Infection Control PPT PDF

1 Infection Control  Objectives At the end of the unit the students should be able to:  Discus The body `S normal defenses against infection.  Apply Principle Of Medical Surgical Asepsis.  Analyze The Chain Of Infection.  Apply The Principles Of Infection Control Precautio...

1 Infection Control  Objectives At the end of the unit the students should be able to:  Discus The body `S normal defenses against infection.  Apply Principle Of Medical Surgical Asepsis.  Analyze The Chain Of Infection.  Apply The Principles Of Infection Control Precautions.  Discus The Role Of Infection Control Nurse.  Outlines  Definitions  The body’s normal defenses against infection  Asepsis  Medical and surgical asepsis  Principles of surgical asepsis  Process of sterilization  Chain of infection  Infection control precautions  Role of the infection control Nurse  4 Programs of disease surveillance, generally within health care facilities, designed to investigate, prevent, and control the spread of infections and their causative microorganisms. Infection control can include the policies and procedures of a hospital or other health facility to minimize the risk of spreading of nosocomial or community-acquired infections to patients or members of the staff. o Prevention of the spread of microorganisms from: Patient to Patient to Staff Staff member to Patient member Patient DEFINITIONS  Contaminated – means dirty, soiled, unclean  Disinfection– cleaning so that germs (pathogens) are destroyed  Mode of transmission – the way germs are passed from one person to another  The body’s normal defenses against infection  -They are divided into:  A) Nonspecific defenses:  1- The normal body flora: Normal Bacteria 2- The normal body system defenses 3- Inflammation process  B) Specific defenses:  The immune response  Asepsis  -It means free from all living microorganisms. It is the major process for controlling infection  Aseptic technique: -It is an effort to keep the patients free from exposure to infectious pathogens as possib1e.  Forms of asepsis 1- Medical asepsis. 2- Surgical asepsis.  1-Medical asepsis: (clean technique) Are practices that confine or reduce the number of microorganisms, through interfering with the chain of infection in a variety of ways as (Hand washing, barrier techniques as mask, gloves, gown, and routine environmental cleaning) Avoid removing, recapping, bending, or breaking used needles.  Place usable syringes and needles, blades and other sharp items in puncture-resistant containers. Principles of surgical asepsis  1- Once a sterile item touches something that is not, it is considered contaminated.  2- Any partially unwrapped sterile package is considered contaminated  3- If there is a question about the sterility of an item, it is considered un-sterile  4- A commercially packaged sterile item is not considered sterile past its expiration date.  5-Once a sterile item is opened, it becomes contaminated.  6-If a sterile item becomes wet it is considered unsterile  7-Coughing, sneezing or excessive talking over a sterile field causes contamination.  Reaching across an area that contains sterile equipment causing contamination  9 -Sterile items that are located or lowered below waist level.  The process of  sterilization Sterilization is the physical and chemical techniques that destroy all microorganisms, including spores.  Types of sterilization:  1- Physical sterilization: a) Radiation ( Ultraviolet ) b) Boiling water c) Free-flowing steam ( as heated vapor) d) Dry heat ( as oven)  e) Steam under pressure) autoclave)  2- Chemical sterilization  Through a use of antseptic chemical solutions Chain of infection Infection control precautions  thereare two major categories of infection control precautions: 1- Standard precautions. 2- Transmission-based precautions. 16  1-Standard precautions: *It combines methods previously known as universal precautions and body substance isolation. Universal precautions  1- Wash hands after touching blood, body fluids,  2- Wash hands immediately after gloves are removed  3- Wear clean non-sterile gloves  4- Wear a mask and eye protection and gown  2-Transmission-based precautions: ( isolation precaution)  -Are also called isolation precautions.  -Are measures for controlling the spread of infection from patient known to be or suspected of being infected with highly transmissible pathogens. Role of the infection control nurse  1- Providing staff education on infection control. 2 --Reviewing infection control policies and procedures.  3 - Reviewing patients’ records and laboratory reports to recommend appropriate isolation procedures.  4- Consulting with occupational health department concerning recommendations to prevent and control the infection among personnel e.g.TB (tuberculosis) testing.  5- Gathering statistics regarding nosocomial infections (HEALTH CARE ASSOCIATED OR HOSPITAL- ACQUIRED INFECTIONS).  6-Notifying public health department of incidence of communicable diseases.  8- Educating patients and families.  9- Identifying infection-control problems with equipment.  11--Communicate with hospital and community health care personnel. Infection control will help to morbidity and mortality 1- Reducing 2- Reducing health care costs 3- Improving the quality of health care service 4-Based on risk assessment and risk management 5- Once principls are well understood, it is easy to apply 6-Protect health care workers  22  At the end of the unit the students should be able to:  Discus The body `S normal defenses against infection.  Apply Principle Of Medical Surgical Asepsis.  Analyze The Chain Of Infection.  Apply The Principles Of Infection Control Precautions.  Discus The Role Of Infection Control Nurse.  25  Every health care facility should have a nominated person or team to ensure Infection Control Policies and Procedures are in place.  All employees who have contact with patients or items used in the care of patients must adhere to Infection Control Policies and Procedures.  26  Single most important practice to reduce transmission of infectious agents.  Includes both:  Hand washing with antiseptic soap and water  Alcohol-based products (gels, rinses, foams) without water. 27  28  Prevents the transmission of common infectious agent  Hand washing is the key Assume infectious agents could be present in the patient’s  Blood  Body fluids, secretions, excretions (except sweat)  Non-intact skin, and  Mucous membranes PPE for Standard 29 Precautions  30 1) Contact transmission 2) Droplet transmission 3) Airborne transmission  31  Very small particles of evaporated droplets or dusts with infectious agents  Remain in air for a long time  Travel farther than droplets Examples:  Tuberculosis  Measles  Chickenpox.. Airborne Precautions 32 ………………….  Prevent spread of infection through inhaled airborne particles.  Patient in Isolation.  Patient in airborne isolation room.  Patient to wear a mask if outside of isolation room. 33.. Contact Precautions 34 ………………….. In addition to washing hands Isolate or cohort patients Gown and gloves for patient or room contact –remove immediately after contact Do not touch eyes, nose, or mouth with hands Avoid contaminating environmental surfaces Wash hands immediately after patient contact Clean, then disinfect: patient room daily Bed rails Bed side tables Toilet surfaces, and other equipments  35 Large droplets within 3 feet or more, transmit infection through: Coughing Sneezing Talking Examples: Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough) Viral infections e.g. Influenza virus, rhinovirus Neisseria meningitis Mycoplasma pneumoniae.. Droplet Precautions 36 ……………………  Place patients in single rooms or cohort 3 feet apart  Wear mask within 3 feet of patient  Wear face shield or goggles within 3 feet of patient  Patient wears mask when outside room