Khan Sir Chemistry PDF Notes

KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE inkFkks± dk oxhZdj.k (Solid) :– (Liquid) :– (Gas) :– Remark:– = > > = > > = > > (Exp...

KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE inkFkks± dk oxhZdj.k (Solid) :– (Liquid) :– (Gas) :– Remark:– = > > = > > = > > (Expnsion) = > > (Diffusion) = > > = > > 22  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (iv) (v) (iv) (v) not same 33 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Atomic Structure)    ATOM  etc.   (i) (ii)  etc     (Nuculius)  (Å) = 10 –10 m (1Å)  (f) = 10 –5 m (1 )  1 (105) Å J. J. Thomson (Watermelon Theory) 44  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Atomic Model of Rutherford) :– – – + (i) – (ii) – (Positive) (iii) 20,000 –Ray (Nucleous)  (Extraction) Maxwel     55 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Electron J. J. (1897) 9.1  10–31 kg –Ve Proton (1919) 1.6725  10–27 kg +Ve Neutron (1932) 1.6748  10–27 kg No Charge =N>P>E =N>P>E (eº) :– J. J. –31 = 9.1 10 kg (Absolute mass) = (Relative mass) = 0.00054 amu –19 = –1.6 10 1 1 Remark:– 1837 1840 amu (Atomic Mass Unit) – (U):– –12 (C–12) 12 1 amu U 1amu = 1.66×1027 kg (P / H) :– = 1.0072 amu –27 = 1.6725 10 kg –19 +1.6 10 Remarks:– 1 0 n :– 66  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE –27 = 1.6748 10 kg = 1.0086 amu =0 Remark:– 0 0 n :–   (Possitron) (e+) :– (Anti-Particle) –31 = 9.1 10 kg –19 = + 1.6 10 Remark:– Anti Particle Atomic Number:– 'Z'  (Z) = (P) Note:– Z=P=e Eg:– 23 39 196 11Na 19K 79Au Z = 11 Z = 19 Z = 79 P = 11 P = 19 P = 79 e = 11 e = 19 e = 79 (Ion):– Electrons 77 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE =Z+ = –Ve (Subtract) = +Ve (Add) 24 Eg:– 12 mg ++ Z = P = 12 e = 12 – 2 = 10 26 13 Al+++ Z = P = 13 e = 13 – 3 = 10 16 8 O– – Z=P=8 e = 8 + 2 = 10 35 17 Cl – Z = P = 17 e=Z+ = 17 + 1 = 18 (Atomic Mass) :– = A = N + P/Z A= N + Z = A–Z=N N=A–Z n Radio Active = 1.5 p 26 (A) Al 13 (Z) N = A–Z Z = P = 13 = 26 – 13 = 13 e = 13 (ISOELECTRONIC):– Eg:– 11Na + e = 11 – 1 = 10 12Mg ++ e = 12 – 2 = 10 88  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 13Al +++ e = 13 – 3 = 10 10Ne e = 10 CH4 e = 6 + 4 = 10 (ISO-TOPS):– Eg:– 1 2 3 1H 1H 1H Polonium (Po) 27 Remark:– Eg:– (i) 1 1H – (n = 0) 2 1H – (n = 1) 3 1H – (n = 2) (ii) 235 238 92U 92U n = 143 n = 146 (iii) 12 14 6C 6C n=6 n=8 (i) –14 (C14) (ii) U235 (iii) I131 (iv) Fe59 (v) As74 (vi) Co60 (vii) Na24 (ISO-BAR):– Eg:– 14 14 6C 7N 40 40 18Ar 20Ca (ISO-TONES):– (Iso-tones) Eg:– (i) 14 16 3 4 6C 8O (ii) 1H 2He n=8 n=8 n=2 n=2 (iii) 31 32 15P 16S n = 16 n = 16 (Orbit) (Shell):– (Orbit) K, L, M, N..... 99 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE K– Remark:–  2n2 n e = 2n 2 K n=1 e = 2n2 2  12 = 2 L n=2 e = 2n2 2  22 = 8 M n=3 e = 2n2 2  32 = 18 N n=4 e = 2n2 2  42 = 32 (Sub-orbit / Sub-shell) :– s, p, d, f (electron) s 2 p 6 d 10 f 14 s K=2 2 s p L=8 , 2 6 s p d M = 18 , , 2 6 10 s p d f N = 32 , , , 2 6 10 14 10 10  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (ORBITAL):– electron  electrons  s=2 1 p=6 3 d = 10 5 f = 14 7   (Electronic Configuration)  d 4 9 s– 5 10  f 6 13 s– 7 14 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5d 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 2H = 1s1 2He = 1s2 3Li = 1s2, 2s1 4Be = 1s2, 2s2 5B = 1s2, 2s2 2p1 6C = 1s2, 2s2, 2p2 11 11 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 9F 1s2 2s2 2p5 8 electron (n) = 2 (l) = 1 –1 0 1 (m) = –1, 0, +1 (s) = = –½ Anticlockwise direction Q.N () (P) h h P mv (Valence Electron) (Core Electron) Core Electron Naecleon Note:– 1 8 Remark:– 8 eº – e =3 – e = 10 12 12  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE  e– s p– Group–A Eg:– 8O 1s2, 2s2, 2p4 (Group–A) 11Na 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 3s1 (Group–A) e– d f– Group–B Eg:– 26Fe [Ar] 4s2 3d6 (Group-B)  Valence shell or Altimate shell  Penultimate Shell  Anti-Penultimate shell Valence shell Allimate shell Penultimate shell Antipenultimate shell First Shell (Valence):–  Valence Electron Case I :– 1, 2, 3, 4 Eg:– 13Al 2, 8, 3 (Valency = 3) 11Na 2, 8, 1 (Valency = 1) Case II :– Valence electron 5, 6, 7 8 Eg:– 17Cl 2, 8, 7 8–7 = 1 8O 2, 6 13 13 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Q. CH4 Valency of Carbon = 4 C H4 * Q. CaCO3 Ca CaCo3 = 40 + 12 + 16  3 = 100 40 % of Ca = –— 100 = 40% 100 Q. (NH2 CO NH2) % NH2 CONH2 = 14 + 2 + 12 + 16 + 14 + 2 = 60 14 +14 28 N %= 100 100 46.66 46% 60 60 Q. (Ca3 (PO4)2) Oxizen % Ca3 (PO4)2 A = 40  3 + 2 (31 + 4  16) = 120 + 2 (31 + 64) = 120 + 190 = 310 P = 62 62 % of P = ––– 100 = 20% 310 128 % of O = 100 41.29% 310 Q. 10gm CaCO3 CO2 Soln:– CaCO3 —— CaO + Co2   40 + 12 + 16  3 12 + 16  2 Q. 20 gm CaCO3 gm CaO CaCO3 = 100 Q. 20 gm gm 2H2 + O2 —— 2H2O Q. 60 gm C O2 CO2 C + O2 —— CO2   12 32 —— 12 + 32 = 44 14 14  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE =2 Q. 22 = 2 = 2  22 = 44 Q. H2SO4 H2SO4 = 2 + 32 + 16  4 = 34 + 64 = 98 98  = 49 2 2 Q. HCl HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 36.5  = 18.25 2 2 Q. 164 164 = 82 2 (i) (i) (ii) (ii) Na 2, 8, 1 Na+ 2, 8 (iii) (iii) (iv) (iv) (Redical):– (K+) (F–) (Na+) (Cl–) (Ag+) (ClO3–) (H+) (Br–) (NH4+) (I–) (Co+) (NO3–) (Co++) (NO2–) (Cu++) (N– – –) (Fe++) (OH–) (Fe+++) (S– –) (Mg++) (SO3– –) (Mn++) (SO4– –) (Hg++) (S2O3– –) (Al+++) (O– –) (Cr+++) (CO3– –) (Pb++++) (CrO4– –) (SiO3– –) 