Inflammation 2.pptx PDF

Intended learning objectives  Types of acute non suppurative inflammation  Types of acute suppurative inflammation  Chronic inflammation: Define granuloma  Localized suppurative inflammation: Abscess, Carbuncle  Diffuse suppurative inflammation: Celluli...

Intended learning objectives  Types of acute non suppurative inflammation  Types of acute suppurative inflammation  Chronic inflammation: Define granuloma  Localized suppurative inflammation: Abscess, Carbuncle  Diffuse suppurative inflammation: Cellulitis  {A} Acute Non suppurative inflammation  Catarrhal inflammation  Fibrinous inflammation  Membranous inflammation  Allergic inflammation  Necrotizing / hemorrhagic inflammation  Catarrhal inflammation  A mild acute inflammation affecting the mucous membrane results in exudates rich in mucous.  Examples: inflammation of nose, larynx, trachea, stomach, appendix and gall bladder.  Fibrinous inflammation  Acute inflammation with exudate rich in fibrin. Examples: Inflammation of serous cavities as pericardium, pleura and peritoneum. Inflammation of alveoli of the lung in acute lobar pneumonia.  Membranous inflammation A severe type of inflammation affecting mucous membrane with formation of pseudomembrane. Examples: Diphtheria and bacillary dysentery.  Allergic inflammation  Acute inflammation caused by antigen-antibody reaction with excessive edema fluid, large number of eosinophils and necrosis. Examples: Eczema-Urticaria-Allergic rhinitis.  Necrotizing- hemorrhagic inflammation A severe acute inflammation due to high virulent bacteria, virus and fungi with marked necrosis and hemorrhage. Examples: Plague and herpes simplex encephalitis  {B} Acute Suppurative inflammation -Localized suppurative inflammation: abscess, boil and carbuncle. -Diffuse suppurative inflammation: cellulitis {C} Chronic inflammation  Granuloma: Chronic specific inflammation.  It is collection of immune cells mainly macrophages and giant cells around a pathogen or foreign body in a circular form  Pathogenesis of fibrinous inflammation (Bread and butter) Pathogenesis of membranous inflammation  Feed back quiz  Mention characters of allergic inflammation  Analyze the formation of pseudomembrane Suppurative inflammation Suppurative inflammation  Definition: Inflammation which form pus  Causes: Pyogenic or suppurative organism as Staphylococcal aureus  Inflammatory cell: Large number of neutrophils that secretes proteolytic enzymes and form pus  Abscess  Definition  Sites  Pathogenesis  Treatment  Complications  Component of pus  Mechanism of pus formation  Abscess: Acute localized suppurative inflammation. It is a cavity contains pus  Sites of abscess Subcutaneous tissue, liver, lung, brain  Abscess  Pathogenesis of abscess:  Bacteria and toxin, liquefactive necrosis of tissue, localization by fibrin threads  Pyogenic membrane: peripheral zone of abscess cavity contains congested blood vessels, bacteria, neutrophils and fibrin threads  Large number of neutrophils  Pus: fluid contains dead and living bacteria and neutrophils, exudate Abscess  Localized suppurative inflammation Boil (furuncle) Carbuncle  Carbuncle  A large suppurative lesion which develops usually in diabetic patients due to low resistant to infection. The commonest site is the back of the neck, scalp, and buttocks because the subcutaneous tissue in this area is tough and is divided into compartments by fibrous septa. The lesion is made of multiple cavities which communicate with each other and open through multiple points in the skin. Carbuncle  Treatment of abscess: Surgical excision with removal of abscess cavity and pyogenic membrane.  Complications of abscess: - Spread of inflammation to lymph nodes - Chronic abscess - Ulcer, sinus, fistula - Bacteremia, sepsis, pyemia Ulcer: Loss of surface epithelium Sinus: Tract formed of infected granulation tissue and connects between abscess cavity and outside. Sinus has a closed blind end. Fistula: Tract formed of infected granulation tissue and connects between abscess cavity and other cavity or between the two Ulcer- Sinus- Fistula  Cellulitis Diffuse suppurative inflammation caused by streptococci which produce: Streptokinase which liquefies fibrin. Hyaluronidase which liquefies the fibrous tissue. These enzymes allow the streptococci to spread very rapidly in the infected tissue Sites: Mostly subcutaneous tissue of lower limb Different from abscess: Large, diffuse, red and release serosanguinous fluid Cellulitis  Fate of inflammation 1- Resolution: subsidence of inflammatory changes and return of the tissue to normal: - Clearance of injurious stimuli - Clearance of mediators and acute inflammatory cells - Replacement of injured cells - Normal function 2- Suppuration and pus formation. 3- Chronic inflammation - Angiogenesis - Chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate - Fibrosis  4- Spread of inflammation.  Effects of bacterial infection Bacteremia: is the presence of bacteria in the blood as a severe complication of infections. Septicemia: is the presence of large amount of virulent bacteria in the blood that may trigger sepsis. Sepsis: is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection injures its own tissues and organs. Pyemia: it is the formation of multiple abscesses in different organs. Pyemia is a type of sepsis that caused by pus-forming organisms in the blood as staphylococcus aureus. The multiple abscesses occur in lungs in systemic pyemia and in liver in portal pyemia.