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‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺔﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻜ‬‫ﺔﻣﻦﺷ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺔﺍ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺳ‬‫ﺭ‬...

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺰ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺔﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻜ‬‫ﺔﻣﻦﺷ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺔﺍ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﺳ‬‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎﻫﺞﺍ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺔﺍ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﺮﺣ‬ ‫ﺍﳌ‬ ‫ﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺚﺛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻟﺼﻒﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺀ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴـ‬ ‫ﻤـ‬‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻜـ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺚﺛ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﻟﺼﻒﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫(‬ ‫ﻮﻱ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺎﺱ‪-‬ﺛ‬ ‫ﺃﺳ‬‫ﺔ)‬ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺩ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻟﺴ‬ ‫ﺓﺍ‬‫ﺩ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻬ‬‫ﻟﺸ‬‫ﺎﺕ ﻃﻼﺏﺍ‬‫ﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﻊﳋ‬‫ﻮﻗ‬ ‫ﺃﻛﱪﻣ‬ ‫‪www.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫‪r‬‬‫‪owa‬‬‫‪da‬‬‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬‫‪a‬‬‫‪ma‬‬‫‪y‬‬‫‪oz‬‬‫‪c‬‬‫‪om‬‬ ISBN 978-99942-53-10-4 ‫ردﻣك‬  ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫  ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫   ‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫  ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫ ‪!  "   # $‬‬ ‫  ‬ ‫‪152‬‬ ‫ ‪%  "   # $‬‬ ‫  ‬ ‫‪221‬‬ ‫* ) !(   "‬ ‫  '&‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫& ‪"   (! +‬‬ ‫  &&‬ ‫‪277‬‬ ‫‪"   ,-. /‬‬ ‫  &‬ ‫‪308‬‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  ‬ ‫‪367‬‬ ‫   ‬ ‫  &‬        ,             .         .                            (!      ! " # $%   & '        ) *  $   + ,*-.     / "!  * *3 0 1*  .4 56  2    * & * % 0 1*    7  8*9 (  :    56 $* 2# 0. &   #.  '  0.      0. : ;2 , & '=       2 > & $     >  4 +.ii.1  : (OH) 16  : (101)  " CH2 – CH2 1  4 OH OH /-0 - 2+ )F= ;+ : 1 2 6220 +.iii 1- 1-4. -4 5 5 (OH)  1 23 0  P 4 : ( ) CH2OH – CHOH – CH2OH :  : (  * < )  +  1 "  CH3 – CH2 – OH (i) CH3 CH3 – C – OH (ii) CH3 H H CH3 – C – C – CH3 (iii) H OH CH3-CHOH-CHOH-CH3 (iv) 17  :    (4 – 1)    ( )        ()         OH CH3 "   # $%.1 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH (R)    (OH)     R – OH CH3 – CH – CH – CH2 – CH3 (!  ) "R" & '  (OH)            (2  #  –  – 3)   .# '( ).   (OH)  +  &% +#*  .2 CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – OH.#  ,*  (!   ) - (OH)   '  .3 OH .  & / ' " CH3 – CH – CH3   () 0  - # (2 #)   - () 1 + &#( 20 +#*  3# #   #  45( &.6    7#  /.# 18  :      :   (5 – 1)   (i)        (   )  CH3OH CH4O (   )  CH3 – CH2 – OH C2H5OH (   ) (1) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2OH C4H9OH (1) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2OH C5H11OH (1 ) CH3(CH2)4 – CH2OH C6H13OH :    (6 – 1)   (ii)        (2) CH3 – CHOH – CH3 C3H7OH (2) CH3 – CH2 – CHOH – CH3 C4H9OH (2) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CHOH – CH3 C5H11OH (3) CH3 – CH2 – CHOH – CH2 – CH3 C5H11OH (2 ) CH3(CH2)3 – CHOH – CH3 C6H13OH (3 ) CH3 – (CH2)2 – CHOH – CH2 – CH3 C6H13OH :   (7 – 1)   (iii)        (2  –  2) CH3 – CH2 – C OH – CH3 C5H11OH CH3 (2  –  2) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 C OH – CH3 C6H13OH CH3 (3  –  3) CH3 – CH2 – C OH – CH2 – CH3 C6H13OH CH3 19  ( )           (1) : ! :  C2H5OH (i) CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 (ii) OH :    !   (2) 2"– "# 2 (ii) 2" (i) :Ethers " (2  21) "  &' (ROR/) %    $  !   # : ( ) #* " .(ROR) #    #, -. ) R = R/  +*.i.(ROR/) #  / #*   #, -. ) R ≠ R/  +*.ii  & n () : CnH2n+2O 0 #    1  !   (2!  3  #,  +* R – O – R/ : 0 #      !  .#  / #,  +* R-O-R- & #  : " ! (8 – 1)     ( )     (  )       Cl   .1 CH3 – O – C2H5    R–O–R (        )   / CH3 – O – C – CH3    "R"  "R" CH3 – O – CH3         CH3  (       )      (  #!$ ! 2)          OCH3.!  )    ".2 CH3 – CH – CH3 (  20  (  #!$ 2) %   ' ( )  "&.!&  *"  !.3 +, - ../  / "RO" 0  .4 1      2 3.#!! 41  ! 5) 6, !  ,  (7 : (111)"# H-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-CHCl-CH3 :    # $% &' (9 – 1)                       CH3 – O – CH3 C2H6O         CH3 – CH2 – O – CH2 – CH3 C4H10O       CH3 – CH2 – O – CH3 C3H8O   CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – O – CH3      C4H10O   21  : ! 4 (# " ") :    !  0 .1.CH3OC2H5 :     .2 :    ,   , + 5   !  .3.CH3OC(CH3)3 :(  ) *! (321).67  8 1  9$.1.  % +  !.2 ,     (- . ! / ! 01 )# 2 .3 :    (- ! . .4 1. CH3CH2CH2OH 2. CH3(CH2)3CHCH3CH2OH 3. CH3CHOHCH2CH3 4.CH3CH2COHCH3CH3 :3! 3 3 4    !.5.32 (  (  – 2,2 (1).3!  ( 2   2 (2) :!5 " 3 4 (6  " % " !.6 CH3-O-CH3 (1) CH3OC2H5 (2) CH3CH2OCH2CH3 (3) CH3CH2CH2OCH3 (4) C4H10O +  6 -     !.7 22  ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻷﲪﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﱰﺍﺕ‬ Aldehydes , Ketones,Carboxilic Acids & Esters :  ! 2# (31) :  (67 $  ) 8 1 3   303  1  O "  C : 2# (131)  R " & $   "  8 1 ;. $  0 : 2# : ?@A    H 30 8+  O R – CHO & R–C–H   6@B  4   )   "4   )   !   9   &  =; 4 ? @.4 1   B6 :   ;  4   >  C* >6 (16 – 1) %   # " O ‫ را  ا‬ CH3 – C – O – C5H11 O ‫ را  ا ز‬ C3H7 – C – O – C5H11 O ‫ را  ال‬ CH3 – C – O – C8H17 32  :    (17 – 1)     ( )            ( ) Cl O.5  * 3  4- .%5  67 O      :     CH3 – CH – C – O – C2H5.5 8.  R-.*/ 6  * CH3 – C – O – CH3  ( (') $%& + !"# CnH2nO2 ('  * – 2 –.0).(') $%& +.%/  9  */ 6  * (.0 '1).)*+  , )  *-, :      O O O :./. 0 CH3 – C – O – CH3 H – C – O – CH3 Cl O R – C – OR⁄ (' 0.0) (.0 ' 2)      CH3 – CH – C – O – C2H5.  33  :       (18 – 1)                      HCOO – CH3 C2H4O2      CH3COO – CH3 C3H6O2        CH3COO – CH2 – CH3 C4H8O2     CH3 – CH2COO – CH3 C4H8O2     CH3COO – (CH2)4 – CH3 C7H14O2     CH3COO – (CH2)7 – CH3 C10H20O2     CH3 – (CH2)2COO – CH3 C5H10O2      CH3 – (CH2)2COO – CH2 – CH3 C6H12O2 :  :    ()    (1) O CH3 – CH2 – C – O – C2H5 () O Cl C2H5 – C – O – CH – CH3 ( ) :     (2)      3  2 :   (431) :!" # $  % &'.1 1. C2H4O2 2. C3H8O 3. C5H10O 4. C6H12O2.  '( –  & – %% :! " #$ .2 : )  * +   ,-.3 3*   2 (2).   2 (1) 34..  & 3 (4)      (3) :  /.4 1. CH3CH2COOCH2CH3 2. CH3CH2CO(CH2)3CH3 3. CH3CH2CHCH3CH2CHO 4. CH3(CH2)2CHO 5. CH3CH2CH2CHCH3OOH 6. (CH3)2CO : 12 * 2 7 0    .5 (134)  %% (4) *  (3)   '( (2) %% (1). & (5) 35  ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‬ ‫)‪ (4-1‬اﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺤﻮﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﲢﻀﲑﻫﺎ‬ ‫)‪: $%( !") * + (141‬‬ ‫‪.($   #%$ 8 92 : ) 5 6 *2 7 .1‬‬ ‫‪.($   #%$ * 3: %%$ ) * 3: ;" .2‬‬ ‫‪!%()  !( !8 !%8‬‬ ‫(   (     ‪2 3 @ ( %‬‬ ‫‪B4"  / 8 6 = 1%A . 5 37 % * 37 7  6‬‬ ‫=   ( ‪B4!"  *! %!