15 15 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (1) Aluminium Silicate Al+++ SiO3– – Al2 (SiO3)3 (2) Aluminium Cromate Al+++ CrO4– – Al2(CrO4)3 (3) Aluminium Oxide Al+++ O– – Al2O3 (4) Potassium Chlorate K+ ClO3– KClO3 (5) Potacium Iodide K+ I– KI (6) Sodium Hidroxide Na+ OH– NaOH (7) Sodium Carbonate Na+ CO3– – Na2CO3 CHEMICAL BONDING 8 (i) (Ionic or Electrovalent Bond) (ii) (Co-Valent Bond) (iii) (Coordinate Bond) (i) (Ionic Bond) :– Blood electrons e– Eg :– Na+ Cl– Mg++ O– – = NaCl = MgO (i)   (C6 H6) (C2H5OH) (ii) (Crystaline) (iii) (Condition for Ionic Bond) (i) Bond (ii) Bond (Ionization Potential / Engery) :–  Ionization Potential  16 16  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE  (ii) (Electron Affinity) : Electron Affinity (Cl) (iii) (Electron Negativity) : (Pair) Electron Negativity Electro Negativity * (F) (2) Co-valent Bond Bond):– Bond Bond Bond Co-Valent bond (i) Single Bond (ii) Double bond (iii) Triple Bond 17 17 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (i) Single Bond :– Bond Eg:– H2O H — H–O–O H2O CH4 H H H C H— H–C–H H CH4 H NH3 H N H— H–N–H H H (ii) Double Covalent Bond / e– O O O C O O = O, O2 O = C = O, CO2 (iii) Triple Covalent Bond / 3e– N N N N, N 2 15P – 2, 8, 5 P P P P2 Co-valent Bond (i) (Soliable) (ii) (M.P.) (B.P.) (iii) — >=>– — >=>– — –>=> Remarks:– (Compound) Ionic Bond Co-valent Bond Ex:– NaOH Na O H 18 18  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE FON) Bond Hydrogen F, O, N Bond Bond dotted line (.....) Eg:– HF, H2O, NH3 Hydrozen bond = HF > H 2 O > NH 3 Note:– (HF) HF (Element) :– (Periodic Table) (Metal) (Non-metal) (Metalloid) Chemistry (Fe) (O) (Hg) (Si) 1. 2. 3. (Quick Silver) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 19 19 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Eg :– etc. (Non-Metal) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Eg:– etc. Note:– METALLOID (Hole) Memory Card, SIM, PCB Eg:– etc. Note:– Remarks:– O > SI > Al > Fe > Ca > Na  Al > Fe > Ca > Na  O > C > H > N > Ca  Ca (Mn) (COMPOUND):– Eg:– H2O, CH4, CO2, SO2, CFC etc. (ORGANIC) :– Eg:– CO2, CH4, C2H5SH L.P.G. 20 20  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (INORGANIC) : Eg:– H2O, SO2, N2O, NO2 N2O Laughing Gas Co2 = 2 (C, O) = 3 (C = 1, O = 2) = 1 : 2 (C = 1, O = 2) (MIXTURE) Eg:– etc. (HETROGENOUS MIXTURE) Eg:– (HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE) Eg:– (Solution) (SOLVENT) (SOLUTE) Eg:– etc. (Dilute Solution) (Consantrate Solution).............. 