Introduction to Radiologic Technology PDF

Introduction to Radiologic Technology By: Jacquiline M. Gealon, RRT  Hospital Organization Organization A social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. Is...

Introduction to Radiologic Technology By: Jacquiline M. Gealon, RRT  Hospital Organization Organization A social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. Is an entity comprising multiple people, such as an institution or an association that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment. Is a set of interdependent systems all of which are so designed to optimally interact with each other to attain a common purpose.  Hospital Organization Organization Is a group of individuals working together to achieve one or more objectives. An organization is not a random group of people who come together by chance. They consciously and formally establish it to accomplish certain goals that its member is unable to reach individually.  Hospital Organization Types of Organization 1. Formal - refers to structure of well-defined jobs in a formally organized enterprise. These jobs are defined in terms of authority, responsibility and accountability. 2. Informal - the network of social groups based on friendship. Here, human beings wish to share feelings and emotions  Hospital Organization Components of Organization 1. Task - This component can be defined as a mission or purpose of the existence of an organization. Every organization is having a purpose of existence that is accomplished by producing certain goods and services as an output, which is termed as task. 2.People - The workforce or human part of organization that performs different operations in the organization.  Hospital Organization Components of Organization 3. Structure – Structure is the basic arrangement of people in the organization. 4. Technology – The intellectual mechanical processes used by organization to transform inputs into products or services.  Hospital Organization Organization Chart a graphic representation of the structure of an organization, showing the relationships of the positions or jobs within it.  Philosophy Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument. The word "philosophy" comes from the Ancient Greek (philosophia), which literally means "love of wisdom".  Philosophy The Philosophy directs behavior across the organization. In successful organizations, employees consistently use the organizational Philosophy to guide their decisions and daily actions.  Philosophy “The Philosophy is enduring. Therefore, it is what employees believe in today, what was most important in the past, and what will continue to be important in the future. Where the Purpose is the heart of the organization, the Philosophy is its soul.” – Shiela Margolis  Organizational Philosophy by Shiela Margolis The Five Ps consists of the Purpose, Philosophy, Priorities, Practices, and Projections. In this model of the Five Ps, just outside of the Purpose–which is in the center– is the Philosophy. Where the Purpose states “why” the organization exists, the Philosophy directs “how” employees do their work. And ”how” you do work matters.  Organizational Philosophy The five Philosophy criteria Think about these criteria when evaluating if a value is part of the Philosophy: First, is it a prime principle or value? Second, does it guide ―howǁ we do our work? Third, is it a source of our distinction?  Organizational Philosophy Fourth, is it derived from our founder/leader or the ideals that drove the organization’s creation? Fifth, if changed, would that alter the character of the organization?  Organizational Philosophy Philosophy of an organization is a/an: Value or small set of principles or values that are fundamental, distinguishing, and enduring to the organization. Special attribute that the founder/leader possesses that has influenced the character of the organization. Source of the organization’s distinctiveness. Enduring framework for “how” employees do their work  Mission Statements A Mission Statement defines the organization's purpose and primary objectives. Its prime function is internal – to define the key measure or measures of the organization’s success – and its prime audience is the leadership team and stockholders. Mission statements are the starting points of an organization’s strategic planning and goal setting process.  Value Statements Value statements define the organization’s basic philosophy, principles and ideals. They also set the ethical tone for the institution. An organization’s values are evident in the statements that define the organization and the processes used to achieve its mission and vision.  Administration the process or activity of running a business, organization, etc.  Administrative Services A. Governing board - a board that manages the affairs of an institution Governing Board Service A trustee serving on a hospital governing board has a key role to help establish strategic goals aimed toward quality improvement and patient safety. Trustees generally aren't expected to manage operations or work directly with employee.  Administrative Services B. Hospital administration - is the management of the hospital as a business. The administration is made up of medical and health services managers -- sometimes called health care executives and health care administrators -- and their assistants. Administrations range in size, and the duties of the administrator vary with the size and complexity of the hospital.  Administrative Services C. Admissions Hospital admission means Full stay - the formal acceptance by a hospital or other inpatient health care facility of a patient who is to be provided with room, board, and continuous nursing service in an area of the hospital or facility where patients generally reside at least overnight.  Administrative Services Surgicenter with short stays - Day bed only with nursing; patient does not stay overnight. Outpatient admission - Pertains to a patient who enters the hospital but requires no bed; the patient enters for treatment and leaves after treatment.  Things you should bring in the hospital prior to admission: List of all current medications (name, strength, frequency) and "treatments" (include over-the-counter medications and do not lie – if a person ingests, sniffs or injects anything such as drugs or even uses aromatherapy, tell the ER doctor or staff. If you do not have a list, place all of the medication bottles in a bag and bring them to the ER. List of all medical conditions (for example, diabetes, hypertension, peripheral vascular disease)  Things you should bring in the hospital prior to admission: Identification (driver's license, student ID) and emergency contacts (relatives and friends names and phone numbers) List of all allergies to medicine with the reaction  Things you should bring in the hospital prior to admission: List all surgeries (all means all, not just the most recent including elective plastic surgery) Have available the name(s) of the primary care physician and the specialists that treat the patient Bring a copy of the person's advance directive that is signed; If you are a parent of a child, you are the caregiver and have medical power of attorney unless you have assigned this right to another (grandparent, friend).  