%J B" A+ +% + , '% 6. D% A) 6."  B A+" '+%5 % D% A) " A) SO3  CO2 (7% # )0 . : A  % *  B"% 9""  CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3- :  ("  % % "% @%B CO2 + 2H2O H3O+ + HCO3- :SO3 + . 6 SO3 + H2O H2SO4 H2SO4 + H2O H+ + HSO4-- SO3 + 2H2O H3O+ + HSO4--  A) 6."  .   " A) (? 1 % B" (7%  : (7% & 6. D% CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 Ca + 2OH- 2+ NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- D% 3 % A & @% '% ("  ,  (" HX + MOH MX + H2O :(42) NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O (aq) (aq) Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + H2O (aq) (aq) - 93 -  : A  %) ? " % 4"1 % 7 ,I - 1 +%  A$+% ( % ,.  & '% % 0 - ).1 *C+  HCl B   #C 07%) . % ,.  , A+)  $  < 1< 4%  " 1 8 " A) B  8$" %.D% "  1 -  .) %K & L? - ." *.2 D+% A+) + 9" / *%5 . A" D% A) %5 : A"M 6  . .  A NH3 + H2O NH4OH NH4+ + OH- NH4OH %  B 1 @ A)  6 +. +." B+ + B %  1 -  ..3 % / A) , D% A)  $ % "  "  %  A4%.4%  " 1 ?I % /  #  A) HCl ( %) ?I 1 ,+ *+% % 34" A" 4"1  % *C  (#+" 1 ;  + -  1< )% & '% ( @." +- 6+ +)% '% *5 A4% 6. ." A) .. .)% 0" *-% 8) *"" / .  D% 5 ; ". :     " (212).& '% % ( "$#) "? .1 N D  & '%5 % ( $% (% (" %.2.$% % 8 (7% ,I  (" !.3 : A"9 % $% 1% 34.4 6 +. D% A) 6. 8 B  8 " A) /" 1 SO2 (., '% D+% A+) 6 +. 8 .  8 " A) /" 1 Na2O (.,  6. - 94 -  ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺴﺘﺪ – ﻟﻮﺭﻯ‬ : " (22) & '%5 % ( ,I !" E . , A)  H+"" "B+B# 4 < 07%). )% & '%5 ( (%> 1  H?5 BB# H"" #% 6  '% ( %  %  +. >. O) "BB# ") %4 % & #% %5 ( % +  " D4  .  L . "BB#  D A) D4 #+C (+" +% " / NH4Cl *%5   % B &  +% ."% %5 #C @% "BB# H< % ."% B   : A (" % H?5 BB# HCl(g) + NH3(g) NH4Cl(s) (+" < P"+ /+ 3 % ,  NH4Cl ("  P" % '% ("  NH2 @% HCl ("  " % 8O) ; "BB# 1 % 1 ,+I *% O) . 1  D% B A) ("  *" D.  +." 1%+> +7 ?I *% B %  1 ("  (7% (%> @."./& A4% 6. /#+ B5 H+ A%+ ". % @4 *1923 * A) %%+. %. - A) & '% % ( " 4   % : % :   –      (122) B+ + ) +7  " 3%" @"." % /  : $  (#.H? % < ( H+ B% - 95 - !"   QD '% % 7  " ( &" % / A : "  (% : A  % NH3 #C HCl #C  (" ." % HCl + NH3 [ NH4+] [Cl --] / 1  " 1  !)* NH3 $- HCl 3 1' ; 3   39  6 3   = ,5 HCl " /*. <  –   ) #  ; *  ; NH3 / HCl 3>* ,. 3    ' )5 NH3 "  '  /5 @  3>* ,. <  –   8 " ?   3 1.7A 1 *  39  B (   ' : "'   "  $ (& : D% A) H2CO3 '% 9"   / A" ("  "  H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3-- A+. D+% A) 89") 6 4 '%5 % H2CO3 '% +  %  < - <. 0 %  % % #"<  < ( +" 3+% 85 '% 6  '% O) H – ". *% D4 A+. (+" < - " 1 4 A) 6 (?  8%) "  & % A".)% & :       " (222)./ – ". *% &) & '% % 0 !.1./ – ". *% &) ("  (7% $% % %?".%.2 N H2O D%  &)% & : E)% '% : A %.3 (+7% CH3NH3+ O+) &)"% B# CH3NH2  CH3NH3+  <.4................ (7% CH3NH2 %...............& '%  2# ( A) " % A) &)"% 2#5 .5 H2S + SO42– HS– + HSO4– - 98 -  ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ‬ : " (32) +." 1 /+ – "+. - < E . , A) > & +. + (+" 07%  " O). %  / – '% 6. : " % 8 7%" /   . R7 #C * Na2O + SO3 Na2SO4 (s) (g) (s) +. (+" % P" / 3 % ,  P" Na2SO4 3 % D% A) SO3 #C  < % P" ( %  H2SO4 @% NaOH * SO3 + H2O H2SO4 : " % A) % : % . NaOH @% H2SO4 (" H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O ; + @% '% ("  SO3 @% Na2O ("  " % 6 *"+ 1 ("). "& . "- % / A) ("  ." B 1  % " (&"  H" 1 8 % ; ,I "> % A$% ( % A) 6 +.  1%+> 7 ?I ." %  0) 6. H – ". - A)., A%5 A$% - A) B ." . / – '% :    (132) : A  % & '% % 0 , !S +  8 " "1 % B# 3%" @"." % / A : "  (#.." +  +" + +"1 % B# ( &"" % /  : $  (%.." - 99 -  :  (" O) , *% &) +"0 +% E$  ."   ) "" A"  %."0  &".% E$ : , *% &) (" 34"  7% : (82)  : A  % *" D% " .  @% B  ("   + H :O–H H O–H   +% +B# 3+% 8+5  .   " ("  A) B+  %. B  @% ."   