Midterm Reviewer PDF

# Midterm Reviewer ## Routing Information Protocol (RIP) **True or False (20)** 1. TRUE. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol that uses hop count as a routing metric to find the best path between the source and the destination network. 2. FALSE (Simple). Simplicity RIP...

# Midterm Reviewer ## Routing Information Protocol (RIP) **True or False (20)** 1. TRUE. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is a dynamic routing protocol that uses hop count as a routing metric to find the best path between the source and the destination network. 2. FALSE (Simple). Simplicity RIP is a relatively complex protocol to configure and manage, making it an ideal choice for small to medium-sized networks with limited resources. 3. TRUE. Easy implementation RIP is easy to implement, as it does not require much technical expertise to set up and maintain. 4. FALSE (Fast). RIP is known for its slow convergence time, meaning that it can slowly adapt to changes in network topology and route packets less efficiently. 5. TRUE. Low bandwidth overhead: RIP uses a relatively low amount of bandwidth to exchange routing information, making it an ideal choice for networks with limited bandwidth. 6. FALSE (Automatically). RIP manually updates routing tables at regular intervals, ensuring that the most up-to-date information is being used to route packets. 7. FALSE (15 hops). RIP can only support up to 35 hops, which may not be sufficient for larger networks. 8. TRUE. RIP is compatible with many different types of routers and network devices, making it easy to integrate into existing networks. 9. TRUE. While RIP is known for its fast convergence time, it can be slower to converge than other routing protocols. This can lead to delays and inefficiencies in network performance. 10. FALSE (Create). RIP can sometimes prevent routing loops, which can cause network congestion and reduce overall network performance. 11. FALSE (Simple). Algorithm Uses a complex count of hops to find routes. 12. TRUE. Type Distance-Vector: Decides best path based on the number of hops (routers) to reach the destination. 13. TRUE. Convergence Speed Slow to update when the network changes. 14. FALSE (Regularly). Routing Updates Update's only when changes occur, even if nothing changes. 15. FALSE (Avoid). Security Basic protections like split horizon to cause loops. 16. TRUE. Load Balancing No: Can't share traffic between multiple routes. 17. TRUE. Route Aggregation No: Can't group routes to simplify routing tables. 18. TRUE. Policy-Based Routing No: No control over which paths to prioritize. 19. TRUE. Authentication Mechanisms None: Does not support advanced security. 20. FALSE (Small). Used For Large networks like enterprise data centers or large corporations. ## Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) **Multiple Choice (20)** 1. EIGRP stands for? C. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 2. What is the maximum hop count of EIGRP? C. 255 3. This protocol does not depend solely on the routing table to manage route information. C. EIGRP 4. It is manually changed by the network administrator. B. Routing Table 5. What command enters the global configuration mode on the router? D. Configure terminal 6. EIGRP's hop count limit is 100. While, when configured is? C. 255 7. What letter represents to EIGRP if the devices are connected? B. D 8. Route summarization reduces the amount of routing information that routers must and B. Send, request and maintain 9. What protocol number do EIGRP works? Β. 88 10. This route prevents suboptimal routing or routing loops. A. Discard Route 11. \_\_\_\_\_\_ is enabled, and the router begins to originate Hello packets and process incoming EIGRP packets on all interfaces that fall within specified network range. A. EIGRP Passive Interface 12. \_\_\_\_\_\_ can affect the convergence time. B. Topology's Depth 13. It is a network protocol that enables routers to exchange information more efficiently than RIP. C. EIGRP 14. It is a significant tool to create a boundary for query propagation and is needed to create a single route entry with a prefix & prefix length larger than one or smaller component routes. A. Route Summarization 15. This summarization allows summarizing routes at any chosen router and its specific interface in the network. B. Manual Summarization 16. This summarization is practically unusable in today's networks as it is deactivated by default since the IOS release 15.0(1) m. C. Automatic Summarization 17. It is a command which displays the routing table of a router. D. sh ip route 18. What is the purpose of Hello Packets in EIGRP? A. To facilitate the neighbor discovery process. 19. It conveys information about destinations and their reachability. B. Update Packets 20. Where can EIGRP be deployed? A. Internet Protocol Networks ## Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Identification **(20)** 1. This command is used to enable the OSPF routing process on the router. Answer: router ospf 1 2. This command displays the OSPF neighbors that the router has discovered. Answer: show ip ospf neighbor 3. Is the central area in OSPF to which all other areas must connect. Answer: Backbone Area 4. These areas do not accept external routes from other autonomous system. Answer: Stub Area 5. NSSA means? Answer: NOT-SO-STUBBY AREAS 6. A concept of OSPF where are groups of routers in an AS, essentially forming a collection of zones with logical boundaries Answer: Areas 7. A concept of OSPF where OSPF-enabled routers in the same area establish relationships using a HELLO packet to exchange routing information. Answer: neighbor 8. It calculates the shortest path for all routers in an area of the AS to efficiently use network bandwidth and ensure scalability Answer: OSPF 9. What does OSPF stands for? Answer: Open Shortest Path First 10. What algorithm does OSPF use to determine the shortest path for routing traffic? Answer: Dijkstra's 11. It is used to stop OSPF hello packets from being sent or received on specific interfaces while still advertising the connected network of those interfaces. Answer: OSPF Passive Interface 12. Which interface is preferred by OSPF to automatically select the Router ID when it is not manually set? Answer: Loopback interface. 