Things you should bring in the hospital prior to admission: Bring all cards that pertain to insurance coverage; in addition, you may need a checkbook and/or a credit card.  Types of Hospital Elective admission Admissions The patient has known medical condition or complaint that requires further workup, treatment, or surgery. The admission itself may be delayed until a time is convenient for both the patient and your doctor. In most cases of elective admission, the patient will come to the hospital's admitting office. The patient may be instructed go to the hospital several days in advance for lab work, X-rays, ECGs, or other prescreening tests.  Types of Hospital Admissions Emergency admission This occurs through the emergency department. The patient may be admitted to a floor, a specialized unit (for example, the medical or surgical intensive care unit), or a holding (observation) unit.  Types of Hospital Admissions Same-day surgery: Technically, this is not an admission. ⚬ With same-day surgery or ambulatory surgery, your doctor will schedule a procedure that will be performed at the hospital. ⚬ You are discharged home the same day after you recover from the procedure.  Types of Hospital Admissions Holding unit or observation admission: This admission often takes place through the emergency department. In this case, the patient is admitted for diagnostic testing. Unless something shows up positive, the patient will be discharged within 24-48 hours.  Types of Hospital Admissions Direct admission: The patient had spoken to or seen the doctor, who evaluates the need for admission. Factors that influence this decision for admission include the following: Need for immediate workup Diagnosis Treatment plan Need for further evaluation Hospital bed availability  Administrative Services D. Information systems An information system (IS) is an organized system for the collection, organization, storage and communication of information. More specifically, it is the study of complementary networks that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and distribute data. Further, an information system is a group of components that interact to produce information.  Administrative Services A hospital information system (HIS) is essentially a computer system that can manage all the information to allow health care providers to do their jobs effectively. These systems have been around since they were first introduced in the 1960s and have evolved with time and the modernization of healthcare facilities.  Administrative Services The computers were not as fast in those days and they were not able to provide information in real time as they do today. The staff used them primarily for managing billing and hospital inventory. All this has changed now, and today hospital information systems include the integration of all clinical, financial and administrative applications.  Type of Health Information System 1. Subject and Task-based Health Information Systems: Health information systems can either be subject-based or task- based. The subject-based health information system is related to any type of health care organization (patient or healthcare professionals), whereas the task-based health information system is associated with particular tasks (admissions/ discharge system or operating theatre).  Type of Health Information System 2. Strategic or Operational Health Information Systems: Use of strategic or operational health information systems is one of the most common methods of classifying the health information. At every level of this health information pyramid, provisions are made for information systems dealing specifically with that type of information. This type of pyramid classification of information system has many advantages over other methods of classification  Type of Health Information System 3. Clinical and Administrative Health information Systems: Clinical and administrative health information systems represent another division of health information systems. However, it is practically impossible to develop a clinical system that is not dependent on various types of administrative data.  Type of Health Information System 4. Patient Administration System: provides information in the form of hospital episode statistics and its reports to the DOH. It can be regarded as an administrative system because it is designed to make provision for retrospective data entry (here patient information is generally entered after their discharge) and to provide details for each care episode. Likewise, the information containing diagnosis data, outcomes, and processing can be classified as clinical.  Type of Health Information System 5. The Electronic Health Record and Patient Health Record: EHR or PHR is an essential type of health information system. As the standards vary among different countries, the EHR and PHR also vary within various countries. Therefore a common and open standard is necessary. The development of open EHR is meant to fulfill this need.  Type of Health Information System 5. The Electronic Health Record and Patient Health Record: EHR or PHR is an essential type of health information system. As the standards vary among different countries, the EHR and PHR also vary within various countries. Therefore a common and open standard is necessary. The development of open EHR is meant to fulfill this need.  Type of Health Information System 6. Financial and Clinical Health Information Systems: Often another division of health information system is made. This is the financial and clinical health information system, which allows easy access to patient costing and helps in monitoring a patient’s usage of different departments. This is done by tagging the various deliverables (recorded in the clinical system management) with their associated prices.  Type of Health Information System But it must be noted that most costing is done on the basis of estimation as per apportioning the whole costs retrospectively (more frequently as per the previous years’ costs). Another important characteristic of these financial systems is that they have the capacity of invoicing as well as following up any non- payment incident. Thus, such a system becomes an integral part of hospitals and clinics for smooth operation.  