Khph101 PDF
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This document appears to be a chapter on units and measurements, likely from a physics textbook. It discusses various units and systems of measurements, including the SI system, and provides examples for calculations. The language appears to be Hindi.
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vè;k; 1 ek=kd ,oa ekiu 1.1 Hkwfedk fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dk ekiu] ,d fuf'pr] vk/kjHkwr] ;kn`fPNd :i ls pqus 1.1 Hk...
vè;k; 1 ek=kd ,oa ekiu 1.1 Hkwfedk fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dk ekiu] ,d fuf'pr] vk/kjHkwr] ;kn`fPNd :i ls pqus 1.1 Hkwfedk x, ekU;rkizkIr] lanHkZ&ekud ls bl jkf'k dh rqyuk djuk gSA ;g lanHkZ&ekud 1.2 ek=kdksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; iz.kkyh ek=kd dgykrk gSA fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd jkf'k dh eki dks ek=kd osQ vkxs ,d 1.3 lkFkZd vad la[;k (vkafdd la[;k) fy[kdj O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA ;|fi gekjs }kjk ekih 1.4 HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa dh foek,¡ tkus okyh HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa dh la[;k cgqr vf/d gS] fiQj Hkh] gesa bu lc 1.5 foeh; lw=k ,oa foeh; lehdj.ksa HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa dks O;Dr djus osQ fy,] ek=kdksa dh lhfer la[;k dh gh 1.6 foeh; fo'ys"k.k ,oa blosQ vuqiz;ksx vko';drk gksrh gS] D;ksafd] ;s jkf'k;k¡ ,d nwljs ls ijLij lacaf/r gSaA ewy jkf'k;ksa dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, iz;qDr ek=kdksa dks ewy ek=kd dgrs gSaA buosQ lkjka'k vfrfjDr vU; lHkh HkkSfrd jkf'k;kssa osQ ek=kdksa dks ewy ek=kdksa osQ la;kstu vH;kl }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj izkIr fd, x, O;qRiUu jkf'k;ksa osQ ek=kdksa dks O;qRiUu ek=kd dgrs gSaA ewy&ek=kdksa vkSj O;qRiUu ek=kdksa osQ lEiw.kZ leqPp; dks ek=kdksa dh iz.kkyh (;k i¼fr) dgrs gSaA 1.2 ek=kdksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; iz.kkyh cgqr o"kks± rd ekiu osQ fy,] fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ oSKkfud] vyx&vyx ekiu iz.kkfy;ksa dk mi;ksx djrs FksA vc ls oqQN le;&iwoZ rd ,slh rhu iz.kkfy;k¡ & CGS iz.kkyh] FPS (;k fczfV'k) iz.kkyh ,oa MKS iz.kkyh] izeq[krk ls iz;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh FkhaA bu iz.kkfy;ksa esa yEckbZ] nzO;eku ,oa le; osQ ewy ek=kd Øe'k% bl izdkj gSa % CGS iz.kkyh esa] lsUVhehVj] xzke ,oa lsoQUMA FPS iz.kkyh esa] iqQV] ikmUM ,oa lsoQUMA MKS iz.kkyh esa] ehVj] fdyksxzke ,oa lsoQUMA vktdy varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU; iz.kkyh ¶flLVe bUVjus'kuy fM ;wfuV~l¸ gS (tks izQas p Hkk"kk esa ¶ek=kdksa dh varjkZ"Vªh; iz.kkyh¸ dguk gS)A bls laoQs rk{kj esa SI fy[kk tkrk gSA SI izrhdks]a ek=kdksa vkSj muosQ laoQs rk{kjksa dh ;kstuk varjkZ"Vªh; eki&rksy C;wjks (ch-vkbZ-ih-,e-) }kjk 1971 esa fodflr dh