21 21 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 1. (Unsaturated Solution):– 2. (Saturated Solution):– 3. (Super Saturated):– Remark:– Example Cold Drink ——————— 100 Q. 5 kg 2 kg = (2 kg) = (5 kg) 2 kg 20 = ×100 = 40 5 kg * (Dispersion):– Eg:– * (Suspension):– 10–5 m (Filter Paper) Eg:– * (Colloid):– 10–7 m 10–5 m Microscope 22 22  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Eg:– Blood, Note:– (Dialysis) Remark:– * (Emulsion):– Eg:– * (Solution) 10–7 m Microscope Eg:– * (zig – zag Random) Brownium movement Brownium.......... MOLE CONCEPT  = ————— Q. 10 l 45 g =? = ————— 45 45 45 1 = = = = 0.25 C6 H13O6 72 +12 + 96 180 4 Q. 6l 116 gm =? NaCl 23 + 35 = 58 116 2 58 23 23 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (1l) Q. 3l 12 kg 12 4 kg 3 Or 3l ——— 12 kg 12 1l ——— 4 kg 3  (i) (Molarity) : Q. 12 mole 3l 12 4 mole/l 3 Q. 4l 116 gm 116 116 2 NaCl 58 2 1 0.5 4 2 Q. 5l 180 gm 180 180 180 1 C6 H12 O6 72 12 96 180 1 0.2 m/l 5 * MOLALITY Mole kg Q. 3 mole 15 kg 3 = 0.2 m/kg 15 5 Q. 20 kg 5 kg 5 kg 5000 58 58 24 24  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE mole kg 5000 58 (ACID & BASE) (ACID) :– (1) (2) (3) (4) Eg:– Zn + H2SO4 —— ZnSO4 + H2 (5) pH 7 Ex:– HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH, HCOOH  1. Eg:– HCl, HF 2. Acid:– Eg:– H2SO4, HNO3, CH3COOH Remark:– 50% Eg:– CO2, SO2, NO2  (CO) 50%  H+   (BASE):– 1. 2. Paper 3. 4. 5. PH 7 Eg:– Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, NaOH Note:– (Alkali) 25 25 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Eg:– NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 Al(OH)3 Remark:– HI > HBr > HCl > HF HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO > HI > HBr > HCl > HNO3 > H2SO4 > CH3COOH Note:– KOH > NaOH > Ca(OH)2 > Mg(OH)2 > NH3 > NH3OH pH (pH Scale) (Power of Hydrogen)  pH Scale  pH Scale 0 14  7 pH  7 pH  7 pH  pH 7 Note:– pH 5.5 * pH – 2.2 – 2.4 – 2.8 – 4 – 5 – 5.5 – 5.5 – 7.5 – 6.5 – 7.5 – 7.4 – 6.4 0 Acid 7 Base 14 Note:– PH 7 PH 7 Buffer Solution PH  PH 7 26 26  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Q. PH (OH–) 10–4 PH+ + POH– = 14 PH+ = 14 – POH– = 14 – (– log [OH–]) = 14 – (– log 10–4) = 14 – (+ 4) = 10 Ans. Q. 10–13 PH POH– = –log [OH–] = –log 10–13 = –(–13) = 13 pH+ + POH– = 14 N Q. HCl pH 1000 1 3 [H+] = 10 100 pH = – log [H+] = – log [10–3] = – (–3) = 3 (SALT) HCl + NaOH —— NaCl + H2O Eg:– 1. (Normal Salt):– Eg:– Na2SO4, NaCl, CuSO4 2. (Acidic Salt):– Eg:– NaHCO3 3. (Basic Salt):– OH Eg:– Ca(OH) Cl 4. (Dboule Salt):– Eg:– K2SO4.Al2 (SO4)3. 