ITM Assignment 1 PDF

# Explain about generation of computer in detail. ## **First generation (1940-1956)**: Vacuum Tube Era. - These are bulky, heat-generating devices that controlled the flow of electricity. - They were the primary component of early computers. ### Characteristics - **Size**: computers were massiv...

# Explain about generation of computer in detail. ## **First generation (1940-1956)**: Vacuum Tube Era. - These are bulky, heat-generating devices that controlled the flow of electricity. - They were the primary component of early computers. ### Characteristics - **Size**: computers were massive, filling entire rooms - **Speed**: processing speeds were slow, measured in milliseconds - **Programming**: programming was done in machine language, a complex system of binary code - **Applications**: primarily used for scientific calculations and military purposes. **e.g.** ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) ## **Second generation (1956-1963)**: Transistor era. - These solid-state devices replaced vacuum tubes, offering smaller size, lower power consumption, and greater reliability. ### Characteristics: - **Size**: computers became smaller and more portable - **Speed**: processing speeds increased significantly - **Programming**: high-level programming languages like FORTRAN and COBOL were introduced, making programming easier. **Applications**: expanded to business and administrative tasks. **e.g**: IBM 1401, CDC 6600 ## **Third generation (1964-1971)**: Integrated Circuit era. - **ICs**: multiple transistors were combined onto a single silicon chip, leading to further miniaturization and increased performance. ### Characteristics: - **Size**: computers became even smaller and more compact - **Speed**: processing speeds continued to increase dramatically - **Operating Systems**: development of operating systems like UNIX and Dos improved user experience. - **Time-sharing**: time-sharing systems allowed multiple users to access a single computer simultaneously **e.g**: IBM System/360, PDP-11. ## **Fourth generation (1971-present)**: Microprocessor era. - Entire CPUs were integrated onto a single chip, leading to the development of personal computers - **Characteristics: ** - **Personal computers**: PCs became widely available and affordable. - **GUI**: made computers easier to use for non-technical users - **Networking**: The Internet and local area networks (LANs) connected computers worldwide. - **Software applications**: A vast array of software applications were developed for various purposes **e.g**: Apple II, IBM PC, modern laptops and smartphones. ## **Fifth generation (present and Beyond)**: AI and Quantum computing - **Artificial intelligence**: computers are being developed to perform tasks that require human intelligence, such as natural language processing, pattern recognition and problem solving - **Quantum computing**: Exploits the principles of quantum mechanics to solve complex problems that are beyond the capabilities of classical computers. ### Characteristics: - **AI applications**: AI is being used in fields like healthcare, finance and autonomous vehicles. - **Quantum computing**: Quantum computers have the potential to revolutionize fields like drug discovery, materials science and cryptography. **e.g**: AI assistants like Siri and Alexa. ## **What is operating system? Explain real time, multiprogramming, multitasking and batch processing system** - An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages a computer's hardware and software resources. It acts as an intermediary between the hardware and applications, providing a user interface and handling tasks like memory management, process scheduling, input/output operations, and file systems ### Key functions of OS: - **Process management**: Controls the execution of multiple programs simultaneously - **Memory management**: Allocates and deallocates memory to processes - **Filesystem management**: Organizes and stores data on storage devices - **Input/output (I/O) handling**: manages communication between the computer and external devices - **Device management**: controls the operation of hardware devices - **Networking**: enables communication between computers on a network - **Security**: protects the system from unauthorized access ### **Real-time multitasking**: - It is a type of OS scheduling where tasks are executed within strict time constraints. - This is crucial for applications where delays can have serious consequences, such as medical equipment, industrial control systems, or flight control system. - In real-time multitasking, the OS must be able to: - **Prioritize tasks**: assign higher priority to tasks with critical deadlines. - **Preempt tasks**: interrupt a lower-priority task to execute a higher priority one. - **Ensure deterministic behavior**: The OS must guarantee that tasks will be executed within their specified time limits. ### **Key characteristics:** - **Predictability:** the OS must be able to predict the timing of task execution. - **Responsiveness**: tasks must be executed quickly, even for high-priority tasks. - **Determinism:** the system's behavior must