xbZ Fkh ,oa uoacj] 2018 esa vk;ksftr eki&rksy osQ egklEesyu esa la'kksf/r dh xbZA ;g ;kstuk vc oSKkfud] rduhdh] vkS|ksfxd ,oa O;kikfjd dk;ks± esa varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij mi;ksx gsrq vuqeksfnr dh xbZA SI ek=kdksa dh 10 dh ?kkrksa 2024-25 2 HkkSfrdh ij vk/kfjr (nkf'ed) izoQ` fr osQ dkj.k] bl iz.kkyh osQ varxZr :ikarj.k vR;ar lqxe ,oa lqfo/ktud gSA ge bl iqLrd esa SI ek=kdksa dk gh iz;ksx djsxa As SI esa lkr ewy ek=kd gSa] tks lkj.kh 1-1 esa fn, x, gSaA bu lkr ewy ek=kdksa osQ vfrfjDr nks iwjd ek=kd Hkh gSa ftudks ge bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSa % (i) (a) leryh; dks.k] dθ fp=k 1.1(a) esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj o`Ùk osQ pki dh yEckbZ ds vkSj bldh f=kT;k r dk vuqikr gksrk gSA rFkk (ii) ?ku&dks.k] dΩ fp=k 1.1(b) esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj 'kh"kZ O dks osQUnz dh Hkkafr iz;qDr djosQ mlosQ ifjr% fu£er xksyh; i`"B osQ vijks/u {ks=k dA rFkk f=kT;k r osQ oxZ dk vuqikr gksrk gSA leryh; dks.k dk ek=kd jsfM;u gS ftldk izrhd rad gS ,oa ?ku dks.k dk ek=kd LVsjsfM;u gS ftldk izrhd (b) sr gSA ;s nksuksa gh foekfoghu jkf'k;k¡ gSaA fp=k 1.1 (a) leryh; dks.k dθ ,oa (b) ?ku dks.k dΩ dk vkjs[kh; fooj.k lkj.kh 1.1 SI ewy jkf'k;k¡ ,oa muds ek=kd* ewy SI ek=kd jkf'k uke izrhd ifjHkk"kk yackbZ ehVj m ehVj] laosQr m] yackbZ dk SI ek=kd gSA bls fuokZr esa izdk'k dh pky c osQ fu;r la[;kRed eku 299792458 dks ysdj] tks fd ms-1 ek=kd esa O;Dr gS] ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS] tgka lsoaQM lhf”k;e vko`fÙk ∆νcs osQ inksa esa ifjHkkf"kr gSA nzO;eku fdyksxzke kg fdyksxkz e] laoQs r kg] nzO;eku dk SI ek=kd gSA bls Iykad fu;rkad h osQ fu;r la[;kRed eku 6-62607015×10&34 dks ysdj] tksfd J.S. ek=kd esa O;Dr gS] ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS_ ;gka ek=kd J.S. kg m2s-1 osQ leku gS] tgka ehVj vkSj lsoQa M dh ifjHkk"kk c rFkk ∆νcs osQ inksa esa nh xbZ gSA le; lsoaQM s lsoaQM] laosQr s, le; dk SI ek=kd gSA bldh ifjHkk"kk lhf”k;e vko`fÙk ∆νcs] tks lhf”k;e&133 ijek.kq dh v{kqC/ ewy voLFkk vfrlw{e laozQe.k vko`fÙk gS] osQ fu;r la[;kRed eku 9192631770 dks ysdj] ftls Hz ek=kd tks s-1 osQ leku gS] esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gS_ nh xbZ gSA fo|qr /kjk ,sfEIk;j A ,sfEi;j] laosQr A, fo/qr&/kjk dk SI ek=kd gSA bldh ifjHkk"kk] ewy vkos'k e osQ fu;r la[;kRed eku 1-602176634×10&19 dks ysdj_ ftls C ek=kd tks A.S osQ leku gS] tgka lsoaQM dks ∆νcs osQ inksa esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gS_ nh tkrh gSA Å"ekxfrd rki osQfYou K osQfYou] laosQr K] Å"ekxfrd rki dk SI ek=kd gSA bldh ifjHkk"kk] cksYV~”keku fu;rkad] K osQ fu;r la[;kRed eku 1-380649×10&23 dks ysdj_ ftls J K-1 ek=kd esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gS] tks kg m2 s-2 k-1 osQ leku gS] tgka fdyksxzke] ehVj vkSj lsoaQM dks h] c vkSj ∆νcs osQ inksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS_ nh xbZ gSA inkFkZ dh ek=kk eksy mol eksy] laosQr eksy (mol)] inkFkZ dh ek=k dk SI ek=kd gSA ,d eksy esa Bhd 6-02214076×1023 gh ewyHkwr d.k gksrs gSaA ;g la[;k] vkoksxknzks fLFkjkad] NA dk fu;r la[;kRed eku gksrk gS tc mls mol&1 ek=kd esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bls vkoksxknzks la[;k dgk tkrk gSA fdlh fudk; osQ inkFkZ dh ek=kk] laosQr n] fof'k"V ewy d.kksa dh la[;k dk vkeki gksrh gSA ;s ewy d.k ,d ijek.kq] v.kq] vk;u] bysDVªkWu] dksbZ vU; d.k ;k d.kksa osQ fof'k"V lewg gks ldrs gSaA T;ksfr&rhozrk osaQMsyk cd osQa Msyk] laoQs r cd] nh xbZ fn'kk esa T;ksfr&rho`rk dk SI ek=kd gSA bldh ifjHkk"kk] 540×1012 Hz vko`fÙk okys ,do.khZ fofdj.k dh nhIr izHkkfodrk] kcd osQ fu;r la[;kRed eku 683 dks ysdj tc mls Im W-1 osQ ek=kdksa esa O;Dr fd;k tk, tks cd sr W-1 ;k cd sr kg-1 m-2 s3 osQ leku gS] tgka fdyksxkz e] ehVj vkSj lsoQa M dks h] c vkSj ∆νcs osQ inksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS_ nh xbZ gSA * bu ifjHkk"kkvksa esa iz;qDr la[;kvksa osQ eku] u rks ;kn j[kus dh vko';drk gS] u ijh{kk esa iwNs tkus dhA ;s ;gk¡ ij osQoy buosQ ekiu dh ;FkkFkZrk dh lhek dk laosQr nsus osQ fy, fn, x, gSaA izkS|ksfxdh osQ fodkl osQ lkFk ekiu dh rduhdksa esa Hkh lq/kj gksrk gS] ifj.kkeLo:i] ekiu vf/d ifj'kq¼rk ls gksrk gSA bl izxfr osQ lkFk rkyesy cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ewy ek=kdksa dks la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk gSA 2024-25 ek=kd ,oa ekiu 3 lkj.kh 1.2 lkekU; iz;ksx osQ fy, SI ek=kdksa osQ vfrfjDr oqQN vU; ek=kd uke izrhd SI ek=kd osQ inksa esa eku feuV min 60 s ?kaVk h 60 min = 3600 s fnu d 24 h = 86400 s o"kZ y 365.25 d = 3.156 × 107 s fMxzh o 1o = (π/180) rad fyVj L 1 dm3 = 10–3 m3 Vu t 103 kg oSQjV c 200 mg ckj bar 0.1 MPa = 105 Pa D;wjh Ci 3.7 × 1010 s–1 jksatu R 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 fDoaVy q 100 kg ckuZ b 100 fm2 = 10–28 m2 vkj a 1 dam2 = 102 m2 gsDVkj ha 1 hm2 = 104 m2 ekud ok;qeaMyh; nkc atm 101 325 Pa = 1.013 × 105 Pa è;ku nhft,] eksy dk mi;ksx djrs le; ewy lÙkkvksa dk lk/kj.kr%] ekiu osQ ifj.kkeksa dks ,d la[;k osQ :i esa izLrqr fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;s ewy lÙkk,¡ djrs gSa ftlesa og lHkh vad lfEefyr gksrs gSa tks fo'oluh; ijek.kq] v.kq] vk;u] bysDVªkWu] vU; dksbZ d.k vFkok blh gSa] rFkk og izFke vad Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS tks izdkj osQ d.kksa dk fof'k"V lewg gks ldrk gSA vfuf'pr gSA fo'oluh; vadksa vkSj igys vfuf'pr vad dks ge ,slh HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa osQ ek=kdksa dk Hkh mi;ksx djrs gSa ftUgsa lkr ewy jkf'k;ksa ls O;qRiUu fd;k tk ldrk gS la[;k osQ lkFkZd&vad ekuk tkrk gSA ;fn ge dgsa fd fdlh (ifjf'k"V A 6)A SI ewy ek=kdksa osQ inksa esa O;Dr oqQN ljy yksyd dk nksyu dky 1-62 s gS] rks blesa vad 1 ,oa O;qRiUu ek=kd (ifjf'k"V A 6.1) esa fn, x, gSaA oqQN O;qRiUu 