Type of Health Information System 7. Decision Support Health Information Systems: Decision support in health information system is an important feature. Decision support itself is a well-acclaimed phrase and is usually related to artificial intelligence. Fundamentally, decision support is the system used to get the computer attempting to perform parts of the processing usually done by the user after converting the data into clinically relevant information.  Type of Health Information System Although the technical capability to develop a decision support system in healthcare is practically possible and is now over a decade old, it is still not adopted to the extent that it is used significantly for professional and organizational reasons.  Administrative Services E. Procurement Procurement is the process of finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source, often via a tendering or competitive bidding process. The process is used to ensure the buyer receives goods, services or works at the best possible price, when aspects such as quality, quantity, time, and location are compared.  Procurement Corporations and public bodies often define processes intended to promote fair and open competition for their business while minimizing risk, such as exposure to fraud and collusion.  Procurement Almost all purchasing decisions include factors such as delivery and handling, marginal benefit, and price fluctuations. Procurement generally involves making buying decisions under conditions of scarcity. If good data is available, it is good practice to make use of economic analysis methods such as cost-benefit analysis or cost- utility analysis.  Procurement Many people use the terms purchasing and procurement interchangeably, but despite their similarities, they do have different meanings. Let’s clarify any confusion on the difference between procurement and purchasing.  Procurement Procurement involves the process of selecting vendors, establishing payment terms, strategic vetting, selection, the negotiation of contracts and actual purchasing of goods. Procurement is concerned with acquiring (procuring) all of the goods, services, and work that is vital to an organization. Procurement is, essentially, the overarching or umbrella term within which purchasing can be found.  Procurement Because purchasing is a process within the overarching procurement process, both procurement and purchasing are often used interchangeably. In the business world, the practice of using similar terminology in either conversation or printed materials is routine, although it is often confusing and should be avoided.  Administrative Services F. Accounting Hospital accounting is a particular system of accounting which accumulates, communicates and interprets historical and projected economic data that are useful for the purpose of ascertaining the financial position and operating results of a hospital. The useful information relating to the activities of a hospital is presented by a statistical form which is historical and, at the same time, projected in nature.  Accounting Income Statement – It is also known as Income and Expense Statement. It expresses the results of operation of the hospital and its form depends on the requirements of the management. The statement should also reveal the comparative figures of both the current year and the previous year. Form of statement have to be made in such a way that current month of this year may be compared with the same month in the previous year, or, comparison may be made between actual and budgeted figures.  Accounting Capital and Revenue Expenditure: Capital Expenditure – All expenditures which are made for the acquisition of fixed assets in order to run the hospital. Although they are used constantly, their value retains over a long period of time. In other words, if the benefit of expenditure is likely to be long run, such expenditure may be treated as a capital expenditure. Revenue – Income, especially when of a company or organization and of a substantial nature.  Administrative Services G. Support services Within a hospital, different departments are responsible for providing the levels of service that make a hospital run from environmental services, equipment distribution and linens to biomed/clinical engineering, facilities and many others.  Support services All these support services are necessary to keep the hospital going, so that hospital staff can provide care and patients can receive treatment. These support services also have an opportunity to drive operational improvement. Support Services reduce spending and helps improve the quality care  Support services Health system support services, environmental services, facilities management – these departments keep things running smoothly. And when things are running well, patients receive better care. Support service departments are responsible for everything from cleanliness to equipment maintenance to the all- important patient presentation: helping people in need of care feel comfortable and welcome.  Support services Benefits of automation in support services: Lowers operating costs Standardizes delivery quality and timing Allows facilities management to track delivery volume and timing for process improvement Minimizes damage to facilities and employees from manual cart movement Improves infection control measures and facility cleanliness Increases productivity  Administrative Services H. Human resources Human Resource Management – Most people think that a human resource department exists only to handle employee issues. In reality, the function of a human resource department is more crucial than you may think. A human resource management (HRM) department or team can contribute to a company's overall success in multiple ways.  Human resources HRM in the Hospital Industry – Human resource management is the process of hiring and developing employees so that they're more useful to both their specific fields of work and the organization as a whole. This process includes recruiting, training, and evaluating employees; analyzing jobs; communicating with staff members; and managing salaries. Medical services and Clinical services ⚬ The function is to ensure treatment, diagnosis and wellness of the patients. ⚬ Divided into Medical/Clinical Departments, divisions and programs.  Physicians A medical practitioner, medical doctor, or simply doctor is a professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients and methods of treatment—known as specialties.  Clinical support services The division of clinical support services comprises of the following services: ⚬ Pharmacy and medicines management ⚬ Therapies (occupational therapy & physiotherapy) ⚬ Dietetics ⚬ Transport ⚬ Contact Center Thank you!