Introduction to Human Embryology Summary PDF

‫”قالوا سبحانك ال علم لنا إال ما علمتنا إنك أنت‬ ‫العليم الحكيم“ سورة البقرة آية (‪)32‬‬  By: Dr. Elsayed Aly Metwally Professor of Anatomy & Embryology Master Degree in tropical medicine - Nutrition Diploma Faculty of Medicine - Alexandria University...

‫”قالوا سبحانك ال علم لنا إال ما علمتنا إنك أنت‬ ‫العليم الحكيم“ سورة البقرة آية (‪)32‬‬  By: Dr. Elsayed Aly Metwally Professor of Anatomy & Embryology Master Degree in tropical medicine - Nutrition Diploma Faculty of Medicine - Alexandria University  Definition  It is the branch of biology concerned with the study of embryos and their development.  What are the branches of embryology? 1. Descriptive Embryology: Associated with the morphological description of different embryonic stages, it was the initial work of embryologists till 18th century. 2. Comparative Embryology: The comparative study of embryology of different animal groups. 3. Experimental Embryology: Studies done to understand the various fundamental mechanism in the development of different animals, like fertilization, Cleavage, etc 4. Teratology: It is the branch of embryology concerned with the study of malformations or birth defects.  Thalidomide catastrophe 1. In 1961, an antinauseant and sleeping pill. 2. it was noted in West Germany that the frequency of amelia and meromelia (total or partial absence of the extremities), was usually inherited, had suddenly increased.  Stages of prenatal development  Germinal stage: It includes the 1st two weeks of pregnancy.  Embryonic stage: 3rd -8th week of pregnancy.  Fetal stage:  From ninth week until birth  Male reproductive organs  2 testis  Epididymis  Vas deferns  Seminal vesicle  Ejaculatory duct  Prostate  Female reproductive organs  2 ovaries  Uterus  2 fallopian tubes  Vagina  Parts of the uterus  Fundus  Body  Cervix  Layers of the uterine wall  The endometrium: It is the inner layer  The myometrium: It is the middle muscle layer.  The perimetrium: It is the outer serous layer.  Layers of the endometium  The compact layer: It is the most superficial layer. It is the site of implantation.  The spongy layer: It is the middle layer.  The basal layer: It lies next to the myometrium.  Parts of fallopian tube 1. infundibulum: Is the most lateral part near to the ovary and has fimbria. 2. Ampullary part: is the widest part of the tube in which fertilization occurs. 3. The isthmus: It is a narrow part. 4. The interstitial part: the narrowest part of the tube.  What is the name of the pointed structure?  Answer: - Ovary  What is the function of the pointed structure?  Answer: - Formation of sperms  Question 1 A 34 years old pregnant woman was exposed to frequent radiation without wearing protective clothes during the first 3 months of pregnancy. 4 D ultrasound examination was done by her obstetric physician who told her that she has multiple congenital anomalies in her fetus. Explain the cause and which branch of embryology is concerned with this?