6 rks fo'oluh; ,oa fuf'pr gSa] tcfd vad 2 vfuf'pr gS_ SI ek=kdksa dks fof'k"V uke fn, x, gSa (ifjf'k"V A 6.2) bl izdkj ekfir eku esa 3 lkFkZd vad gSaA ;fn ekiu osQ ckn vkSj oqQN O;qRiUu SI ek=kd bu fof'k"V ukeksa okys O;qRiUu fdlh oLrq dh yEckbZ] 287-5 cm O;Dr dh tk, rks blesa ek=kdksa vkSj lkr ewy&ek=kdksa osQ la;kstu ls curs gSa (ifjf'k"V pkj lkFkZd vad gSa] ftuesa 2] 8] 7 rks fuf'pr gSa ijUrq vad A 6.3)A vkidks rkRdkfyd lanHkZ rFkk ekxZn'kZu iznku djus 5 vfuf'pr gSA vr% jkf'k osQ ekiu osQ ifj.kke esa lkFkZd osQ fy, bu ek=kdksa dks ifjf'k"V (A 6.2) ,oa (A 6.3) esa vadksa ls vf/d vad fy[kuk vuko';d ,oa Hkzked gksxk] fn;k x;k gSA lkekU; O;ogkj esa vkus okys vU; ek=kd D;ksafd] ;g eki dh ifj'kq¼rk osQ fo"k; esa xyr /kj.kk nsxkA lkj.kh 1-2 esa fn, x, gSaA SI ek=kdksa osQ lkekU; xq.kt vkSj viorZdksa dks O;Dr djus fdlh la[;k esa lkFkZd vadksa dh la[;k Kkr djus osQ okys milxZ vkSj muosQ izrhd ifjf'k"V (A2) esa fn, x, gSaA fu;e fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.kksa }kjk le>s tk ldrs gSaA tSlk HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa] jklk;fud rRoksa vkSj ukfHkdksa osQ laosQrksa osQ igys o.kZu fd;k tk pqdk gS fd lkFkZd vad ekiu dh mi;ksx laca/h lkekU; funsZ'k ifjf'k"V (A7) eas fn, x, gSa vkSj ifj'kq¼rk bafxr djrs gSa tks ekid ;a=k osQ vYirekad ij vkiosQ ekxZn'kZu rFkk rkRdkfyd lanHkZ osQ fy, SI ek=kdksa ,oa fuHkZj djrh gSA fdlh ekiu esa fofHkUu ek=kdksa osQ vU; ek=kdksa laca/h funsZ'k ifjf'k"V (A8) esa fn, x, gSaA ifjorZu osQ p;u ls lkFkZd vadksa dh la[;k ifjo£rr ugha gksrhA ;g egRoiw.kZ fVIi.kh fuEufyf[kr esa ls vf/d 1.3 lkFkZd vad izs{k.kksa dks Li"V dj nsrh gS% tSlk fd Åij o.kZu fd;k tk pqdk gS] gj ekiu esa =kqfV;k¡ (1) mnkgj.k osQ fy,] yEckbZ 2.308 cm esa pkj lkFkZd vad lfEefyr gksrh gSAa vr% ekiu osQ ifj.kkeksa dks bl izdkj izLrqr gSaA ijUrq fofHkUu ek=kdksa esa blh yEckbZ dks ge 0.02308 fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd ekiu dh ifj'kq¼rk Li"V gks tk,A m ;k 23.08 mm ;k 23080 µm Hkh fy[k ldrs gSaA 2024-25 4 HkkSfrdh bu lHkh la[;kvksa esa lkFkZd vadksa dh la[;k ogh vFkkZr a × 10b osQ :i esa fy[kk tkrk gS] tgk¡ a, 1 ls 10 osQ chp pkj (vad 2, 3, 0, 8) gSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd lkFkZd vadksa dh dh dksbZ la[;k gS vkSj b, 10 dh dksbZ /ukRed ;k ½.kkRed la[;k fu/kZfjr djus esa] n'keyo dgk¡ yxk gS bldk dksbZ ?kkr gSA la[;k dh lfUudV vo/kj.kk cukus osQ fy, ge egRo ugha gksrkA mijksDr mnkgj.k ls fuEufyf[kr fu;e izkIr bldk iw.kk±du dj ldrs gSa] ;kfu (a ≤ 5) gksus ij bls 1 vkSj gksrs gSa % (5k tk ldrk gSA = ± 1% (1) ;fn fdlh iryh] vk;rkdkj 'khV dh yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ] blh izdkj 9.89 g esa vkisf{kd =kqfV fdlh ehVj iSekus ls ekius ij Øe'k% 16.2 cm ,oa = (± 0.01/9.89) × 100 % 10.1 cm gSa] rks ;gk¡ izR;sd eki esa rhu lkFkZd vad gSaA = ± 0.1 % 2024-25 ek=kd ,oa ekiu 7 var esa] ;kn jf[k, fd cgqinh; vfHkdyu