ITP103 Week 7-11: System Integration and Architecture PDF

PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 1 Course Material No. 6 SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND ARCHITECTURE DR. RAMIRO Z. DELA CRUZ Course Instructor  PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRAT...

PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 1 Course Material No. 6 SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND ARCHITECTURE DR. RAMIRO Z. DELA CRUZ Course Instructor  PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 2 System Integration and Business Process Models 6 LEARNING OUTCOMES Here’s what students are expected to gain in this course material: Explain the importance of system integration in modern business environments Discuss system integration projects and their roles in enhancing business processes. Provide crucial discussion on alignment of system integration with business processes RESOURCES NEEDED For this lesson, you would need the following resources: Integration Methodologies and Business Process Models PowerPoint Presentation Links to videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUUgEdUw-2s (Business Process Integration) Links to websites: Reference materials, tools, and equipment PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 3 Before you start, try answering the following questions. MODULE CONTENTS 1. How essential is systems integration in enhancing future business processes? ___________________________________ Kick-off Pretest ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 3 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 5 Pre-Activity Title ________________________________________ 2. What are system integration projects and what are their roles in enhancing business 6 Your heading here processes? ___________________________________ 9 Your heading here ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 11 Your heading here ________________________________________ 3. How is alignment of system integration with business processes undertaken? 14 Posttest ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Key Terms ___________________________________ 15 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________________ 15 References PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 4 Business processes are a set of INTRODUCTION structured, interconnected activities and tasks that organizations use to achieve This module provides an overview of how systems integration should interplay specific goals, deliver value to with the organization’s business processes. The discussion points will be customers, and manage their operations efficiently. mostly on discussing the merits of integrated systems as well as the provision of crucial discussions of business process models thereof. Business functions are areas or departments, distinct units or Organizations use business process integration as a crucial strategy and divisions within an organization technique to improve productivity, streamline processes, and boost overall responsible for specific sets of performance. The capacity to integrate operations seamlessly has emerged as tasks, activities, and functions that a critical success factor in a company environment that is continuously contribute to the overall operation changing and defined by globalization, digital transformation, and rising and achievement of the competition. Business process integration is a comprehensive strategy for organization's goals. coordinating diverse organizational functional areas and combining dissimilar Business process re-engineering systems, technologies, and workflows to build a cohesive and effective involves a fundamental rethinking operational ecosystem. and redesign of existing business processes from the ground up. It often requires a radical. transformation of processes to achieve significant improvements in efficiency, quality, and outcomes. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Business process engineering (BPE) is a methodology for designing and optimizing business Business Process and Business Function Alignment processes for improved efficiency, effectiveness, and agility. Business processes are a set of structured, interconnected activities and tasks that organizations use to achieve specific goals, deliver value to customers, and Business process integration is manage their operations efficiently. On the other hand, business functions, also the process through which a company modifies its internal known as functional areas or departments, are distinct units or divisions within an operations and information organization responsible for specific sets of tasks, activities, and functions that systems to coordinate with those contribute to the overall operation and achievement of the organization's goals. of its partners. As functional areas or departments, business functions are discrete organizational units or divisions in charge of particular groups of duties, responsibilities, and activities that support the overall operation and accomplishment of the organization's objectives. Their key areas of expertise and the type of work they do are often used to structure these functions. Businesses utilize business processes to achieve specific objectives, provide value to customers, and manage operations effectively. Business processes are a collection of structured, interconnected activities and tasks. These procedures serve as the essential skeleton of how work is carried out within a company or firm. Business PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 5 processes are essential to the efficient operation and management of an organization and can be found across a variety of functional areas and divisions. Core Business Functions Core Business Processes / Department Human Resources - Recruitment and Hiring - Employee Training and Development - Payroll and Benefits Administration - Employee Performance Management - HR Compliance and Regulatory Reporting Finance and Accounting - Financial Planning and Budgeting - Accounts Payable and Receivable - Financial Reporting and Analysis - Tax Management - Auditing and Compliance Marketing and Sales - Market Research and Analysis - Product/Service Development - Marketing Campaigns and Advertising - Sales and Customer Relationship Management - Lead Generation and Conversion Operations and - Inventory Management Production - Quality Control and Assurance - Production Planning and Scheduling - Supply Chain Management - Facility and Equipment Maintenance Information Technology - IT Infrastructure Management - Software Development and Maintenance - Network Security and Data Protection - Help Desk and User Support - IT Strategy and Planning Customer Service and - Customer Inquiry Handling Support - Complaint Resolution - Technical Support - Customer Feedback and Satisfaction Surveys - Customer Relationship Management Research and - New Product/Service Research and Development Development - Innovation and Idea Generation - Prototype and Testing - Intellectual Property Management - Technology and Trend Monitoring Legal and Compliance - Contract Management - Regulatory Compliance - Legal Counsel and Advice - Intellectual Property Protection - Risk Assessment and Management Supply Chain and - Procurement and Vendor Management Logistics - Inventory Tracking and Optimization - Transportation and Distribution - Demand Forecasting - Supplier Relationship Management Public Relations and - Media Relations Communications - Public Relations Campaigns PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 6 - Internal and External Communications - Brand Management - Crisis Communications Administration and - Office Management Support - Facilities Management - Administrative Support - Records Management - Procurement and Vendor Management Strategic Planning and - Strategic Planning and Goal Setting Management - Performance Monitoring and Reporting - Business Continuity Planning - Risk Management - Change Management Quality Assurance and - Quality Control and Inspection Compliance - Compliance Auditing - Continuous Improvement - Standardization - Regulatory Compliance Environmental, Health, - Workplace Safety Compliance and Safety - Environmental Impact Assessment - Health and Safety Training - Sustainability Initiatives - Emergency Response Planning Business Process and Information Systems Alignment In the course of its operations, which should make the adjustment: the business processes or the core implementation of information systems? Both business procedures and the fundamental way that information systems are implemented may need to be changed as the company goes about its daily business. Depending on the particular circumstance, organizations should decide which adjustment to make first. Usually, both sides need to adjust. The information technology (and its consequent implementations in terms of hardware, software, peopleware and methodologies) is undoubtedly a game-changer in the business environments. It has transformed the way people live, work, and communicate. IT has actually enabled or created new businesses and industries, and it has revolutionized existing ones. With e-commerce, people are able to remotely transact, buy and sell goods and services online, greatly revolutionizing the retail industry. The social media has been enabling people to connect with each other and share information in ways that were not possible before. Social media has also created new opportunities for businesses to reach and engage with their customers. The cloud computing facilities have made it possible for businesses to access computing resources on demand. They have made it easier and more affordable for businesses to start and grow without having affront and complex IT PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 7 resources. Another game-changer is artificial intelligence. IT is enabling the development of artificial intelligence (AI) applications that can automate tasks, make predictions, and even learn. AI is poised to revolutionize many industries, including healthcare, transportation, and finance. IT has enabled the creation of new products and services that were not possible before On the reverse, IT has provided the death knell for some organizations and antiquated product lines. Among