8  "1 O H+   " "1 2# A) >% ( &" 85 '% (7%) : (92)  (+&) D% 3% ("  A) : D% @% B   (" ."   " ('%) H+ 1 < "1 % B# H  + H Cl + H – O – H H–O–H + Cl-   : (102)  : B   @% %5 (" H H + H – N : + HCl H–N–H + Cl- H H - 100 - 8+ +" "1 2# 3%" 5  NH3 O)   A) (+ &" 8+5 '% HCl % " . HCl % "  @% ."  .N H+   " "1 2# : (112)  :    ) R7 @% %5 (" H F H F H–N: + B–F H–N–B–F H F H F  H""    5 '% BF3 (7%" % & NH3 (7%" +"1 2# ( &" @"." A) 6 (%"% C AB? A" %.."   A) ("  ,  %&% A) 8 '" *" / (7% <   ."% #  . ( :  Sb(OH)3 , As(OH)3 , Pb(OH)2 , Zn(OH)2 , Cr(OH)3 : *   +  (332) +. @+% ("" 6 ? '% %5 ; D% : (7% % % 7 : A  %  P"" H2O + H2O H3O+ + OH- NH3 + NH3 NH4+ + NH2- CH3COOH + CH3COOH CH3COOH2+ + CH3COO-     9+" A%. ("  O)  P"" . @% % ("" %.A" - 103 -  :       " (432)., *% &) (" & ; '% % 0 !.1 N ."   &% %.2 NH3 + H+ NH4+ : , *% &) A" (" (" .).3 N , *% .  H2O D%  " %.4 8":+ +&% + +" +%M @+% Ag+ +4 + (".5 (+" + (+"  , -  D 34.[Ag(NH3)2]+. '%."% % : ! (.6."% HSO4- 1 1%  (.A" 9" ! (.7.HCN , NH3 : % ( A" 9" 1% " ( - 104 -  ‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ :  ,  : A  %% (   BJ  :  , *% . 4%  " 1 / B% 1.1 a) Cu2+ b) Na+ c) Ag+ d) Fe2+ : A" % A , *% . &.2."1 % B# &"..."   (H+) " @%  ""..H? % / @% ."   A) "0 % % (7%".2.9?  BJ (. : 85 4% HCl  " , *% ..3. B% B   H" A$% 8 %. +.H3O 1  & (7% / D%  " 3% @"...D% 3 % A /& ( % @% A$% 8 % (".2. " (2)  ( ) " BJ. :    ,  : .% (%   ) %  @4 6 "   (% +  " ,.  &  '% !" A) , - %"".1................. + A4% . A)...............  /T" A" % A "% %.2./& . A)...................  : % A).3 HA + B HB+ + A-.................... :  '%.................... : A &.................... :  E)% '%.................... : A &)% &...............  . 1  "" / – ". *% ..4 - 105 -  :    ,  *% . 6 "% % –  – '% : < " % ! o HS- , NO3- , H2S , HPO42- , HNO2 , CO32- , Cl- , ) / – "..(H2O , NH4+ : -  ,  +% ZnCl2 3+ % P" & Zn(OH)2 ? . (".1.Na2ZnO2 3 % P" '% (".0  " % ( #% $% % ". N ? .  #%" A"  A % 0  " %. : .  ,  '+% !+" R07+ - 34 / A" (B (% : (" & !   ! "   ! $   !    /  ,I 1 H – ". 2 , 3 :   ,  : A" (B (%. HCO3-- NH3 H3PO4 E)% '% OH-- NH3 HSO4-- F-- &)% & - 106 -."% HPO4- 1 1% . : -  ,  +7 (+7< A$+7 BCl3 +  +  R7  ("  " +% +% 8 P" , *% .  '% (" ; (C2H5)2O +% +" %?"+.% (C2H5)2O BCl3 A"M+ 8":  ".("  34 AB? :   ,  +. 6 %0 & L? .) .% 1% %?".% : *%., ( )./ – ". ()., (2) : -  ,  A) " 1% % ( A) &)"% ( – '%) 2#5  : & '%  2# ( (i) HF + NH 3 NH 4 + + F -- (ii) HS O 4-- + HP O 4-- S O 4 2 -- + H 2 P O 4-- (iii) C 2 H 5 O H + NH 2-- C 2 H 5 O -- + NH 3 (iv ) O 2 -- + H 2 O O H -- + O H -- (v ) H2O + H2O H 3 O + + O H -- - 107 -  108   ‫ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‬ ‫‪111‬‬ ‫      ‬ ‫‬ ‫ ‪119       !  "# $‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‪ $‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫ ! ‪"  #%    !  &#‬‬ ‫)‪( '  (   )  * #%‬‬ ‫ ! ‪126    #%    !  &#‬‬ ‫  ‪+‬‬ ‫)‪(,   (  -  * #%‬‬ ‫ ! ‪133    #%    !  &#‬‬ ‫ ‪.-‬‬ ‫) ‪($  #%‬‬ ‫ ! ‪140   #  !  *$- &#‬‬ ‫ '‪/‬‬ ‫   ‪ $‬‬ ‫‪148‬‬ ‫ & ‪   0  "# 1#‬‬ ‫ ‪ 109‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫‪Qualitative Chemical Anlaysis‬‬ ‫‪: 0  2‬‬ ‫  ‪:‬‬ ‫      ‬ ‫‪. %&  & ($ )      !  " #.1‬‬ ‫‪. &'  #      #       #.2‬‬ ‫‪.$,  -  +()   *  + #.3‬‬ ‫‪.$,   (  +()   *  + #.4‬‬ ‫‪. %& *    .)   + #.5‬‬ ‫‪.23 4 -  +)  – 1 (  +)  – 0  :  /. ".6‬‬ ‫ ‪.5/3  ' $,  +  0- 67‬‬ ‫‪ ".7‬‬ ‫‪.9  0- 67    4 5/3 8. ".8‬‬ ‫‪: 0:          "  (  " -  $'  $ ".9‬‬ ‫=;<  ;‪.‬‬ ‫‪.  ; .> ".10‬‬ ‫ ‪. (  -  +()  ? .‬‬ ‫‪ ; 1; ".11‬‬ ‫ ‪.@   6/ $  67    4‬‬ ‫‪ ;.' ".12‬‬ ‫‪H2SO4 ?: :2 *     ? !, &   ".13‬‬ ‫ *‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪ 110‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻲ‬ Qualitative Chemical Anlaysis :  A   " !  #   &   4: 6 )  1 B 1  (VI) 6  ? 6 $' +$   A <    B$$, C; B&" !" (  # % +$  6 $'  A (  0     % "   ,'     B,: 1:  ;  6  " #    +*  6   ; !  A 6 $  A 4& '  "  + &  !   SO2 * D  B()& 1  H 3#B /   $  9 (A) .5 % ( #.1  . – %  %   9 2# $ % H  *E.   % H  A +  @ C >6*  . A +  6  I& (  %.i.=5 )"  6  )" (.ii :   9 3#B /   $  B%  .2 :  *E & i. Na2S ii. Na2SO3 iii. NaNO2  @ 3  +& # 6    (  *A     % ().*A.()    &  ,      -  (() :    # L&    9     67   ".3 1. Na2CO3 + 2HCl......... +......... +.......... 2. NaHCO3........... +........... +.......... 3. Ca(OH)2 + CO2........... +........... 4. K2S + 2AgNO3............. +............  125   ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ( ‫) ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﲪﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ‬ : ,   (  -  * #% (33) ?: : :-  +(:)   ;  % !, .)   ;:&  ? 9  &; %  ?   B& 1  *  9 . :;   #3 -  +()  )   %/"  (9& ) (V) :  *  :;.Cl¯    -  B() HCl 9%  ? (1.Br¯    -  B() HBr 9%  ? (2.l¯    -  B() Hl 9%  ? (3.NO3¯ 6&   -  B() HNO3 9&  ? (4 :" J '  0  !,  +()   .  3  ;  C; : 0       C;# P   ;  : (Cl ¯ )    (133) :   (153) -%  :  0: : = *  H2SO4 ?  (& 4- # -= &. ;%   * D  ' # ; $F&  , &" # '  2Cl ¯ + H2SO4 2HCl + SO42- (g) + : B:- & < -  B& HCl * D .   : G  $  @ @ NH4OH &3   HCl + NH4OH NH4Cl + H2O : :& :' , 9  ? 4 )     H& : % ) 3,( / ,%  $  (.6.  * % >% )  4 $   $  %. 3,( 250 1 23 = Na & 16 = O & 12 = C & 32 = S & 1 = H : (   )  169   ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﳊﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﻻﺭﻱ‬ ‫)‪$+  $#    ($. )   &  $!   $,-  (34‬‬ ‫ ‪: $‬‬ ‫ ‪.    3,(  :  $.‬‬ ‫ &   )= ‪.$   9 = :  ( (  9‬‬ ‫ )‪: (114‬‬ ‫) ?   ‪( $) N70 P  3,(/,%1.44 >9 = HNO3 L‬‬ ‫ ?  ‪: % & 3.‬‬ ‫‪. )  3,(  (i‬‬ ‫‪. )  3,( 39  ?  (ii‬‬ ‫‪. ( !) )  3,( 39 ? *!  (iii‬‬ ‫))   ( ‪(O = 16 & N = 14 & H = 1 :‬‬ ‫ ‪:‬‬ ‫ ) ? ‪() 9 = 3) ,% 1.44 = >  3,( 39‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ ) ? ‪,(/,%1440 = 1000 × 1.44 = >  3,( 39‬‬ ‫ ?  ‪× 3,( 39 )  = )  3,( 39  3.‬‬ ‫) ‪.‬‬ ‫ ( ‪$ #‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪70 × 1440‬‬ ‫= ‪,(/,%1008‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫ !* ?  ‪39  3.  ?  = )  3,( 39 3.‬‬ ‫(‪? #$%  ÷ )  3,‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫= ‪,(/) 16 = 63 ÷ 1008‬‬ ‫ ‪ 170‬‬  ,16 = ? ) 0! $   (   $  9 = & 0! $    69 = 06 $6 L   ? 0! $  (. 3.  ?   $ %40 P  3,(/,%1.18 H=1, Cl = 35.5 : (   ) :  36.5 = HCl ? (  # $%  1000× $ # (  × ) 9 =  3# $% $ × 100 = ! , 12.93 = 1000  40  1.18 = ) ! 36.5  100 :   /) (134)  ) ..   1   ( ) . 3  ) 2 +-  ) 1     $ 9 4   .    ! , " *   3(  )  4 . 3,( 1 >% 0 )5 ' 39   ,%106 ) 0.5 = 500 × 1= A , = *!  : 3 = ' (2) 1000 1000 # $%  × *!  = ,%   ,% 53 = 106 × ,5 = ,-( % ,1 > ! , " *   3(  )  4.(3,( 0.5) 3,( 500 >% 0 3 = ' 39   ,% 53  176  E = ' 39  % 3 , " *    %  >( ' 39  . (  $  D+  )  4. ,% 26.5 3. 3,( 250 0 )   0! $  ! 3      9  : 9  ! ( 3(  ).( % # $% )   L  ) .1. 4 , ( 0 ) ,%.2 U (  )    4   % 3  '   )  )   ) ,-(   3 3   L 9 , !  %8   H 2" " - * +" *  3 , . (.   (. > '= $  3(  )  4  # ) (  D .  (   39 L  .3(. )  4 $ )  "   ,-(    @ . * 3(. )  4   3    31  5 @   0% 7     ( 3 =   I   , J ,=  $  . $  ) 4 *!   )= 39.   %   ) ( (.     '  $    , : 3  2"  % %    )=.  (    3(  % 100 1 )"   . * 5 (.     % (i. #.  H 9  ' %  L    L  ( # $%  * 5 (.     % (ii U  .$ 39 H- ( ) .  177   6 % 2F  =H ! .( 5 (.     % (iii 3 6= $ 6O "  @ & $  @    @  0  .  ( [    3+  7   7   - I "   ]  )   I "  J ] & [ 7  .9  $].[ %  * 6" 6   6 6 ! $6 2 +%  (   (iv. -.= " - 9   % (v               !.