24 H2O 5. (Mixed Salt):– 27 27 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Eg:– Ca(OCl) Cl or CaOCl2 6. (Complex Salt):– Eg:– Ag Na(N)2 – K4 Fe(CN)6 – (Radio Activity)           – – + U 92  – 2– 4 92 U 235 90 231 92 U 238 90 A 234 88 B230 86 C 226 84 D 222  – 92 U 235 93 235 92 U 235 93 A 235 94 B235 95 C 235 96 D 235  – 28 28  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE –,  92 U 235 93 235 Ratio - Active Decay Radio Active  (Half life Period):– Q. 140 30 gm 15 gm Ans. 140 Q. 1600 12 gm 3 gm Ans. 3200 yrs. Q. 1600 125% Ans. 4800 yrs. 1 Q. 1600 16 Ans. 6400 yrs. Q. Active 2 4 Ta 1.44 t ½ Ta = t½ = Q. Active 100 Ta = 1.44  t½ = 1.44  100 = 144 Days Q. Radio Active 2.88 Ta t½ = 1.44 2.88 = 2 Days 1.44  Radio Activity  Radio Activity  Radio Active (G. M. Counter) 29 29 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE  Radio Active Neutron 1.5 Radio Active Pr oton  Radio Active (82Pb206) (Proof) 206 82Pb P = 82 n = 206-82 = 124 n 124 = 1.5 p 82 Radio Active    1. 2. (2He4) (He2+) 3.  4. 1 9 10 10 30 30  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE  (Nuclear Fusion):–     (Fission)    (Atom Bomb)   18 May 1974  11 13 May 1998 98  Yellow Cake   (BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) 1956  (Safety wall) :– 6-10 m 31 31 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Moderator) (D2O) (Moderator) Remark:– (Coolant):– Remark:– (Zr) 1972 (USA ) (CATALYST)  Eg:– MnO2, Fe, V2O5 Eg:– C2 H5OH, Eg:– (Mo) 32 32  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Activation Energy):– 1. 2. (HNO3) H2SO4 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Acid  (Physical Change) Eg:– etc. (Chemical Change) Eg:– etc. (Reactant) (Reactant) (Product) Remark:– Na + Cl —— NaCl Reactant Product 33 33 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 1. (Exothermic Reaction):– (System) Eg:– 1. CH 4 2O2 CO2 2H 2 O Heat 2. 3. CO2 4. 2. (Endothermal Reaction):– System Eg:– 1. N 2 O2 2NO 2. 3. 3. (Combination Reaction):– CaO H 2O Ca(OH) 2 C O2 CO2 2Ca O 2 2CaO 4. (Discomposition Reaction):– Eg:– CaCO 3 CaO CO 2 2H 2 O 2H 2 O2 5. (Displacement Reaction):– Zn + H 2SO 4 ZnSO 4 H2 Zn + CaSO 4 ZnSO 4 Ca Fe + CaSO 4 FeSO 4 Ca 6. (Double Displacement Reaction):– AgCl + NaNO3 —— AgNO3 + NaCl 34 34  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 7. (Reverssible Reaction):– Eg:–  H2 + I2  2HI N2 + O2  2 NO 8. (Irrevessible Reaction):– Eg:– C O2 CO 2 2Mg O 2 2MgO 9. (Nutrification Reaction):– Eg:– HCl NaOH NaCl H 2 O H 2SO 4 2KOH K 2SO 4 2H 2 O (Periodic Table)   Triad  Newland Note:–  (PT) 7 9 P.T. 1. 2. P.T. 3. P.T.  