be consistent and predictable. ### **Multiprogramming:** - It is a technique where multiple programs are loaded into memory simultaneously and executed concurrently. - This allows for better utilization of system resources. ### **Key characteristics**: - Improved resource utilization. - Increased throughput. - Reduced idle time. ### **Multitasking:** - It is a technique where a single processor appears to execute multiple tasks simultaneously. - It's often implemented using time-sharing, where the processor switches between tasks at regular intervals ### **Types**: - Cooperative multitasking - Preemptive multitasking ### **Key characteristics:** - Improved responsiveness. - Increased efficiency. ### **Real-time:** - It is one that guarantees a response to an event within a specified time. - This is crucial for applications where delays.can have serious consequences, such as medical equipment, industrial control systems and flight control systems. ### **Characteristics:** - Predictability - Responsiveness - Determinism ### **Batch processing system:** - It processes a series of jobs as a group, without direct human intervention. - These jobs are typically submitted to the system in advance and processed in a predetermined sequence. - **Key characteristics**: - Off-live processing. - Suitable for large-scale, repetitive tasks. - Efficient for resource utilization. ### **Comparison** | Feature | Real-time | Multi-programming | Multitasking | Batch processing | |---|---|---|---|---| | Timing constraint | Strict | None | None | None | | Job execution | Immediate | Concurrent | Concurrent | Sequential | | User interaction | Real time | Limited | Limited | None | | Resource utilization | High | High | High | High | ## **Describe Software development life cycle in brief.** - The software development life cycle (SDLC) is a systematic approach to creating high-quality software. - It involves a series of phases that guide the development process from the initial idea to the final product. ### Different phases: - **1. Planning** - **Project initiation**: this phase involves identifying the need for the software, defining the project scope, and assembling the project team. - **Feasibility study**: A technical, economic, and operational feasibility analysis is conducted to determine if the project is viable. - **2. Analysis** - **Requirements Analysis:** The gathered requirements analyzed, prioritized, and documented in a requirements specification document - **Use case diagrams:** Visual representations of the interactions between users and the system are created to understand system behavior. - **Data flow diagrams (DFDs):** These diagrams illustrate the flow of data through the system, helping to identify data sources, processes, and storage. - **Entity-Relationship (ER) diagrams:** ER diagrams depict the relationships between entities (data objects) in the system. - **3. Design** - **System architecture:** The overall structure and components of the software system are defined, including hardware, software, and network requirements. - **Database design:** The database structure is designed to store and manage the system's data. - **User interface (UI) design**: The look and feel of the user interface are designed to provide a positive user experience. - **Detailed design:** Specific design specifications are created for each component of the software, including algorithms, data structures, and interfaces. - **4. Development** - **Coding:** The design specifications are translated into actual code using programming languages. - **Unit testing:** Individual components of the software are tested to ensure they function as expected. - **Integration testing**: Multiple components are combined and tested to ensure they work together seamlessly. - **5. Testing** - **System testing:** The entire system is tested to verify that it meets the specified requirements. - **Acceptance testing:** The software is tested by end users to ensure it meets their needs and expectations. - **Non-functional testing:** Tests are conducted to evaluate performance, security, usability, and other non-functional aspects of the software. - **6. Deployment** - **Installation:** The software is installed on the target hardware. - **Configuration:** The software is configured to match the specific environment and requirements. - **Data migration:** If applicable, data is transferred from existing systems to the new software. - **User training:** End-users are trained on how to use the software effectively. - **7. Maintenance** - **Corrective maintenance:** Bugs and defects are identified and fixed. - **Adaptive Maintenance:** The software is modified to adapt to changes in the environment or requirements. - **Perfective maintenance:** Enhancements and new features are added to the software. - **Preventive maintenance:** Measures are taken to prevent future problems and improve the software's reliability. - **8. Evaluation** - **Post-Implementation review:** The project is evaluated to assess its success in reaching the desired goals and objectives. - **Continuous improvement:** Opportunities for improvement are identified. and addressed.