#    $%  &  " .Na2CO3 ' ( )   *.1. H2C2O4. 2H2O '  +*, -..2.)   12 0  Na2B4O7.10H2O '     334  .  6 !,   C  (   3 16 9!" .>, S. N.6 B (', H E  =  & 1  1.6 1/. . 5. / /  70O 2 J 8  S  1. .   2 76    (1 H! ) 12, *>.>,  8  "  - & (7 – 8)  5 :  % ' ../ / .. ..! .  * A (7 – 8) *; T.. ..2 ..>, 9  >, +!6  I 6=  I Zn Zn2+ + 2e-  $  >, S  9.  5   3 16 >, 9  A  2.8  S  I 12, *> 2. 9. ./ 16 ! *>  H E * : )   16    9 "2 2 H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- 6. . A;   3 * 2 >, 9 + S. .  6 *' ,) N26 J 2 2 9  .2 9   I *+, N 9   H  8  H+ +1e- H0.2 1/+2   *   H0 + H0 H2  335  2 9  36  2 /  ; 8  S .2 3 1  2 9 * +, *.> ) 8.  . I >,  *!  C,  5.(9  ) *!  *,  >,  I 8   (12,  !3 (90 ,=) A / !, (>   1. 2 2 9  I (*+, * ) A 5 >, J 1 1/ 2     5 (- * ) 2  I *+,.!" 1/ 2 2   I . ' ./ /   " 3  2 76 .9 '  83 (2 76) !,! / 6  3   I J .!  > &,    6 !,   2. +O 2  1/  C " (! * !,   6   $K  ,R $ 2 +O  D 8   !" 16 Polarization 3 F  1 !,! 6  3  *!3 ) 8  S , ) H  3!B /  16 !, 6 &,  1 ' 16 .  6.=I A * 1 (  8  *K) / ; !" 5 .(Local Reaction) 1= *"'  !  2 "  336  N!O  */ C, >, S F'   1= *"' T  .>,   D 7/+  N  , B!   ./ ;  7/+ 16 36 : -) ?5 & (248) .!" *.;  . .3 >,   !"  ( A 1K  !, N   '> 16 $  9K   J !, 9  &.) ! *!   $ *. 7    +2  2.>, !    3 &) !   2" . 6  3. !/ !, 90"' 8' 1  / 90"'.9 6 1½ 5 !,! -) ?5 & (8 – 8)  5 ()           +         +           # ! !" : @$ /  (348) : (58) 5 1.6 (.> ½ × > 3  * ) 4>    O D  (', H E   &2 !" 5  &2  8A.4> S  *; 16  /  * .,R ; > 5   $03 / /  7!O &K ! *>6 5 E 16  1/  G. 9 6 6  3 2 1/ !   *>'.HF 0  0, *2 7/ 8, 6 4>  S N.M,  / ! *> '   : F 0  .2 3 " 2) +O "> 1/   ". 3 " 2) +O E  .   3 " 2 .4>  1K $ 4>  2  .!" *.  1= 1/   I  ! *> "..1/ *> K !,   +, &  /  : @$ /  1$ (1348) .!, 16 - *  J / 0,  "   +.!6 . *+, *  2 3 *; 5 4>  1K  338   +!'  E ? 3K J  . .2 . "  4> & . 4>  M.,   +"  5  C2+  ' & .!   3 4> S   *6 5+   ; ) *>. .= N 2 3 4>  1K B M,) S  )  .!" 5.  53   H0  G> E 16 !  .(3& /&2 1.25) + H E *!  : (A 03)  % ' (2548) $.2  . .3 ." 4> 9  I 4> A . I $+., .2 3 " 4>  1K 3! 9  :   16  4> 9 :   3 * ) 2- Pb + SO4 PbSO4 + 2e : 2 3 " * +, 2+ + PbO2 + SO4 + 4H + 2e = PbSO4 + 2H2O .K0K 4.>!  F 0. !"'   16 4>! A "  1.6 (2+) . I 4.> 16 ('>) A "  *  I A!  " ." (2+) . I (4+) .A "    3 " 4> 9 5 – .2 3 " 4> 9  I 4>  1K * +,  . .3 1.6 4> 9   I 5- 1/ *"' @ J W' " !, *" K   H E H! – 2   339  –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. .  5. 3  * K   !"'   .+0 /  C !>  16 N'F   &! " A !" D  I / 90"' 8  ; !" 16 ;  &  ; " H    3 " * +,  2 3 . 2 3 " 4>  1K  I 4> 9 A.  2- - PbSO4 + SO4 + 2H2O PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + 2e .; H. E. .F  43  ; !" 16 N 5.$+ 90".' & &+0  *   ; !" K  H I +.O . .36 *.; 1.6   3 "  +O F 0 /. ; !"  !" *  F  *!   T 2 .; .K 4> & 16 / 90"' 2 B I M>   9!2 +2 9 16  9  C !" 3  W'  I +.  "  O J M,) 9  9  9   I 16 4> +!6  ( 12) *   *  !  H   P &+!.4>  I 12')  341   : 9  7! /' (448) : % &' (".1.3 –  6  3 – K 0,   ) 0,.  6 !, *" 3  E 16 * +,  ) 90"' E !" $   X./ 0,  342   ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬ : + &* (58). 1.6 1/. B    C 7 6 9 1.6 1/.    " 2 9  "   *2  8. >  !"'   *   : (68) 5 +2 16  !" * =  % */  !" 1  , 2. *> !   0" &   .!" 5  1   /  7!O.  0   : (! Q HF 0  : ) : G   I ! !> D  */  &3 *.K 1/. B 6 D   O  1  *> */ .1.M,) 9 +!' 9 > 7/+ 9..  0.. .. 1.. .. *..>  */ ...2.K J 9+ *K (Non electrolytes)  343  . 1/. .B .6 D.  1.  *> */ .3.9   (Electrolytes) :   I 9   &3 *K. >  !   16  " A 2  5 :    ( : !K  9!3  S0)   E ) 9 > *   CaCl2 , CuSO4 , NaCl , NaOH , HCl : %8    (( S0.)  E ) J3  !K  =', A 2 @ 5 &. . $=  (CH3COOH , Na2C2O4 *K) =.H E  : 1 *!  16 , 9 !> E H  : + &* (158) .