these are on encyclopedias, typewriters, bookstores, snail mail (post offices), landline phones, etc. IT is also a game-changer because it is constantly evolving. New technologies are emerging all the time, and IT professionals are constantly finding new ways to use technology to solve problems and improve our lives. Ultimately, the decision of whether to adjust business processes or the core implementation of information systems is a business decision. There is no one-size- fits-all answer. The best approach will vary depending on the specific situation. It is important to note that business processes and information systems are interconnected. Changes to one will often impact the other. Therefore, it is important to carefully consider the impact of any change on both business processes and information systems before making a decision. Information System Core business processes Core business functions Enterprise resource Integrated system that supports all All core business functions planning (ERP) core business processes systems Transaction Order processing, billing, inventory Sales, marketing, customer processing systems management, payroll processing, service, accounting, human (TPS) customer relationship management resources (CRM) Management Financial reporting, performance Planning, budgeting, information systems management, decision support forecasting, reporting, analysis (MIS) Customer relationship Manage customer interactions and Sales, marketing, customer management systems relationships service Supply chain Manage the flow of goods and Procurement, manufacturing, management (SCM) services from suppliers to customers warehousing, distribution systems Human resource Manage employee information and Human resources, payroll, management (HRM) processes benefits, systems PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 8 SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT The interaction between business processes, systems integration, and information systems is dynamic and multifaceted. Systems integration plays a critical role in ensuring that data and information flow efficiently between various information systems, enabling the smooth execution of business processes. Additionally, business processes often dictate the need for specific systems integration solutions to optimize and automate tasks. In practice, this interaction involves various technologies, APIs (Application Programming Interfaces), middleware, data mapping, and integration platforms that enable data and process orchestration. The goal is to achieve operational efficiency, data accuracy, and the seamless execution of business processes across the organization's technology landscape. For an organization to achieve operational excellence, improve customer happiness, and maintain its competitiveness in the market, business processes must be managed and optimized effectively. To continually improve their processes and adjust to changing business issues, many firms invest in process improvement approaches like Business Process Engineering, Business Process Reengineering (BPR), and/or Business Process Management (BPM). Business Definition Trends in Digital Technologies Strategy Cost Leadership Becoming the lowest-cost - Robotic Process Automation producer in the industry. - Cloud Computing - Data Analytics and Business Intelligence - Supply Chain Software Product Creating unique and - 3D Printing Differentiation innovative products or - Augmented Reality, Virtual Reality services. - Internet of Things (IoT) - Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) Market Expanding into new - E-commerce and Online Marketplaces Expansion markets or customer - Social Media Marketing segments. - Customer Relationship Management - Globalization Tools Customer- Focusing on delivering - Customer Analytics Centricity exceptional customer - Customer Relationship Management experiences. - Personalization Engines - Social Listening Tools Innovation and Emphasizing innovation - Agile Development Methodologies Agility and adaptability. - Rapid Prototyping Tools - DevOps and Continuous Integration - Artificial Intelligence (AI) - Workflow Automation - Internet of Things (IoT) Operational Achieving efficiency and - Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Excellence effectiveness in - Lean Six Sigma operations. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 9 Sustainability Incorporating - Environmental Management Software environmental and social - Renewable Energy Solutions responsibility. - Green Supply Chain Technologies - Sustainability Reporting Digital Harnessing digital - Cloud Computing Transformation technologies for core - Big Data and Analytics processes. - Artificial Intelligence (AI) - Internet of Things (IoT) - Blockchain Technology - Cybersecurity Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a crucial mediating role in modern business processes, acting as a bridge between the conceptualization of a process and its actual execution. How ICT provides a key role in implementing business processes: Process Automation and Orchestration. ICT makes it possible to orchestrate and automate corporate activities. ICT is used to develop, carry out, and monitor processes using workflow automation tools, business process management (BPM) software, and robotic process automation (RPA) platforms. This automation lowers errors, speeds up procedures, and reduces manual intervention. Data Integration and Exchange. ICT facilitates the seamless exchange and integration of data between different systems and departments. Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), middleware, and integration platforms ensure that data flows cohesively throughout the organization, supporting real-time decision-making and accurate reporting. Communication and Collaboration. ICT tools, such as email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and collaboration platforms, enhance communication and collaboration among employees, teams, and stakeholders. This fosters efficient coordination and information sharing within and outside the organization, which is vital for many business processes. Data Analytics and Business Intelligence. ICT empowers organizations to collect, store, and analyze vast amounts of data. Advanced analytics, machine learning, and data visualization tools allow businesses to gain insights from data, aiding in process optimization, trend identification, and informed decision-making. Customer Engagement. ICT tools like Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems, email marketing platforms, and social media management tools enable businesses to engage with customers effectively. These tools PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 10 mediate the customer relationship management process, improving customer satisfaction and loyalty. Supply Chain Management. ICT supports supply chain processes by providing real-time visibility into inventory levels, demand forecasts, and production schedules. This ensures efficient procurement, inventory management, and timely delivery of goods and services. Human Resources and Talent Management. HR Information Systems (HRIS) and talent management software leverage ICT to streamline HR processes, including recruitment, onboarding, performance management, and payroll. These systems improve HR efficiency and employee experience. Financial Management. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems using ICT to perform operations, information management, transactional processes, inventory, reporting, forecasting, etc. These tools ensure organizational information accuracy and various compliances. Regulatory Compliance. ICT helps businesses adhere to regulatory requirements by providing tools for data security, audit trails, and compliance reporting. This is particularly important in industries with strict regulatory frameworks. Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery. ICT plays a pivotal role in ensuring business continuity through data backups, redundancy, and disaster recovery plans. These measures mitigate risks and ensure that critical processes can continue in the event of disruptions. Innovation and Adaptation. ICT supports the identification of opportunities for innovation and adaptation in business processes. It enables organizations to implement changes quickly and respond to market shifts. In essence, ICT acts as an enabler and mediator, enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, and agility of business processes. It allows organizations to leverage technology to optimize their operations, stay competitive, and adapt to evolving business environments. Many business processes are interconnected. The output of one process can serve as the input for another, highlighting the importance of seamless integration to achieve organizational objectives. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 11 The IT department must support business process integration recommendation to benefit critical technology, as the adage goes, "Do not try to fit a square peg in a round hole." Avoid forcing something to extract missing features and capabilities. A modernized IT infrastructure should be prepared for a system integration approach that aligns with business processes, data, applications, and old infrastructure. How ICT provides a key role in public governance processes: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a transformative role in public governance by enhancing government operations, improving service delivery, promoting transparency, and engaging citizens. Efficiency and Productivity Improvement. ICT systems and tools streamline administrative processes, reducing bureaucratic inefficiencies. Digital platforms automate routine tasks, data entry, and record-keeping, allowing public servants to focus on more value-added activities. This leads to increased productivity and cost savings. Transparency and Accountability. ICT enables governments to provide transparent access to information and decision-making processes. Open data initiatives make government data and activities accessible to the public, fostering accountability and reducing corruption. Citizens can monitor government actions, budgets, and performance through online portals and real-time updates. E-Government Services. ICT facilitates the delivery of government services online, reducing the need for in-person interactions. Citizens can access services such as tax filing, permit applications, and public health services through web portals and mobile apps. This enhances convenience, reduces wait times, and improves service quality. Citizen Engagement. ICT tools, including social media, mobile apps, and online forums, enable governments to engage citizens in policy development and decision-making. Citizens can provide feedback, participate in surveys, and voice their concerns, fostering a sense of ownership and collaboration in governance. Data Analytics for Informed Decision-Making. IT systems collect and analyze vast amounts of data, helping policymakers make informed decisions. Big data analytics and predictive modeling can be used to identify trends, assess risks, and allocate resources effectively. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 12 Cybersecurity and Data Protection. As governments rely more on digital systems, ICT also plays a critical role in safeguarding sensitive information. Robust cybersecurity measures protect government data, infrastructure, and critical systems from cyber threats, ensuring the integrity and confidentiality of public information. Disaster Management and Emergency Response. For a disaster-prone country like the Philippines, ICT supports rapid response and disaster recovery efforts. Geospatial information systems (GIS), early warning systems, and communication tools enable authorities to coordinate emergency responses, disseminate information, and assist affected populations during crises. Digital Inclusion. Governments leverage ICT to bridge the digital divide and ensure that marginalized communities have access to government services and information. Initiatives to provide internet access, digital literacy training, and affordable devices promote inclusion in the digital age. Smart Cities and Infrastructure. As a prime example is the country’s first ever smart city - Clark Green City in Capas, Tarlac. ICT contributes to the development of smart cities by optimizing urban planning, transportation, and utilities. Smart sensors, IoT devices, and data analytics improve resource management, reduce congestion, and enhance the quality of life for urban residents. International Collaboration. ICT facilitates global cooperation and diplomacy. Governments engage in digital diplomacy through virtual meetings, international collaborations on cybersecurity, and sharing best practices in e- governance. Sustainability and Environmental Management. ICT helps monitor environmental conditions, track emissions, and support sustainable practices. It enables governments to implement environmental regulations and assess the impact of policies on ecosystems. In essence, ICT empowers governments to operate more efficiently, engage with citizens, make informed decisions, and respond effectively to emerging challenges. It transforms public governance into a dynamic and responsive system that aligns with the needs and expectations of modern societies. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 13 System Integration and Its Effects in Business Processes System integration plays a pivotal role in optimizing and streamlining business processes across an organization. Its effects on business processes are significant and can lead to improvements in efficiency, accuracy, and overall operational effectiveness. Before a project ever begins, an integration vendor should have complete real- time visibility into an IT infrastructure. A fragmented ecosystem made up of different and continuously changing technologies, protocols, formats, and data use patterns can frequently result in a domino effect. A new project's implementation would probably not be a one-time thing. Consider the potential of the business and IT ecosystems to grow as well as the system integration that will provide the most future-proof flexibility, adaptability, and upgrade possibilities. Undoubtedly, centralizing an organization's physical and digital IT infrastructure involves a lot of moving elements. Taking on a project to address integration and data migration issues can be intimidating and complex. If functions, business processes, cloud, API, and technology are not aligned and modernized, convolution will ultimately get more complex as a result. Fortunately, if system integration is approached correctly, everything can be made simple. Business Process Management System Undertaking effective business process engineering and/or business re- engineering may be significantly helped via ICT systems. Usually, the Business Process Management (BPM) plays a crucial role in systems integration by providing the framework and tools necessary to streamline, optimize, and automate business processes across an organization. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 14 Image Source: https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/business-process-management Some key roles of BPM in systems integration: Process Modeling and Documentation. BPM tools allow organizations to model and document their existing business processes. This includes defining process steps, roles, responsibilities, inputs, outputs, and decision points. This documentation serves as a foundation for systems integration efforts by providing a clear understanding of how processes currently work. Identification of Integration Points. BPM helps in identifying integration points within business processes where data or functionality from different systems need to interact. These integration points are crucial for determining how various systems will be connected and where data exchange is required. Process Optimization. BPM enables organizations to analyze and optimize their processes for efficiency and effectiveness. Through process modeling and simulation, organizations can identify bottlenecks, redundancies, and areas for improvement. This optimization informs system integration strategies, ensuring that integrated systems align with optimized processes. Workflow Automation. BPM tools allow for the automation of workflows and tasks within business processes. When integrated with various systems, BPM can trigger actions, data transfers, and notifications based on predefined rules and conditions. This automation reduces manual effort and accelerates process execution. Data Integration. BPM systems often include features for data integration and orchestration. They can connect to various data sources and systems, ensuring that data flows seamlessly between different applications and databases. This is critical for successful systems integration. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 15 Monitoring and Control. BPM provides real-time monitoring and visibility into process performance. Integrated systems can feed data into BPM dashboards, allowing organizations to track the status of processes, identify issues, and take corrective actions as needed. Change Management. BPM supports change management efforts associated with systems integration. It helps organizations manage the transition to new processes and systems by providing tools for communication, training, and documentation of process changes. Scalability and Adaptability. BPM systems are often designed to be scalable and adaptable. As organizations grow or introduce new systems, BPM can accommodate these changes, ensuring that integrated processes remain effective and aligned with business goals. Governance and Compliance. BPM tools assist in ensuring that integrated processes comply with regulatory requirements and organizational standards. They often include audit trails, access controls, and reporting features to support governance and compliance efforts. Continuous Improvement. BPM encourages a culture of continuous process improvement. Integrated systems can capture data and performance metrics that inform ongoing optimization efforts, ensuring that systems and processes evolve to meet changing business needs. In summary, BPM serves as a linchpin in systems integration by providing the framework, methodologies, and technology necessary to align business processes with integrated systems. It streamlines processes, automates workflows, facilitates data exchange, and supports ongoing improvement, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of an organization's operations. SUMMARY Business process integration can be achieved through various methods, including the implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, application programming interfaces (APIs), middleware solutions, and cloud- based platforms. Each of these approaches has its advantages and challenges, PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 16 and organizations often adopt a combination of methods to achieve their integration goals. Successful business process integration requires careful planning, robust technology solutions, and a commitment to fostering a culture of collaboration and agility within the organization. Business processes and information systems integration and alignment are fundamental aspects of modern organizations aiming to maximize efficiency and competitiveness. This alignment involves the seamless integration of technology, data, and processes to ensure that information systems support and enhance the execution of critical business processes. By aligning information systems with business processes, organizations can streamline operations, reduce redundancies, and make data-driven decisions more effectively. This integration often requires careful planning, the implementation of appropriate technology solutions, and ongoing monitoring to ensure that systems evolve with changing business needs. Furthermore, business process and information systems alignment enable organizations to respond more rapidly to market changes and customer demands. It allows for better resource allocation, enhanced collaboration, and improved customer service. In an era where digital transformation is a key driver of competitiveness, aligning information systems with business processes has become a strategic imperative for organizations across industries. KEY TERMS business processes business functions business process re- engineering business process engineering information system business process integration POSTTEST Directions: Encircle the letter corresponding to your answer. yellow — ChatGPT What is the primary goal of business process engineering (BPE)? Reducing employee workload Maximizing shareholder value Minimizing technology investments PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 17 Increasing employee turnover Which of the following is a key benefit of well-defined and optimized business processes? Increased process complexity Decreased operational efficiency Enhanced customer satisfaction Reduced need for automation Which IT system is specifically designed for modeling, analyzing, and optimizing business processes? Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system Business Process Management (BPM) software Document Management System (DMS) What is the purpose of workflow automation tools in business processes? To increase manual intervention To streamline approval processes To create data silos To reduce process visibility What is the primary objective of business process integration? Increasing operational complexity Streamlining workflows and data flow Isolating business functions Reducing the need for information systems Which of the following is a key benefit of effective business process integration? Increased data redundancy Improved collaboration Complicated approval processes Reduced process efficiency Which technology is commonly used for integrating disparate systems and enabling business process integration? Augmented Reality (AR) Internet of Things (IoT) Middleware Virtual Reality (VR) What does business process - information systems alignment primarily aim to achieve? a. Increasing operational complexity PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 18 b. Isolating business functions c. Ensuring that technology supports and enhances business processes d. Minimizing collaboration between departments Which of the following is a key benefit of aligning information systems with business processes? a. Reduced need for data analytics b. Improved customer service c. Decreased reliance on automation d. Increased process variability What is the role of IT systems in business process - information systems alignment? a. To hinder the alignment process b. To complicate business processes c. To serve as enablers by supporting and automating aligned processes d. To isolate business functions REFERENCES Entringer, T. C., de Oliveira Nascimento, D. C., da Silva Ferreira, A., Siqueira, P. M. T., de Souza Boechat, A., Cerchiaro, I. B.,... & Ramos, R. R. (2019). Comparative analysis main methods business process modeling: literature review, applications and examples. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 6(5). Fetais, A., Abdella, G. M., Al-Khalifa, K. N., & Hamouda, A. M. (2022). Business process re-engineering: a literature review-based analysis of implementation measures. Information, 13(4), 185. Harika, A., Sunil Kumar, M., Anantha Natarajan, V., & Kallam, S. (2021). Business process reengineering: issues and challenges. In Proceedings of Second International Conference on Smart Energy and Communication: ICSEC 2020 (pp. 363-382). Springer Singapore. Khashman, A. M. (2019). The effect of business process re-engineering on organizational performance: the mediating role of information and communications technology. International Journal of Business and Management, 14(9), 132-149. Oliveira, T. A., Oliver, M., & Ramalhinho, H. (2020). Challenges for connecting citizens and smart cities: ICT, e-governance and blockchain. Sustainability, 12(7), 2926. Sofyani, H., Riyadh, H. A., & Fahlevi, H. (2020). Improving service quality, accountability and transparency of local government: The intervening role of information technology governance. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1735690. Tucci, L. (2023). What is business process management? An in-depth BPM guide. https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/business-process-management PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 1 Course Material No. 7 SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND ARCHITECTURE DR. RAMIRO Z. DELA CRUZ Course Instructor Designing PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 2 System Integration Solutions 7 LEARNING OUTCOMES Here’s what students are expected to gain in this course material: Define the significance of gathering comprehensive integration requirements from various stakeholders. Explain techniques for analyzing, prioritizing, and documenting integration needs Develop strategies for detecting, reporting, and resolving integration-related errors Design a systems integration solution RESOURCES NEEDED For this lesson, you would need the following resources: Designing and Developing Technology-Integrated Solutions PowerPoint Presentation Links to videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HiG0Iqzbgz8 (Designing Systems Integration Solutions and Enterprise Integration Patterns) Links to websites: Reference materials, tools, and equipment PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 3 Before you start, try answering the following questions. MODULE CONTENTS 1. What are the various system integration requirements from the point of view of stakeholders? Kick-off Pretest ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 3 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 5 Pre-Activity Title ________________________________________ 2. Explain the techniques for analyzing, 6 Your heading here prioritizing, and documenting integration needs. 9 Your heading here ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 11 Your heading here ___________________________________ ________________________________________ 3. How can we develop strategies for detecting, reporting, and resolving 14 Posttest integration-related errors? Key Terms ___________________________________ 15 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 15 References ________________________________________ PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 4 System Integration solutions INTRODUCTION refer to a comprehensive approach in the field of information technology and business operations, where various Integrated system solutions represent a fundamental approach in the world of hardware and software components, applications, and technology and business. These solutions are designed to streamline processes are harmoniously operations, improve efficiency, and enhance productivity by combining various combined and interlinked to create IT systems, applications, and processes into a cohesive and harmonious a cohesive and efficient environment. In an era characterized by rapidly evolving technologies and the technology ecosystem. increasing demand for seamless connectivity, integrated system solutions have become essential for organizations seeking a competitive edge and optimized System integration solutions performance. refer to a comprehensive set of methods, technologies, and The core principle of integrated system solutions is the unification of disparate practices aimed at seamlessly connecting and coordinating systems, databases, and software applications to work together as a different information technology synchronized and interconnected ecosystem. This approach eliminates data systems and components within an silos and enhances data flow between different components of an organization. organization, allowing for more effective decision-making and resource allocation. Integrated systems can encompass a wide range of domains, from Interoperability is the ability of enterprise resource planning (ERP) and customer relationship management different software, hardware, or (CRM) to supply chain management and financial systems. The goal is to create systems to work together, a holistic infrastructure that delivers a comprehensive view of an exchange information, and organization's operations and data, facilitating more agile and informed function cohesively without business practices. encountering compatibility issues. Scalability is a characteristic of a The adoption of integrated system solutions has become a strategic necessity system, application, or technology for organizations of all sizes and across various industries. This approach not that describes its ability to handle only fosters operational efficiency but also improves customer experiences by an increasing amount of work, providing real-time data access and enabling personalized interactions. As data, or users while maintaining or technology continues to evolve, integrated system solutions will remain pivotal improving its performance and in enabling businesses and institutions to adapt, scale, and thrive in an functionality. increasingly interconnected and data-driven world. Flexibility is the ability of a system, process, or entity to adapt, change, or be modified with. relative ease and efficiency in response to new circumstances, requirements, or challenges. Data transformation refers to the process of converting data from one format, structure, or representation into another. Real-time data exchange is a capability of system integration solutions that enables the instantaneous and continuous transfer of data between different systems, applications, or devices as it is created or updated. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 5 SYSTEMS INTEGRATION SOLUTIONS Integrated system solutions refer to a comprehensive approach in the field of information technology and business operations, where various hardware and software components, applications, and processes are harmoniously combined and interlinked to create a cohesive and efficient technology ecosystem. The primary objective of integrated system solutions is to enable seamless data exchange and communication among different parts of an organization, allowing for more streamlined operations, data accuracy, and improved decision-making. On the other hand, system integration solutions refer to a comprehensive set of methods, technologies, and practices aimed at seamlessly connecting and coordinating different information technology systems and components within an organization. These solutions are designed to facilitate the efficient flow of data, processes, and functionalities across various software applications, hardware systems, databases, and services. The overarching goal of system integration solutions is to enhance interoperability, streamline operations, and optimize the use of technology resources within an organization. The solutions have become the linchpin of modern organizations, enabling them to effectively leverage the power of diverse technologies, applications, and processes. In today's digital landscape, where businesses and institutions rely on an array of IT systems and software to function, seamless integration is paramount. These solutions serve as the bridge that connects different facets of an organization, allowing data and processes to flow harmoniously, facilitating improved decision- making, and ultimately enhancing overall productivity. The premise of system integration solutions lies in bringing together often- disparate components within an organization's IT infrastructure. This includes a wide spectrum of elements, from databases and software applications to hardware systems, IoT devices, and cloud-based services. By integrating these components, organizations can establish a unified environment in which data and operations are interconnected. This approach promotes operational efficiency, enhances data accuracy, and reduces redundancy, resulting in cost savings and better resource allocation. The increasing demand for system integration solutions reflects the growing complexity of modern business operations and the need for organizations to remain competitive and agile. These solutions empower organizations to make informed decisions, streamline processes, improve customer experiences, and navigate the challenges of the digital age. As technology continues to advance, the PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 6 role of System Integration Solutions in promoting interoperability and enabling organizations to adapt to change will only become more critical. System integration solutions involve the integration of diverse IT systems, including legacy systems, proprietary software, third-party applications, and cloud services, to function as a cohesive whole. This harmonious connection eliminates data silos and promotes real-time data exchange, ensuring a comprehensive view of an organization's operations. By integrating systems, organizations can reduce redundancy, lower operational costs, and improve their ability to adapt to changing business needs and emerging technologies. In summary, system integration solutions are the means through which organizations bridge the gaps between their various IT components to create a unified and efficient technology environment. This integration is crucial in today's digital landscape, enabling organizations to enhance their agility, remain competitive, and make informed decisions. Must have characteristics or capabilities of system integration solutions Interoperability. Interoperability is the ability of different software, hardware, or systems to work together, exchange information, and function cohesively without encountering compatibility issues. It is a fundamental concept in the fields of information technology and systems integration, ensuring that diverse components or systems can communicate and collaborate effectively. In the context of interoperability, components or systems may be from different vendors, use various data formats, or employ different communication protocols. Achieving interoperability often involves the development and adherence to standardized protocols, data formats, and communication interfaces. This ensures that data and functions can be exchanged seamlessly between systems, promoting efficient and effective collaboration in a connected environment. System integration solutions must be capable of connecting and coordinating diverse systems and applications, ensuring they can communicate and work together seamlessly. Scalability. Scalability is a characteristic of a system, application, or technology that describes its ability to handle an increasing amount of work, data, or users while maintaining or improving its performance and functionality. In essence, a scalable system can adapt and expand its capacity to accommodate growing demands without a significant decrease in performance or the need for extensive redesign. The systems in the integrated environment should be able to grow and adapt accordingly since an organization's needs inevitably change over PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 7 time, necessitating the need to accommodate additional components and increased data volumes. Flexibility. Flexibility is the ability of a system, process, or entity to adapt, change, or be modified with relative ease and efficiency in response to new circumstances, requirements, or challenges. It reflects the capacity to make adjustments or alterations without a significant disruption to the existing structure or function. Flexibility is a valuable quality in various contexts, including technology, business, and organizational management. These solutions should support various integration patterns, such as point-to-point, hub-and- spoke, and event-driven, allowing organizations to choose the most suitable approach for their requirements. Security. Security features are paramount, including robust authentication, encryption, and access controls to protect data and systems from threats and unauthorized access. Data Transformation. Data transformation refers to the process of converting data from one format, structure, or representation into another. This transformation can involve various operations, including reformatting, cleaning, aggregating, or enriching data to make it suitable for a specific purpose, application, or system. Data transformation is a fundamental step in data integration, analysis, and processing workflows. System integration solutions should be capable of transforming data formats and structures to ensure compatibility between different systems. Key aspects of data transformation include: data format conversion, data cleansing, data aggregation, data enrichment, data filtering, data normalization, data joining and data transcoding. Real-Time Data Exchange. Real-time data exchange is a capability of system integration solutions that enables the instantaneous and continuous transfer of data between different systems, applications, or devices as it is created or updated. In real-time data exchange, information is transmitted and processed without noticeable delays, allowing organizations to make immediate decisions and take actions based on the most current data available. They should facilitate real-time data synchronization and communication, enabling up-to-the-minute insights and actions. Monitoring and Reporting. Monitoring and reporting are critical components of system integration solutions and information technology in general. They refer to the processes and tools used to track the performance and health of systems, applications, and networks, and to generate reports or alerts based on the collected data. Monitoring and reporting are essential for maintaining system reliability, identifying and addressing issues, and ensuring that integrated systems operate as expected. Effective monitoring tools are essential for identifying issues and monitoring system performance. Detailed reporting capabilities assist with troubleshooting and optimization. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 8 Support for Various Protocols. The ability to support a wide range of communication protocols, such as SOAP, REST, MQTT, and more, is crucial for connecting diverse systems. The SOAP is a protocol that enables the exchange of structured information in the implementation of web services. It is known for its strict standards and is used in environments where reliability and security are critical. Its biggest drawback is in being too heavy and process intensive. SOAP messages are typically formatted in XML and are more heavyweight The REST protocol is commonly used in web services and is often favored for its simplicity, ease of use, and scalability. It is widely used in system integration solutions for exposing and consuming APIs. However, REST relies on stateless communication and uses standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) for interacting with resources. It typically employs JSON or XML as data formats. In contrast, the MQTT is a lightweight and efficient publish-subscribe messaging protocol that is well-suited for scenarios involving real-time data exchange and telemetry. It is often used in IoT and machine-to-machine communication. MQTT operates on a client-server or broker-based architecture. Devices (clients) publish data to specific topics, and other devices subscribe to those topics to receive the data. It is designed for low-bandwidth and high-latency environments. Example of this protocol implementation is in smart home systems wherein MQTT can be used to connect various devices, such as temperature sensors and smart lights. The sensors publish data to specific topics, and the lights subscribe to those topics to respond to temperature changes in real time. API Management. API Management, short for Application Programming Interface Management, is a set of practices, processes, and tools that facilitate the creation, publication, and usage of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) in a secure, scalable, and efficient manner. It plays a crucial role in modern software development, as APIs enable different software components and systems to communicate and interact. Key aspects of API management include: API creation and design, API documentation, API security, API gateway, API traffic management, developer portal, analytics and monitoring, API versioning, and, developer community support. Another crucial part of integration solution for API management integration would be with Identity and Access Management (IAM) – to ensure that only authorized users and applications can access APIs. The system integration solution should provide robust API management capabilities for exposing and consuming APIs. Legacy System Integration. Legacy system integration is the process of connecting or linking older or "legacy" computer systems, software, or applications with newer systems, technologies, or platforms to improve PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 9 functionality, data sharing, and overall efficiency. Legacy systems are often outdated but continue to play a crucial role in organizations, and integrating them with modern systems is a way to extend their useful life and enhance their capabilities. It should offer support for integrating legacy systems, which may use outdated technologies and protocols. Key aspects of an integration solution that focuses on legacy systems include capabilities for data exchange, functionality enhancement, user experience improvement, cost reduction, legacy system modernization, data migration, middleware and APIs, and, security and compliance. Cloud Integration. Cloud Integration Solutions refer to technologies, tools, and strategies used to connect and coordinate processes, data, applications, and services across cloud-based environments and between cloud and on-premises systems. Cloud integration enables organizations to leverage the benefits of cloud computing while ensuring that their various systems and data sources work together seamlessly. As cloud services become more prevalent, the solution should support the integration of cloud-based applications and services with on-premises systems. Data Mapping and Transformation. Data mapping and transformation are fundamental processes in integration solutions, whether they involve legacy systems, cloud-based applications, or hybrid environments. These processes are key components of data integration and serve to ensure that data is compatible, structured, and formatted appropriately for seamless communication between systems. Data mapping and transformation solutions play a critical role in overcoming data disparities and enabling effective data exchange. The solution should offer tools for mapping data between systems with different data structures and formats. Error Handling and Recovery. Error handling and recovery are critical aspects of any integration solution, ensuring that the system can detect, respond to, and recover from errors and exceptions that may occur during data exchange or process execution. Effective error handling and recovery mechanisms are essential for maintaining data integrity, system reliability, and business continuity in complex integration environments. Capabilities for handling errors gracefully and facilitating data recovery are essential for maintaining data integrity and system reliability. Governance and Compliance. Governance and compliance are vital aspects of integration solutions, especially in the context of modern, interconnected technology ecosystems. Effective governance and compliance measures help organizations ensure that their integration processes are consistent, secure, and adhere to relevant laws and regulations. The solution should support governance and compliance requirements by tracking and managing data access, usage, and modifications. Rapid Deployment. Rapid deployment in integration solutions refers to the ability to quickly set up and deploy integration processes and technologies to PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 10 address business needs or respond to changing requirements efficiently. It involves using strategies, tools, and best practices that streamline the integration process and reduce the time it takes to make new connections or modify existing ones. Rapid deployment is crucial in today's fast-paced business environment, where organizations need to be agile and responsive to changing market conditions and opportunities. The ability to quickly implement integration solutions is crucial for responding to changing business needs and market dynamics. User-Friendly Interface. A user-friendly interface in integration solutions plays a significant role in ensuring that users, whether they are IT professionals, business users, or other stakeholders, can interact with the integration platform efficiently and effectively. A well-designed user interface simplifies the complexities of integration, making it accessible to a broader range of users and streamlining the management of integration processes. An intuitive and user- friendly interface is valuable for developers and administrators managing the integration. Redundancy and Failover. Redundancy and failover are critical components of integration solutions to ensure high availability, data integrity, and system reliability. Redundancy involves creating backups or duplicates of essential components, while failover mechanisms automatically switch to backup resources when primary systems encounter issues. High availability features should be in place to ensure system continuity in the event of component failures. Support for EAI and ESB. Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) and Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) capabilities can facilitate complex integration scenarios. EAI and ESB are critical components of integration solutions, playing distinct roles in connecting applications and systems within an organization. EAI focuses on connecting disparate applications and systems to enable seamless data and process integration. EAI solutions facilitate real-time data sharing and business process automation across applications through providing connectors, adapters, and middleware that enable the integration of different applications and data sources. ESB acts as a middleware layer that facilitates communication and data exchange between various applications and services by providing a central hub for routing and transforming data. These in turn, enable integration solutions often via inclusion of ESB functionalities like in message brokering, routing, and transformation capabilities. Documentation and Training. Documentation and training are crucial aspects of integration solutions to ensure that users can effectively use, manage, and maintain the integration infrastructure. Proper documentation and training empower users to understand the system's capabilities, troubleshoot issues, and leverage the integration platform to its full potential. Comprehensive documentation and training resources should be available to assist integration teams in effectively using the solution. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 11 Proper documentation and training ensure that users can harness the full potential of integration solutions, reduce the learning curve, and maintain the system effectively. These resources, combined with online support and formal training programs, create a comprehensive ecosystem that enables users to achieve their integration goals efficiently and with confidence. The table below sums up must-have of integration solutions. Characteristic/ Capability Examples Interoperability work together and exchange information Integration of a customer relationship seamlessly without compatibility issues. management (CRM) system with an e- commerce platform. Scalability handle increased workloads and data A cloud-based storage solution that without a significant reduction in can easily accommodate additional performance. data as a company grows. Flexibility adapt and modify systems and processes An enterprise resource planning (ERP) efficiently in response to changing system that allows for customizing requirements or challenges. workflows to suit specific business needs. Security protect data and systems from unauthorized Encryption of data during transmission access, breaches, or cyber threats and at rest within a database system. Real-Time Data synchronize and transmit data in real time, Real-time inventory updates in an e- Exchange providing up-to-the-minute insights and commerce system. actions Monitoring and tracking system performance, identifying A monitoring dashboard that alerts Reporting issues, and generating reports for administrators to system anomalies. troubleshooting and optimization Support for work with different communication Support for both REST and SOAP Various protocols to facilitate seamless data protocols for API integrations. Protocols exchange. Data convert data from one format or structure Transforming raw customer data into Transformation to another, making it compatible with a standardized format for analysis. different systems. Error Handling handle errors gracefully and recover from Automatic failover to backup servers and Recovery disruptions, ensuring data integrity and in case of a primary server failure. system reliability. Governance and manage data access, usage, and Auditing and access controls to meet Compliance modifications in compliance with legal and industry-specific data regulations. organizational requirements. Rapid implement integration solutions to respond Using low-code or no-code platforms Deployment to evolving business needs. for rapid development and deployment of integrations. Cost Efficiency reduce the overall cost of system Using open-source integration integration, such as minimizing platforms to lower licensing costs. maintenance overhead. User-Friendly interface for developers and administrators An integration platform with a user- Interface managing integration. friendly visual interface for designing workflows. Redundancy and ensure system continuity in the event of Load balancing and automatic failover Failover component failures. in a clustered web server configuration. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 12 These characteristics and capabilities ensure that system integration solutions can adapt to the evolving technology landscape and support an organization's operational and strategic objectives. SUMMARY Integration solutions are vital components for organizations seeking to streamline their business processes and connect various applications and systems. These solutions offer a cohesive framework that enables the seamless flow of data, enhances automation, and simplifies the exchange of information between different software applications. Integration solutions come in various forms, such as Enterprise Application Integration (EAI), Enterprise Service Bus (ESB), and cloud- based integration platforms. At their core, integration solutions facilitate interoperability between diverse systems and data sources. They provide a unified environment where data can be mapped, transformed, and routed between applications, ensuring consistency and accuracy. Integration solutions play a pivotal role in optimizing business processes, reducing manual data entry, and improving the overall efficiency of an organization. Moreover, they enable real-time data synchronization, which is crucial in a fast-paced, data-driven business landscape. Additionally, integration solutions support scalability, enabling organizations to adapt to changing business needs. They are essential for connecting on-premises systems with cloud-based applications, fostering collaboration, and improving data accessibility. These solutions come with user-friendly interfaces and comprehensive documentation, ensuring that users, administrators, and developers can effectively use and maintain the integration platform. Overall, integration solutions are instrumental in enhancing an organization's agility, competitiveness, and ability to leverage data for informed decision-making.  PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 13 KEY TERMS system integration solutions interoperability flexibility scalability data transformation real-time exchange POSTTEST Directions: Encircle the letter corresponding to your answer. What is the primary purpose of integration solutions in an organization? a) To create standalone applications b) To isolate data silos c) To facilitate the seamless flow of data between applications d) To replace existing software systems Which component of integration solutions is responsible for routing and transforming data between applications and services? a) Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) b) Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) (wk. 8, p. 10) c) Data Integration d) User Interface What is the role of documentation and training in integration solutions? a) They are optional and not necessary for successful integration. b) They help users, administrators, and developers understand and use the platform effectively. (wk. 8, pp. 10– c) They only focus on user training and don't benefit administrators and developers. 11) d) They are primarily designed for compliance purposes. What does ESB stand for in the context of integration solutions? a) Enterprise Software Broker PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 14 b) Enterprise System Bus c) Enterprise Service Bus (wk. 8, pp. 10, 12, 13) d) Enterprise Solution Base What is the main purpose of data transformation in integration solutions? a) To block data from being shared between systems b) To make data unreadable for security purposes c) To convert data from one format to another (wk. 8, p. 11) d) To duplicate data for backup In integration solutions, what does "real-time data synchronization" refer to? a) Data that is only synchronized once a day b) Immediate and continuous updates of data between systems (wk. 8, pp. 7, 11) c) Data that is synchronized manually by users d) Data that is never synchronized What is the purpose of API management in integration solutions? a) To prevent the use of APIs b) To govern and optimize the use of APIs (wk, 8, p. 8) c) To encrypt API data d) To restrict API access to a single application What is the purpose of load balancing in integration solutions? a) To add extra load to systems b) To reduce overall system performance c) To distribute traffic evenly among redundant resources d) To disrupt network connectivity Which type of training is primarily focused on teaching users how to effectively utilize the user interface of an integration solution? a) Administrator Training b) Developer Training c) User Training d) Technical Training PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 15 REFERENCES Bousdekis, A., & Mentzas, G. (2021). Enterprise Integration and Interoperability for big data-driven processes in the Frame of Industry 4.0. Frontiers in big Data, 4, 644651. Liu, B., Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., & Zheng, P. (2019). Edge-cloud orchestration driven industrial smart product-service systems solution design based on CPS and IIoT. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 42, 100984. Palade, D., Møller, C., Chen, L. I., & Mantravadi, S. (2021). An open platform for smart production: It/ot integration in a smart factory. In 23rd International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, ICEIS 2021 (pp. 707-714). Science and Technology Publications, Lda. Pittaway, J. J., & Montazemi, A. R. (2020). Know-how to lead digital transformation: The case of local governments. Government information quarterly, 37(4), 101474. Rafiei, M., & Ricardez-Sandoval, L. A. (2020). New frontiers, challenges, and opportunities in integration of design and control for enterprise-wide sustainability. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 132, 106610. Yosevine, P., Oetama, R. S., Setiawan, J., & Princes, E. (2021). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Evaluation and Implementation: A Case Study. J. Multidiscip. Issues, 1(1), 49-66. Zhang, W. J., Wang, J. W., & Lin, Y. (2019). Integrated design and operation management for enterprise systems. Enterprise Information Systems, 13(4), 424-429. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 1 Course Material No. 8 SYSTEM INTEGRATION AND ARCHITECTURE DR. RAMIRO Z. DELA CRUZ Course Instructor  PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 2 Enterprise Integration Patterns 8 LEARNING OUTCOMES Here’s what students are expected to gain in this course material: Define Enterprise Integration Patterns (EIP) and explain their role in achieving seamless communication between disparate systems. Understand the significance of EIP in modern business environments Apply patterns to design and develop integration solutions for given scenarios RESOURCES NEEDED For this lesson, you would need the following resources: Enterprise Integration Patterns PowerPoint Presentation Links to videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- 2tyrDG9NM0&list=PLWmY-5Dfr8QBX7c5403yIcx7r93frvrfV (Enterprise Integration Patterns) Links to websites: Reference materials, tools, and equipment PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 3 Before you start, try answering the following questions. MODULE CONTENTS 1. What are Enterprise Integration Patterns (EIP) and explain their role in achieving seamless communication between disparate systems Kick-off Pretest ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 3 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 5 Pre-Activity Title ________________________________________ 2. Explain the significance of EIP in modern 6 Your heading here business environments. __________________________________ 9 Your heading here ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 11 Your heading here ________________________________________ 3. How can enterprise integration patterns be utilized for the design and development of integration solutions for given scenarios? 14 Posttest __________________________________ Key Terms ___________________________________ 15 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ________________________________________ 15 References PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 4 Enterprise integration patterns are a set of standardized solutions INTRODUCTION to common challenges and problems encountered when Enterprise integration patterns (EIP) represent a comprehensive and widely- integrating various software adopted approach to solving the complex challenges of integrating various systems and applications within an enterprise software applications and systems within an enterprise. These patterns provide a set of proven solutions to common integration problems, allowing Pattern is a recurring, abstract organizations to achieve seamless communication between different solution to a common problem or components of their IT landscape. EIP serves as a common language for challenge. It provides a template architects, developers, and business stakeholders, facilitating effective or general blueprint for solving a communication and the creation of robust integration solutions. particular issue, but without a specific context or application. EIPs offer a rich vocabulary of patterns, each addressing specific integration issues. These patterns encompass fundamental concepts such as messaging, Message channels act as conduits for the flow of messages, allowing transformation, and routing. For example, the message channel pattern data and information to be defines how messages are exchanged between different system components, exchanged between various while the message translator pattern outlines how data format endpoints, services, or transformations can be achieved. Understanding and applying these patterns components. can significantly simplify integration design and development, reducing the risk of common integration pitfalls. Message filter pattern serves as a gatekeeper for messages within an Whether dealing with legacy systems, cloud-based applications, or real-time integration system, allowing only data streams, EIPs provide a valuable toolkit for building agile and efficient selected messages that meet integration solutions. These patterns enable organizations to adapt to evolving specific criteria to pass through while filtering out others. business requirements, implement effective communication between disparate systems, and ultimately enhance their competitiveness and Message router is the traffic cop operational efficiency in the modern, interconnected business landscape. of an integration system that ensures that messages are delivered to the right recipients. based on specific criteria, such as message content, headers, or sender information. Message broker pattern enables ENTERPRISE INTEGRATION PATTERNS advanced routing and filtering capabilities, ensuring that messages are delivered to the A pattern is a recurring, abstract solution to a common problem or challenge. It appropriate recipients efficiently provides a template or general blueprint for solving a particular issue, but without a specific context or application. Patterns are designed to be widely applicable across different domains and are typically expressed in a generic and reusable form. Patterns serve as a way to encapsulate best practices and collective knowledge, offering a set of guidelines and a shared language for addressing familiar