P.T.   35 35 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (PERIOD):– 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (Group):– (Vertical) 18 BLOCK:– 4–Block s, p, d f Block 1–2 13 – 18 Block 3 – 12 s p d f  36 36  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE   3–12 d-Block Block (Transition Metal) Block etc.  13 – 18 p - Block Block  16 Eg:– Sulfer  17 Eg:– Cl, F, I  18 Eg:– He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xn, Rn  He:– He  Ne:– Ne  Ar:– Ar  Xn:– (Xn) Xn Stranger Gas  Rn:– Note:– (Flash light) Mg F-Block:– 1. Lenthanide Series:– 14 58 – 72 2. Actinide Series:– 90 - 103 14 f-Block (Inner Transition Metal) f-Block etc   11Na 17 Cl 37 37 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Q. 22 Period Group Block Period = 4 Group = 22 – 19 = 3 (3 + 1) = 4 Block = d-Block Q. 26, 29, 40, 46, 43, 56, 60 Periodic Table 26 29 40 Period = 4 Period = 4 Period = 5 Group = (26 - 19) Group = (29 - 19) Group = (40 - 37) = 7+1=8 = 10 + 1 = 11 = 3+1=4 Block = d-Block Block = d-Block Block = d-Bock 46 43 56 Period = 5 Period = 5 Period = 6 Group = (46 - 37) Group = (43 - 37) Group = (56 - 55) = 9 + 1 = 10 = 6+1=7 = 1+1=2 Block = d-Block Block = d-Block Block = s-Bock 1. Green = Cr, Fe++ (Crow Eg:– FeSO4.7H2O 2. Blue = Cup (cup = Copper) Eg:– CuSO4.5H2O 3. = Mn Eg:– KMnO4 4. = Fe+++ (Gasses Law) (Intermolecular Force) * 1. (Mono-Atomic Gas):– Eg:– He, Ne, Ar etc. 2. (DI-Atomic Gas):– Eg:– O2, Cl2, H2, CO etc. 38 38  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 3. (Tri-Atomic Gas):– Eg:– CO2, SO2, NO2, O3 4. (Poly-Atomic Gas):– Eg:– CH4, NH4 * (IDEAL GAS):– Remark:– CO2, H2 N2 * (REAL GAS):–  1. (Pressure) 'P’ 2. (Temperature) 'T' 3. (Volume) 'V' Trick:– T.V. T V T = V  constant T = Constant V T1 T2 V1 T2 Q. 15ºC 360 ml 400 ml T1 T2  V1 T2 15 273 T2 360 400 32 10 288 400 T2 360 9 39 39 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE T2 = 320 K T2 = (320 – 273)ºC = 47ºC T2 47º C Q. 27ºC 200 ml Oº T1 T2 V1 V2 27 273 0 273 200 V2 91 273 200 V2 = = 91  2 = 182 Ans. 300 Trick:– VIP Boy P 1 V P V Constant V P V  P = Constant V1 P1 V2 P2 Q. 700 mm 500 ml 100 ml P1V1 = P2V2 700 500 = P2 100 P2 = 3500 Pressure = 3500 – 700 = 2800 mm Q. 750 mm 120 ml 760 mm P1 = 750 mm 40 40  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE V1 = 120 ml P1 V1 = P2 V2 P2 = 760 V2 = ? 3 19 6 38 750 120 = 760 x 2250 x 118.42 19 V2 = 118.42 ml PT P = T  Constant P Cons tan t T P1 P2 T1 T2 Q. 0ºC 120 mm 27ºC P1 = 120 mm P2 = ? T1 = 0ºC = 273K T2 = 27ºC = 273 + 27 = 300 P1 P2 T1 T2 120 P1 273 300 40 120 300 12000 P2 131.86 mm 273 91 91 * P1V1 P2 V2 T1 T2 Q. 27ºC 760 mm 50 ml 207ºC 25 ml 41 41 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Vn V = n  Constant V constant n V1 V2 n1 n2 Q. 200 ml 40 molls 60 Soln.: V1 = 200 ml n1 = 40, n2 = 60 V2 = ? V1 V2 n1 = n2 * PV nRT R= n- R = 8.314 Joule / Mole-Kelvin Note:– * STP (Standered Temprature & Pressure) STP 0ºC 1 atm * NTP (Normal Temperature & Pressure) NTP 20ºC 1 atm STP 56 gm CO STP P = 1 atm = 56 gm T = 0ºC = 273 K 56 