>   !  16 $/ $0!      *!  .6 1/   " : (+ &* &) &&* & (1158) (0,. N!.; (!, 1 *!  !" N6 & 5 +2  : !" 5  !!    1    .1/  0>  ! 3  !   !  :  &. ;  >   3  !>   : ..* +, !" " &. ;  > 2 3  !>   : >..) !" "  344   : (72 ;) # ; (258) .B . D    ' &1880 &" NF 8 &  =.   ! >  *!  16 1/   " 1/ : # ; =- (1258)  . 7/. . I  !   > 16      H'.1 : *K 9  2 + -- HCl H + Cl , ZnSO4 Zn2+ + SO42--. -6 5 ) !  1 9 ; ".2 : *K $'> 5 5+2! 2    9 ;! 52 G2.3.$'> = 2 + 2 2  CaSO4 2+ Ca + SO4 2-- .2 ; 1/ ! !>  M+ 3 9  .4 .2  .2 *.K. >  J / !   16   A 1.6 .2   9  I *  &> !   1/ N ! .=', A 2 '= 9   16 *> (= M+.5 9/+2 D0K  H' 5+2 1000 * 16 2 H!, E : *K.36.*  – + *K A  9  0.6 .>  1/. *.!  16 ; 1/    ".7   9    3   2 9) N2 9  0.2 3    345   :              (358) :           !,  9   8' 16 92 I ; 9 ; W'  :  !" 9  : 1!  B'  / !! 16 ) =.1 1.6 N.! 5 * N ;   ) Y' :   ).. 5. . * N ; 2  Y' : 2 .. 16 N3 .O $+. *)  * $+ !")    Y' : +.2./ !! 16 N= KA : (118) 0 : + H! E *!  : *!  16 9 HCl H + Cl- + H2O H+ + OH- : 1! 9 N2 ) F 76 +.O $. N. +, &.6 N.; Y'    H+  N2  : 2 + -- H + e H H+ H H 2( g ) Cl -- , OH -- : > Cl-     Cl-  .   Cl- OH-  . % & '   (  OH-   !"#   $ Cl- Cl + 1e- Cl + Cl Cl2  346    B& ! = * &* &* ) : (108)  5 : ) 5+.2  .!" *  H2    &2  Cl2    &2 .2   !    H! E : (128) 0 : (E   ) (', H E *!  H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- H2O H+ + OH- H+ :  + -- H + e H H + H H2  347   O H -- , S O 4 2 -- : > O H -- OH + e -- OH + OH H 2O + O O + O O 2( g ) : ;*&  9 *  ! 1)  + 16 *!, D  9. . I *.!  5. 9   I (= 9    *   . 9. 9 *3 1  2 2) 9   .> " H E + ' H E  >!. " E',  : ).H2SO4 8   *!  (i.2) +O  &2  2)  2  (ii . .  2.  . .  5+2 @ *!   ! *3 $K *!  + *F.  3! N2 Cu Cu + 2e -- 2+ : 1!  !,! 1! *"'   2+ -- Cu Cu + 2e : > Cu2+ + 2e Cu :  Cu CuSO4 &* Cu !  " "   # $% !      % &' (128)  5 : *!  !" ;   " 9)   .0 .  & , &> ! *!  (C).  +. 16 *!, D  (', H E 1 *!  " : *!" (2.! 1) . !,  9   8' 16 92 I ; 9 ; W'  (3 Q    !" 9    351   ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﻓﺎﺭﺍﺩﺍﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪: +‬‬ ‫ &*&‬ ‫)‪  (68‬‬ ‫ ‪.B    D  ) &,  2 1   1‬‬ ‫‪Q 1 *!  !"  2I " 1/‬‬ ‫‪1.6 9.  &1867 – 1791 1"  X" 5‬‬ ‫‪5  6 M2 3‬‬ ‫‪. . 1 *!   ) "   !  0‬‬ ‫ ‪1.3 .6" . 33  I M  6 *>  J *!  *0,‬‬ ‫‪.1 *! ! M  6‬‬ ‫‪. .3! 9.‬‬ ‫*  ‪E. *>' 3   8‬‬ ‫ ‪.1 *!  9!" 16 2   * ,‬‬ ‫ ‪:‬‬ ‫‬ ‫)‪("* (168‬‬ ‫       & ‪. . &.  .Coulomb‬‬ ‫ ‪. .   N; 1/   " *> *0,  1‬‬ ‫‪.  K  3 +‬‬ ‫  )‪(1)............... () + × (9)  ; = (H‬‬ ‫‪(2)................‬‬ ‫‪×9=H‬‬ ‫ ‪M  '     83 H‬‬ ‫  ‪&  96500 = M  6‬‬ ‫'  ‪16. (>  ) *>' +0    5‬‬ ‫‪.! 1 2‬‬ ‫ ‪ 352‬‬  : + &* &  +- ) !   (268) :6.  1 &     3    2  ! I T. (6 M  6    3    I & I . 1/ H. (1. 2 :6. + )  2 /6 ! 5   ! : %  ! $36   1 > ( ) >!  ! (3)............ = >!  2 /6 ! (() > -6   (() -6 ( )  N! >"  $ 2 ()  L6 : 1!  () 2 > !     &  (H)  3  .> .! L6 >!    2 /6 ! T   M  6   . 2 ./6 .! × M  '    = () 9 2  2 (4)................ >! &     (5)................ 96500 = M  '      H (6)................ = &     1 H D 96500 ( ) >!  ! (7)................ = >!  2 /6 ! (() > -6 : L6 (4)   16 (7)  (6)   =" I H (8).................. × = () 9 2  2 > ! ( 96500 + ×  ; = &       (9)................ ×9= H  353    2 (8)   16 (9)   E  × 9 (10)................ × =  ( 96500         (11)......... 96500 = (.) 1/ :6   (12)................ =.  96500 × (. x  x 9 =   !;    I 4!, N!"  9 (13)................ =  ( 96500 : + &* +- , !  # ' (368) .!" K  " 2  !  0 3    : ,   *!  : ,   2   0" : (68) +&  5 :  !#  ! .0   1 *! ! !,.1 H2SO4 H. E.  CuSO4 8.  9 / *  .2.NaOH  >  Cu(NO3)2 8  9  :  %  .2  * !,  * 16  +.1.  +  9K   L / /  7!O.2  354 .+    +.3. 