13. Which OSPF authentication method is considered more secure: Plaintext or MD5? Answer: MD5. 14. What command is used to configure MD5 authentication for OSPF on a Cisco router? Answer: ip ospf authentication message-digest 15. What are the two main types of OSPF authentication? Answer: clear-text and MD5 16. What does AS stand for? Answer: Autonomous System (AS) 17. This connect different OSPF areas to the backbone (area 0) and help in routing between them. Answer: ABR or AREA BORDER ROUTER 18. What is the purpose of the OSPF Router ID? Answer: To uniquely identify each router in OSPF. 19. OSPF Route Types Answers: Intra-area routes, Inter-area routes, External routes 20. Another term for backbone area Answer: Area 0 ## Static and Dynamic Routing **Enumeration (20;50)** 1. Name three common dynamic routing protocols. OSPF EIGRP RIP 2. Enumerate the three types of routing used in network configuration: Static Dynamic Default routing 3. What are some common routing metrics used in dynamic routing? Hop count Delay Bandwidth 4. Give at least three Advantages of Static Routing: Simple Modification Low Resource 5. Enumerate the types of Dynamic Routing Protocols Distance Vector Protocols Link-State Protocols 6. Give two types of Static Routing? Standard static routing Default static routing 7. Two Categories of Dynamic Routing Protocol Interior gateway Protocol (IGP) Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 8. Give other terms for default route Interior gateway Protocol (IGP) Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 9. Characteristics of static routing: Manual and no automatic configuration Fixed routing 10. Types of networks addressing used in routing: IPv4, IPv6 11. The types of default routing protocols include: Static Default Routing Dynamic Default Routing Gateway of Last Resort 12. Types of Distance Vector RIP EIGRP 13. Give at least two components a routing table contains: Subnet Mask Next hop Metric Route type Interface 14. Identify three types of routing protocol messages. Hello Update Acknowledgement Message 15. Give at least two advantages of Static Routing Protocol Automatic update Scalability 16. Identify different devices that used in a network. Computer Servers Routers Switches 17. Identify three types of routing protocol convergence. Fast Slow No convergence 18. Give at least two network security Firewalls Encryption Authentication 19. Identify three key components of routing protocol. Routing algorithms Routing tables Protocol messages 20. Identify two examples of static routing protocols. Manual Routing Policy-based Routing ## Telecommunication **Telecommunication:** The exchange of information over long distances using technologies //become a crucial component of modern IT systems, enabling us to communicate with people and devices. **Transmitter:** In electronics and telecommunications, a radio transmitter or just transmitter (often abbreviated as XMTR or TX in technical documents) is an electronic device that produces radio waves with an antenna for signal transmission to a radio receiver. **Communication Channels:** A communication channel refers either to a physical transmission medium such as a wire, or to a logical connection over a multiplexed medium such as a radio channel in telecommunications and computer networking. **Transmission media:** in telecommunication are the physical pathways through which information is transmitted from one point to another. These pathways can be categorized into two main types: guided and unguided. **Types of Transmission Media:** 1. **Guided Media**- wired or bounded/ using physical links - Twisted Pair Cable - Coaxial cable - Optical Fiber 2. **Unguided Media**- wireless or unbounded/no physical medium - Radio waves - Microwaves - Infrared **Analog Signal:** - audio and video transmission - Sound waves - Radio Transmission **Digital Signal:** -ideal for long-distance communication - Computer Data - Digital Television **Bandwidth** -refers to the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies within a band that can be used for transmitting a signal - Optical Fiber - Wi-Fi - Radio **Frequency** -refers to the number of cycles per second (Hertz) that a signal oscillates. - Wi-Fi - Radio **Multiplexing**- the process in which multiple signals coming from multiple sources are combined and transmitted over a single communication - Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) - Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) **Benefits of Multiplexing in Telecommunication** - Maximizes bandwidth: Multiple data streams share one channel. - Reduces costs: Fewer physical lines are needed. - Increases capacity: Supports more users/devices. - Scalable: Easily handles growing data traffic. - Improves transmission: Speeds up and organizes data flow **Digital Signal**- In telecommunication, signals are essential for transmitting information over distances. Digital signals are discrete, meaning they consist of a series of values represented by binary code (0s and 1s). **Digital Application** - Mobile phones (4G/5G networks). - Digital TV, internet communication (data transmission through the web). - Streaming services (YouTube, Netflix), where large amounts of data