problems PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 5 in a structured and efficient manner. These solutions are abstracted from specific instances and focus on the high-level structure, interactions, and relationships involved in solving a given problem. While patterns lack context, they provide a foundation upon which developers, designers, and problem solvers can build custom solutions tailored to their specific needs. Patterns are like building blocks for problem-solving, allowing individuals to adapt and apply them to diverse situations, making the development process more systematic and effective. Image Source: https://www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com/patterns/messaging/MessageTransformationIntro.html As originally conceived by Gregor Hohpe and Bobby Woolf, EIPs are a set of 65 communication patterns as standardized solutions to common challenges and problems encountered when integrating various software systems and applications within an enterprise. These patterns provide a way to design, describe, and communicate solutions to integration issues in a systematic and reusable manner. EIPs offer a framework and language for architects, developers, and other stakeholders to better understand, design, and implement effective integration solutions. EIPs define a wide range of patterns, each addressing a specific aspect of integration, such as message routing, transformation, and interaction styles. Examples of EIPs include the message channel pattern, which describes how messages are exchanged between different components, and the content enricher PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 6 pattern, which explains how to enhance message content during integration. By applying these patterns, organizations can achieve better communication between disparate systems, reduce integration complexities, and create robust, efficient, and maintainable integration solutions. The Most Common Enterprise Integration Patterns Image Source: https://www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com/patterns/messaging/MessageTransformationIntro.html This is a fundamental EIP that defines how messages are exchanged between system components. It introduces a layer of abstraction for communication, enabling loose coupling between components. Message channels act as conduits for the flow of messages, allowing data and information to be exchanged between various endpoints, services, or components. These channels serve as a means to decouple senders and receivers, providing a flexible and scalable way to manage communication within the enterprise. EIP defines various types of message channels, each suited for specific integration scenarios. For instance, publish-subscribe channels are employed for broadcasting messages to multiple subscribers, while point-to-point channels facilitate one-to- one communication between sender and receiver. Channels can also be classified as durable or non-durable, depending on whether they persist messages for later retrieval or not. In practice, message channels enable organizations to create robust, modular, and efficient integration solutions. They play a critical role in ensuring that messages are delivered reliably, consistently, and in a manner that aligns with the specific requirements of the integration architecture. By leveraging different types of message channels and combining them effectively, enterprises can design resilient and adaptable integration systems capable of handling a wide range of business processes and data exchanges. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 7 Message Router Pattern The message router pattern is used to route messages to different destinations based on certain criteria. It enables dynamic message routing, such as sending an order to a specific processing component based on customer location. Message router channels assist in directing messages to their appropriate destinations based on defined criteria. Image Source: https://www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com/patterns/messaging/MessageRouter.html In the context of EIPs, the message routing pattern plays a pivotal role in facilitating the controlled and intelligent routing of messages to their intended destinations. It can be said that message routing is the traffic cop of an integration system, ensuring that messages are delivered to the right recipients based on specific criteria, such as message content, headers, or sender information. This pattern is crucial in enabling the decoupling of systems and services, as it allows for dynamic and flexible routing decisions. Message routers, central to this pattern, act as intermediaries that inspect incoming messages and determine their routes, often based on predefined rules or conditions. The message routing pattern enhances the adaptability and scalability of integration solutions, enabling them to handle complex routing scenarios and evolving business requirements effectively. Message Filter Patterns A message filter is responsible for selecting or excluding specific messages based on certain criteria. For instance, it can be used to filter out messages that do not meet certain conditions. The message filter pattern, as part of EIP, serves as a gatekeeper for messages within an integration system, allowing only selected messages that meet specific criteria to pass through while filtering out others. This pattern plays a critical role in message-driven systems where not all incoming messages are relevant or intended for the same processing logic. Message filters evaluate messages based on their content, metadata, or attributes and then make decisions on whether to accept or discard them. This is particularly useful for ensuring that only valid or PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 8 essential messages are further processed, reducing the workload and preventing irrelevant data from entering downstream systems. Message filters can be applied at various points in an integration flow, helping streamline the flow of information and enhance the overall efficiency of the integration system. Image Source: https://www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com/patterns/messaging/Filter.html Content-Based Router Pattern The content-based router pattern, a fundamental concept in EIP, acts as an intelligent dispatcher for incoming messages within an integrated system. This pattern examines the content of each message and makes routing decisions based on defined criteria. By evaluating message content, such as headers, tags, or specific data fields, content-based routers can dynamically determine the appropriate destination for each message. This flexibility allows different messages to be directed to specific processing logic, systems, or components, ensuring that they reach their intended endpoints. Content-Based Routers are a pivotal component in orchestrating complex integration flows, enabling systems to handle diverse messages effectively and routing them to the right processing nodes. This pattern is crucial for building adaptable and responsive integration solutions, especially in scenarios where messages need to follow distinct pathways based on their content. Image Source: https://www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com/patterns/messaging/ContentBasedRouter.html This pattern routes messages based on their content, making decisions about where a message should go based on the data it carries. For example, it might route orders to different processors based on the order type. PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 9 Message Translator Pattern The message translator serves as a mediator, ensuring that messages are appropriately translated and transformed as they move between disparate systems. This pattern is particularly useful in scenarios where different applications or services use distinct data formats, such as XML, JSON, or proprietary standards. By employing Message Translators, organizations can establish interoperability and seamlessly exchange data between systems that would otherwise struggle to communicate effectively. Image Source: https://www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com/patterns/messaging/MessageTranslator.html Within EIP, message translators work as intermediaries that intercept messages, interpret their content, and apply necessary transformations to ensure compatibility between the sender and receiver. These transformations may involve tasks like data mapping, format conversion, or code translation. As a result, the Message Translator pattern simplifies the process of integrating various systems, making it possible to connect diverse technologies and enable efficient data exchange. This pattern is essential in managing the intricacies of modern enterprise architectures, where a wide array of applications and services with differing message requirements must coexist and collaborate harmoniously. The message translator focuses on transforming the data format of messages to ensure that they are compatible with the systems they need to interact with. It is often used for protocol mediation, like converting XML to JSON. Splitter and Aggregator Patterns In the realm of EIP, the splitter and aggregator patterns are vital tools for managing the processing of messages that contain multiple parts, such as lists or arrays of data. The splitter pattern divides a message into smaller parts, allowing parallel PAMANTASAN NG CABUYAO |INTEGRATIVE PROGRAMMING AND TECHNOLOGIES 10 processing. On the other hand, the aggregator pattern combines these parts back into a single message, useful for dealing with large volumes of data. Image Source: https://www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com/patterns/messaging/Sequencer.html The splitter pattern, as the name implies, is responsible for breaking down a single message into its individual components or parts, typically by dividing it into smaller, more manageable units. These parts can then be processed independently, allowing for parallel execution of tasks or routing each part to different components for further handling. The Splitter pattern is instrumental when dealing with bulk data or collections, ensuring that each element receives the necessary attention, and this patter