9K  7 + ("= 2 .4.+  1 )  8'  ("= 2 .5 9. *.!  . 8  9  *!  $, 2 .6.H E *!    > *!  8      ,  -" .  /  ,  )  * + . "  01 -" .-3  ,3-  ,"  4 ,   2    3"  "   7  8   !  01  0  5" , 6 '- '". , 5: ,  4 ,  ;) : 0" !  01 9   !% 3   !  01  0  5" , 6 '- '". 0" ! .( : + &* +- , !  +0 ' (468) . .  .! ./6 *.  0 3   ., : ! /6 !    ! 0" : (78) +&  5 :  !#  ! . * 0   1 *! ! 0, D0K.1 E.  CuSO4 8.  9. AgNO3 =' 9  *  .2.(', H :  %  .2  * D0K  +.1.1  !" D0K 0, *>.2  355 .  +  $ $ &,   /  7!O.3 2. +O    & 2   1 *!  16 .4.(', H E *!  !, 16  ". ='  8  *   +.5. ./6 *  ='  8   2  * * 0" .6.> 9.!6  /6 *  3 * 0" 2 +   ("=.7.(6) , 16 .   & 2 CP &+! 1    T 2  . 8   $ 2 31.8  ='  9 2 108 92  2 .  L6 . >   2 /6 * 5 9 15.9 ='  $ 2 54 T ( 2  & 2 0.5 CP &+! 1 :6. T. (. . . .  &    8   $ 2.>   * 1/ 1 &  / & 2 0.00001 = 96500 2   16 108 &  / & 2 0.00112 = ='   16 96500 &  / & 2 0.00033 = 31.8 8    16 96500  356  : .!" 4. 5  M  ' 1K 3  N>,  1 2  .  8' 1 *!  !" K 2 '!,   * I).(/6 !  $ $  : 1!  3  " $=    () >! /6 !     2 () > ! = () >! /6 !   8' 2 () > !  > E /6 * 2I   0   .&   9 1   (). 5 8  ! ().*!  16    (C) (64 = 8 !  108 = ='!   ! )  358   : * 108 = J 1 = ( J &2 0.555 =  J K 60 × 60 × 3 =  : 9 ×H =    16 &3  E" () ( × 96500 1 × 96500 × 0.555 &  496 = =H 108 =' :6 =' ! = = 1 8  :6 8  ! 8  :6 × =' ! = 8  ! =' :6 32 × 0.555 &2 0.164 = = 108 ×9=H ( C) 496 H  0.05 = 60 × 60 × 3 = = 9  : + &* ! - (668) :    K / 6 1/ *! ! :  & '.1 +.!' .= D / ;  9 +!' 3 1/ *!  &, +!' S0  ) $!  9     13 +!'  > 13 O .> &, 8  &, D 8  3 H *K N!" *>  .8  9 *!  9     13 8   !,!  359   : ("$+ !  ) ( ()*.2 ,-)   +"  !  ,  A ; ,1  9 +.!' E. C ,. 16 1/ *!  &,  9 E &  !  9 +!60 E >,  &  .&> A : 7!" 7! /' (768) : 1/ :6 (" (1 . & /&20.000124 1/ N/6 -6 1/K +!6. Q /6 N! 1 +!' (6. :     (7 :  I " 5  ' . &  .."   0.20 N;  -.7/ 8   0.5 N;  - : * (8 ×8×9 = 4 × 96500 =. 4 × 96500. ×  × 9 =    361  7/. 8 . CuSO4 8  9 1/ *!  *0,  2  (9 :  .&   9 1   ().5  '  9 1  ().7/ 8 16  8  9 " (C).63.4 8 !  !  I 8 ! 1/ :6 ()  362   ‫ﲤﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ : #  4" :   9    9 !>  * (V".1  .  >  A "  * +,  A :6   '  +2  1/ *!    Z 1   B=.1/ : +0  4" Q 1! 6 * +,  ) 1!" "  I  *!  & ..  NF  *!    &O  8    9.   . ! 2 !> 3 9   +..*> / '=  363  .!   ; W' & + H! E *!  ".9. 16 N3 (OH-)    &O  .> ." E + ' (', H E *!  ".D. " E', : 9   4" .3 ." & 1 90"'  : 9"  4"   2+ *  1/ *"' D E 6.1 Q $2 A "  > 5.&> – 2 ().!' – ! ().&K! – 2 (C).2 – ! ().2 – & ( ) 90".' 5 I 16 T   A (MnSO4) +2 9  & "  I  *!  & . . . *!  &F   &O  8    *. > " 2) "> N" T E  ! 1/ *! .C 9. +. . . 9. 9. +   &O .*!  16 *  366   367   ‫ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ‬ ‫‪369‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪370‬‬ ‫    ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪377‬‬ ‫   ‬ ‫‬ ‫‪383‬‬ ‫  ‬ ‫‬ ‫‪389‬‬ ‫   ‬ ‫‬ ‫‪397‬‬ ‫    ‬ ‫ "!‬ ‫ ‪ 368‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪Nuclear Chemistry‬‬ ‫‪: #$‬‬ ‫   ‪:‬‬ ‫      ‬ ‫‬ ‫‪.    ! "#$! % .1‬‬ ‫‪:  ( ) !! " $!  &' (.2‬‬ ‫‪./    "#$! /.&- !  (. /,.   /. * + /‬‬ ‫‪.0!   1! ! ! 2 &- !  (.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬ ‫‪! 3 4  (   3   ) ! - 5 6   ) 7 8.4‬‬ ‫‪.&-‬‬ ‫‪.  )7 $( 2 0!   1!  &*9 :  &' (.5‬‬ ‫‪=)   )   -‬‬ ‫‪.4  @ $( A  & .7‬‬ ‫!‪.4 @ $‬‬ ‫‪ ( ; .8‬‬ ‫‪.*   )7 $!  5! % .9‬‬ ‫ ‪ 369‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ Nuclear Chemistry :      (19) /=.  (! )  ! ((  !  9  %( /. % ! 9 ) = ( /= B=- )  ! ((    3 )  !( B- C =$ /.  (   )  (  ).  !. )  ( ) (  = @!(=   ? ! /. 96 ? @0!( /(    ! 2 . (! )  (  /. \=6 %  $(!    $ ) !<  A   ! 4 " -( :  $ "< A ] / 3 #$   " $ Q!.9 !(  /  ! ! 9....... " -(