56 56 Mole 2m CO 12 16 28 PV = nRT 1V = 2  8.314  273 Q. NTP 132 gm CO2 NTP P = 1 atm T = 20ºC = (273 + 20) = 293 K 42 42  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 132 132 Mole 3 CO 2 44 Mole = 3 PV = nRT nRT V = P 3 8.314 293 = 7308.006 Ans. 1 * (Diffusion):– * 1 V M V1 M2 V2 M1 Q. 400 ml H2 Pipe O2 * (Mole Concept) 1 mole 1 Mole 22.4 l 1 Mole 6.022 10 23 ( ) 1 Mole Q. 64 gm O2 litre  = 64 cm = 16  2 = 32 43 43 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 64 Mole = = 2 32 1. Mole = 2 2. = 2  1 Mole (Mole  No.) = 2  6.022  1023 = 12.044  1023 3. = 222.4 = 44.8 l Q. 67 l (N2) N2 = 214 = 28 = 67 l 1 mole = 22.4l  22.4 l 1 mole 1 67 67 l 3 mole 22.4 Mole (1) = Mole  = 3  28 = 84 gm Ans. (2) = Mole  = 3  6.022  1023 = 18.066  1023 Ans. Q. 45 l 12 gm 1 = 22.4 l 45l —— 2 mole 12 6 Ans. 2 Q. 12  1023 4 gm Q. 196 gm H2SO4 OXIDATION & REDUCTION Oxidation:– Eg:– (1) Na Na (2) Mg M 44 44  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Reduction:– Reduction Eg:– (1) O O (2) Cl Cl Trick:– LEO GER Loss of e – Gain of e – is oxidation is Reduction * Oxidation Numbers:– 0.N Na 0 Cl 0 Cl– –1 H+ +1 NaCl 0 CaCO3– – –2 * (1) +1 –1 (2) (0) (3) –2 (4) 0. N. (5) 0.N. –½ Eg:– KO2 (6) IA +1 (7) IIA 0.N. +2 (8) VIIA 0.N. –1 OXIDATION Eg:– (1) 2Ca + O2 ——— 2CaO  Ca 45 45 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (1) 2Na + Cl2 ——— 2 NaCl  Na  Oxidation No. o o + – 2Na + Cl2 ———— 2NaCl Oxidation REDUCTION 1. Reduction 17 Cl Cl – 2. Reduction 2H 2 O2 2H 2 O Re duction 3. Reduction o – 2Na + Cl2 ———— 2NaCl Reduction Redox Reaction:– Oxidation Reduction Redox Reaction o o + – 2Na + Cl ———— 2NaCl Reduction Oxidation o o + – H2 + O2 ———— 2H2O Reduction Oxidation (Oxidising Agent) : Electron Oxidation 46 46  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Note:– Oxidising Agent Eg:– Na+ Cl– 2, 8, 1 2, 8, 7 Oxidation Oxidising Agent (Reducting Agent):– electron Reducing Agent Note:– Reducing Agent Eg:– K+ Cl– 2, 8, 8, 1 2, 8, 7 Reducing Agent Reduction (WATER) H2O (Soft) (Hard) H2O H2O (Soft Water):– (Hard Water):– 1. Ca Mg Bicarbonate 2. Ca Mg Note:– (Na2CO3) Note:– (D2O) 20 (Heavy Water) (Distilled Water) 0 P.P.M. (Partical Per Million) 300 – 600 PPM 47 47 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Note:– (Vapourisation):– (Condensation):– (Distallation Process):– Vote:– Reverse Osmosis (Fractional Distallation):– (Sublimation):– Note:– (ORES & METALLURGY) (Mineral):– (Ores):– Remark:– 48 48  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (ROASTING) (Calcination):– MATRIX / GANG Gang Flux Flux (Slag):– (Gang) = Gang + Flux Si SiO2 + CaO —————— SiCaO3 (Flux) 49 49 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (A) (1) (Al2O3.2H2O) (2) (Al2O3.H2O) (3) (Al2O3) Note:– (4) (Na3AlF6) Note:– (1) (2) Al (3) Al (B) (1) (Cu FeS2) (2) (Cu2S) (3) (Cu2O) (4) (Cu(CO)3)2. Cu(OH)2 Cu CO3 Cu (OH)2 Note:– (C) (1) (CaSO4.2H2O) (2) (CaSO4.