osQ eè;orhZ cy dh foek,¡ [M] [L]/[T]2 = [M L T–2] gSa A vr% cy ifj.kke dks ifjdfyr djus esa izR;sd eki dks] vYire esa] nzO;eku dh 1, yEckbZ dh 1 vkSj le; dh –2 foek,¡ gSaA ifj'kq¼ eki ls ,d lkFkZd vad vf/d j[kuk pkfg,A ;gk¡ vU; lHkh ewy jkf'k;ksa dh foek,¡ 'kwU; gSaA vkadM+ksa osQ vuqlkj bls roZQlaxr djus osQ ckn gh budh è;ku nhft,] bl izdkj osQ izLrqrhdj.k esa ifjek.kksa ij fopkj vadh; lafØ;k,¡ djuk pkfg, vU;Fkk iw.kk±du dh =kqfV;k¡ ugha fd;k tkrkA blesa HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa osQ izdkj dh xq.krk dk mRiUu gks tk,axhA mnkgj.kkFkZ] 9.58 osQ O;qRØe dk rhu lekos'k gksrk gSA bl izdkj] bl lanHkZ esa osx ifjorZu] izkjafHkd lkFkZd vadksa rd iw.kk±du djus ij eku 0.104 gS] ijUrq osx] vkSlr osx] vafre osx vkSj pky] ;s lHkh rqY; jkf'k;k¡ gS]a 0.104 dk O;qRØe djus ij rhu lkFkZd vadksa rd izkIr eku D;ksfa d ;s lHkh jkf'k;k¡ yEckbZ@le; osQ :i esa O;Dr dh tk 9.62 gSA ij ;fn geus 1/9.58 = 0.1044 fy[kk gksrk rks ldrh gSa vkSj budh foek,¡ [L]/[T] ;k [L T–1] gSAa mlosQ O;qRØe dks rhu lkFkZd vadksa rd iw.kk±fdr djus ij gesa ewy eku 9.58 izkIr gksxkA 1.5 foeh; lw=k ,oa foeh; lehdj.ksa mijksDr mnkgj.k] tfVy cgqinh ifjdyu osQ eè;orhZ inksa esa fdlh nh gqbZ HkkSfrd jkf'k dk foeh; lw=k og O;atd gS tks (de ls de ifj'kq¼ eki esa vadksa dh la[;k dh vis{kk) ,d ;g n'kkZrk gS fd fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k esa fdl ewy jkf'k dh vfrfjDr vad j[kus dh /kj.kk dks U;k;laxr Bgjkrk gS] ftlls fd fdruh foek,¡ gSaA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vk;ru dk foeh; lw=k la[;kvksa dh iw.kk±du izfØ;k esa vfrfjDr =kqfV ls cpk tk losQA [M° L3 T°] vkSj osx ;k pky dk [M° L T-1] gSA blh izdkj] 1.4 HkkSfrd jkf'k;ksa dh foek,¡ [M° L T–2], Roj.k dk rFkk [M L–3 T°] nzO;eku ?kuRo dk fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dh izoQ` fr dh O;k[;k mldh foekvksa }kjk foeh; lw=k gSA dh tkrh gSA O;qRiUu ek=kdksa }kjk O;Dr gksus okyh lHkh fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dks mlosQ foeh; lw=k osQ cjkcj fy[kus HkkSfrd jkf'k;k¡] lkr ewy jkf'k;ksa osQ la;kstu osQ inksa esa izLrqr ij izkIr lehdj.k dks ml jkf'k dk foeh; lehdj.k dgrs dh tk ldrh gSaA bu ewy jkf'k;ksa dks ge HkkSfrd lalkj dh gSaA vr% foeh; lehdj.k og lehdj.k gS ftlesa fdlh lkr foek,¡ dg ldrs gSa vkSj bUgsa xq# dks"Bd osQ lkFk fu£n"V HkkSfrd jkf'k dks ewy jkf'k;ksa vkSj mudh foekvksa osQ inksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj] yEckbZ dh foek [L], fo|qr /kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vk;ru [V], pky dh [A], Å"ekxfrdh; rki dh [K], T;ksfr rhozrk dh [cd], [v], cy [F] vkSj nzO;eku ?kuRo [ρ] dh foeh; lehdj.k dks vkSj inkFkZ dh ek=kk dh [mol] gSA fdlh HkkSfrd jkf'k dh bl izdkj O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS % foek,¡ mu ?kkrksa (;k ?kkrkadksa) dks dgrs gSa] ftUgsa ml [V] = [M0 L3 T0] jkf'k dks O;Dr djus osQ fy, ewy jkf'k;ksa ij p