol abuse is widespread and severe health problem in First Nations Communities 15  What causes a hangover? Dehydration Inflammatory response from your immune system Glucose metabolism Sleep deprivation Immediate Effects of Alcohol on Health Alcohol-related injuries and violence are a result of impaired judgment, weakened sensory perception, reduced inhibitions, impaired motor coordination, and increased aggressiveness and hostility Alcohol is associated with more acts of aggression and violence than any other legal or illegal drug Alcohol seriously affects your ability to make wise decisions about sex. 17  Drinking and Driving In Canada, drinking and driving remains the single largest criminal cause of death. The highest rate of impaired driving deaths occurs at age 19. Dose-response function – Driving with a BAC of 0.14% is more than 40 times more likely to be involved in a crash. When BAC is greater than 0.14%, the risk of fatal crash is estimated to be 380 times higher. 18 LO 2 Chronic health effects LO 2 Alcohol health impacts https://d14rmgtrwzf5a.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/soa_2014.pdf  Chronic health effects Alcohol metabolism-induced oxidative stress – Alcohol-induced fatty liver disease affects 80% of heavy drinkers (80g alcohol per day over time) standard drink = 10 g – Steatohepatitis – liver inflammation, type of fatty liver disease – Cirrhosis – late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver TOBACCO http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/tobac-tabac/research-recherche/stat/ctums-esutc_2012-eng.php#tabc  Psychological and Nicotine rewards Nicotine alters social forces are smoking the brain at work Acquired ‘drive’ (hunger) Dopamine release Beliefs about Urge to smoke if Signal to notice and stress control abstinent for a while repeat Identity Reminders (cues) Camaraderie increase urge Pairing of stimuli DOPAMINE!  Acute health effects As cigarette burns… 1. Tar released 2. Carbon monoxide (CO) Most harmful component of tobacco smoke – CO attaches to hemoglobin in the blood => forms carboxyhemoglobin – unable to transport oxygen to the tissues and cells 3. Heat – Hot gases and vapours damage/weaken tissues and contribute to cancers  Chronic health effects Every cigarette reduces life expectancy by 11minutes, one carton represents a day and half of lost life  Chronic health effects Smoking contributes to 12% to 14% of all stroke deaths Smoking increases stroke risk Acutely: effects on thrombus formation Chronically: increased burden of atherosclerotic disease MRI of Brain With an Acute Ischemic Stroke Goldstein et al. Stroke. 2006;37:1583-1633; http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/stroke/whatisastroke.shtml. Other forms of tobacco: Pipes & Cigars Becoming more popular among youth and women! Pipe/cigar smokers have the same rate of cancer frequency as cigarette smokers with: Mouth, larynx, throat, esophagus Most cigars have as much nicotine as several cigarettes. Cigarettes contain an average of about 8 milligrams (mg) of nicotine, but only deliver about 1 to 2 mg of nicotine to the smoker. Many popular brands of larger cigars contain between 100- 400 mg of nicotine. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/tobaccocancer/cigarsmoking/cigar-smoking-cigars-vs-cigarettes  Smokeless tobacco a.k.a. “Dip” / “Chew” Contains more nicotine than cigarettes Major risk is leukoplakia Impairs sense of taste, receding gums, tooth decay, damage to teeth, jawbone Presence of fiberglass – create cuts in mouth to increase uptake of nicotine  E-Cigarettes Are they safe? Are they better than regular cigarettes? Do they contain nicotine? Source: http://otru.org/research- evaluation/e-cigarettes/  Dangers of Vaping - CBC https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vaping- health-effects-rising-use-among-teens/ Advertising in Tobacco  Tobacco Control Pricing/Regulation Advertising bans Smoking bans Smoke-free campuses Smoke-free housing Quitting Cessation approaches: ‘Cold turkey’ Apps Counselling Motivational interviewing ‘Run to Quit’ Medication such as Champix, NRT