are compressed and sent digitally. **Analog Signal** -An analog signal is a continuous signal that contains time-varying quantities. **Bandwidth** -refers to the range of frequencies that a communication system can transmit or receive. It is the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of a signal and determines the amount of data that can be sent over a network in a given period. **Frequency** -is the number of radio waves that can travel during a single second, and is expressed in terms of Hertz (Hz). Since the speed of radio waves is constant, low frequencies have long wavelengths while high frequencies have short wavelengths. **Where Bandwidth and Frequency are Usually Found or Used:** **Bandwidth:** - Internet Connections - Telecommunication Networks - Video Streaming Services - Local Area Networks (LAN) - TV and Radio Broadcasting **Frequency:** - Wi-Fi Networks - Mobile Networks - Radio Broadcasting - TV Broadcasting - Satellite Communication **Modulation** is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding information to an electronic or optical carrier signal. A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform -- constant height, amplitude, and frequency. **Types of Modulation Techniques** 1. **Amplitude Modulation:** It is a type of modulation in which only the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to represent the data being added to the signals whereas the phase and the frequency of the signal is kept unchanged. 2. **Frequency Modulation:** It is a type of modulation in which only the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent the frequency of the data whereas the phase and the amplitude of the signals are kept unchanged. 3. **Phase Modulation:** It is a type of modulation in which the phase of the carrier signal is varied to represent the data being added to the signal. Different information values are represented by different phases. **Demodulation:** is the process of extracting the original information-carrying signal from a modulated carrier wave. It's essentially the reverse of modulation and is used to convert the received modulated signal back to its original form. **Applications of Modulation** - Radio Broadcasting (AM/FM) - Television Broadcasting - Mobile Communication - Internet Transmission (Modems) - Satellite Communication **Applications of Demodulation** - Radio Receivers - Television Receivers - Mobile Phones - Internet Routers/Modems - Satellite Dishes **Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)** -is a multiplexing technique in which multiple signals are transmitted simultaneously over a single communication channel or medium by assigning each signal a unique frequency range (or "band") within the available bandwidth. **Types of FDM** - Bandwidth Allocation: The total bandwidth of the communication medium is divided into smaller frequency bands, each assigned to a different signal. - Simultaneous Transmission: All signals are transmitted at the same time but occupy different frequency bands, allowing multiple channels to coexist. - Guard Bands: Small frequency gaps between adjacent frequency bands are often used to prevent interference between signals. **Analog and Digital Use:** FDM is commonly used for analog signals (such as in traditional radio and TV broadcasts), but it can also be applied to digital signals. **Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)** is a technique used to transmit multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the time available on that channel into distinct time slots. **Types of TDM:** - Synchronous TDM (STDM): In this approach, time slots are pre-allocated to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit at that time. - Asynchronous TDM (ATDM): Also known as statistical TDM, this method dynamically allocates time slots based on demand. **Wireless Transmission Media:** Wireless or unbounded or unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using physical conductor. **Infrared:** Infrared is the frequency of light that is not visible to the human eye. It has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light has wavelengths from red light to violet light. Far infrared waves are thermal. **Radio Waves:** Radio waves are electromagnetic waves which produce due to the accelerated motion of charges in radio transmitters. **Satellite:** refers to a specialized wireless receiver/transmitter that orbits the Earth, enabling communication between locations that are widely separated geographically. **Types of Network Topology** 1. **Point-to-Point Topology**- works on the functionality of the sender and receiver. -Simplest communication bet. 2 nodes / 1 is the sender and the other 1 is the receiver 2. **Mesh Topology**- every device is connected to another device via a particular channel -protocols used are AHCP (Ad Hoc config Protocols) and DHCP (Dynamic Hast Config Protocols) 3. **Star Topology**- all devices are connected to a single hub through a cable, this hub is the central node and all other nodes are connected to the central node. 4. **Bus Topology**- network type in which every computer and network device is connected to a single cable -multi-point connection and non-robust topology. 