½H2O) (D) (1) (MgSO4.7H2O) (E) (1) (KCl) (2) (KNO3) (F) (1) (NaCl) (2) (Na2CO3.10H2O) (3) (NaNO3) (4) (Na2B4O7.10H2O) (G) (OP) (1) (PbS) (H) (1) (Ag2S) (I) (1) (ZnS) (2) (ZnO) (J) (1) (HgS) (K) (1) (Fe3O4) (2) (Fe2O3) (3) (FeCO3) (4) (FeS2) (L) (BaCO3) (M) Note:– Hope Metal Note:– 50 50  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (ALLOY)      (1) (Brass) / Cu (70%) + Zn (30%) (2) (Bronze) Cu (90%) + Sn (10%) (3) Cu (60%) + Zn (20%) + Ni (20%) (4) Cu (90%) + Al (10%) (5) Cu (90%) + Zn (2%) + Sn (8%) (6) Pb (82%) + Sb (15%) + Sn (3%) (7) Solder Sn (67%) + Pb (33%) (8) (99%) + C (1%) STEEL:–  0.5 – 1.5%   Alloy Steel   Fe, Cr, Ni C (Fe Cr Nic)   (1) LD Process (2) Open Hearth Process (3) Process (Vital Force Theory):– 51 51 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 1828 NH 4CNO NH 2CONH 2 4 (Allotrope):– (1) SP3 (1) SP2 (2) (2) (3) (2) Note:– (ISOMERISM)     (C4H10) ISO – (C4H10) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 CH3 – CH – CH3  CH 3 (Hydro-Carbon):– CH4, (C2H2), (C6H14) 52 52  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE Alkane CnH2n+2 Alkene Alkyne CnH2n CnH2n–2 Single Bond Oil CnH2n+2 'n' (n) Alkane (CnH2n+2) 1. CH4 2. C2H6 3. C3H8 4. C4H10 5. C5H12 6. C6H14 10. C10H22   LPG (Liquified Petrolium Gas):– CNG (Comporessed Natural Gas):– 85% Eco-friendly Double Bond or Triple Bond (Alkene):– Hydrocarbon Double Bond 53 53 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE (Alkone) CnH2n n=1 Alkane (CnH2n) n=1 CH2 n=2 C2H4 n=3 C3H6 n=4 C4H8 n=4 C5H10 n = 6. C6H12 n=7 C7H14 n=8 C8H16 n=9 C9H18 n = 10 C10H20 (Alkyne):– Hydro-Carbon Triple Bond Akyne (CnH2n–2) n=1 Alkane (CnH2n–2) n=1 CH0 n=2 C2H2 n=3 C3H4 n=4 C4H6 n=5 C5H8 n = 6. C6H10 n=7 C7H12 n=8 C8H14 n=9 C9H16 n = 10 C10H18 (FUEL) (Ignesion Temperature) :–  CNG, LPG, Petrol,  54 54  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE 90–95% = CO + N2 Water Gas (Coal Gas):– 50% (COAL) 1. 90–95% 2. 88% 3. 78% 4. 50 – 60%     Crude Oil   1 159 litre 55 55 KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE * (Calorific Value):– 17 kg j/g 30 K-J/g 33 48 50 LPG 50 Methane (CNG) 55 Hydrozen 150 Note:– Hydrozen (–256ºC)  Hydrozen (Knocking):– TEL:– Anti-knocking Agent 1. (Thrmo Plastic):– Thrmo Plastic Eg:– PVC (Poly Venile Cloride) Polythine Polystrin, Teflan Teflon:– (Non-Stick) 56 56  KHAN G. S. RESEARCH CENTRE * Cover etc. * Thrmo Setting Plastic Eg:– Note:– Remark:–      10%   Note:–  [(KOH) ] 57 57