5. **Ring Topology** - it forms a ring connecting devices with exactly two neighboring devices 6. **Tree Topology**- a variation of star topology and has a hierarchical flow of data. DHCP a SAC 7. **Hybrid Topology**- Combination of all the various types of topologies. It is used when nodes are free to take any form **Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)** is an IP routing protocol that uses a mathematical algorithm to calculate the most efficient path to direct traffic on IP networks. -OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that sends information about directly connected links to all the routers in the AS network. Using Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm, OSPF calculates the shortest path for all routers in an area of the AS to efficiently use network bandwidth and ensure scalability. **Static routing vs. dynamic routing** | | Static routing | Dynamic routing | |---|---|---| | **PATH SELECTION** | One pre-configured route to destination | Multiple available routes to destination | | **ROUTE UPDATES** | Engineers must reconfigure to make route changes | Algorithms automatically update with preferred route changes | | **ROUTING TABLES** | Smaller routing table with only one entry for each destination | Routers send out entire routing tables to identify route availability | | **PROTOCOLS AND ALGORITHMS** | Does not use protocols or algorithms for pre-configured route | Distance vector algorithms (RIP, IGRP) and link state algorithms (OSPF, IS-IS) adjust routes | | **COMPUTATION AND BANDWIDTH** | Requires less computation time and bandwidth | Requires more computation and bandwidth | | **SECURITY** | Better security | Less security | | **USE CASES** | Used in smaller networks with fewer routers and unchanging network architecture | Used in larger networks and in networks that change frequently | **Two Concepts in OSPF** Areas are groups of routers in an AS, essentially forming a collection of zones with logical boundaries. Areas are typically identified with a number. Area 0 is always the backbone, to which all other areas connect. OSPF-enabled routers in the same area establish “neighbor” relationships using a HELLO packet to exchange routing information. **OSPF Area Types** 1. **Backbone Area (Area 0):** The backbone area is the central area in OSPF to which all other areas must connect. It serves as the transit area for inter-area traffic. All other OSPF areas must either directly connect to Area 0 or use a virtual link. 2. **Regular Areas (Non-backbone areas):** Regular areas are connected to Area 0 and contain intra-area routes. They forward routing information from one area to another through Area 0. 3. **Stub Areas:** These areas do not accept external routes from other autonomous systems. Instead, they receive a default route for any traffic destined outside the OSPF network. 4. **Totally Stubby Areas:** Similar to stub areas, but they do not even accept inter-area routes and only have a default route to Area 0. 5. **Not-So-Subby Areas (NSSA):** NSSAs are used to connect to external networks without receiving external routes. NSSAs can inject external routes into OSPF using Type 7 LSAs. **OSPF Route Types** 1. **Intra-area Routes:** Routes within the same area. 2. **Inter-area Routes:** Routes between different areas, always traveling through Area 0. 3. **External Routes:** Routes that originate from other routing protocols or external autonomous systems. **Advanced OSPF Features** 1. OSPF Router ID 2. OSPF Authentication 3. OSPF Passive Interface 4. OSPF Dead-Interval Command **Routing** - a fundamental concept in network communication - Involves the process of forwarding data packets from one network to another. **2 Types of Routes in Routing** 1. **Connected Routes** - Network Interfaces that are directly connected to a router 2. **Local routes** - routes assigned to the router's IP addresses. **Static Routes** - types of routing that the network administrator manually configures. - used to define specific paths for network traffic to take. **Summarization**- a technique used in routing to reduce the size of the routing table. - it involves grouping multiple routes Into a single route. **Default Routes** - used in routing to send traffic to a specific destination when no other route is available. - Aka gateway of the last resort. **Dynamic Routing Protocols** - used to automatically update routing tables by exchanging info with other routers in the network **3 Types of Routing Protocols** 1. **Distance Vector Protocols** - use a simple algorithm to determine the best path for data packets based on the number of hops - Easy to configure but can be slow to converge 2. **Link-State Routing Protocols** - use a more complex algorithm to calculate the shortest path -Faster and more efficient but difficult to configure 3. **Hybrid Routing Protocols**- combined elements of both - Balance between simplicity and efficiency **2 Approaches to Routing in Network Communication** 1. **Dynamic Routing Protocols** 2. **static Routes** **Equal Cost Multi Path** - used to distribute traffic across multiple paths with the same cost. **Network Topology** - refers to the management of different elements like nodes, links, or devices in a computer network. **Types of Network Topology** 1. **Point-to-Point Topology**- works on the functionality of the sender and receiver. - Simplest communication bet. 2 nodes / 1 is the sender and the other 1 is the receiver 2. **Mesh Topology**- every device is connected to another device via a particular channel - protocols used are AHCP (Ad Hoc config Protocols) and DHCP (Dynamic Hast Config Protocols) 3. **Star Topology** - all devices are connected to a single hub through a cable, this hub is the central node and all other nodes are connected to the central node. 4. **Bus Topology** - network type in which every computer and network device is connected to a single cable - multi-point connection and non-robust topology. 5. **Ring Topology**- it forms a ring connecting devices with exactly two neighboring devices 6. **Tree Topology**- a variation of star topology and has a hierarchical flow of data. DHCP a SAC 7. **Hybrid Topology**- Combination of all the various types of topologies. It is used when nodes are free to take any form