IELTS Vocabulary 3: Study, Work, Education, Reading PDF

IELTS Vocabulary 3. Study, Work, Education, Reading Words Collocations Articles Jamshid Safarov 2019 JAMSHID SAFAROV 1 3 Study, Work, Education, Reading JAMSHID SAFAROV...

IELTS Vocabulary 3. Study, Work, Education, Reading Words Collocations Articles Jamshid Safarov 2019 JAMSHID SAFAROV 1 3 Study, Work, Education, Reading JAMSHID SAFAROV 2 Words & Collocations School to attend classes: to go to classes bachelors degree: an undergraduate course which usually lasts 3-4 years boarding school: a school where pupils live during term time distance learning: a way of studying where tuition is carried out over the Internet or by post face-to-face classes: as opposed to distance learning the traditional way of studying in a classroom with colleagues and a teacher to fall behind with your studies: to progress less quickly than others to give feedback: to offer guidance on a student’s work JAMSHID SAFAROV 3  a graduation ceremony: an event where a successful student receives his or her academic degree higher education: education, usually in a college or university, that is followed after high school or secondary school an intensive course: a course that offers lots of training in order to reach a goal in as short a time as possible to keep up with your studies: to not fall behind to learn something by heart: to memorize it a mature student: a student who is older than average and who has usually returned to education after a period at work masters degree: a period of study which often follows the completion of a bachelors degree or is undertaken by someone regarded as capable of a higher-level academic course to meet a deadline: to finish a job or task in the time allowed or agreed to play truant: to stay away from classes without permission private language school: an independent school run as a business concern public schools: exclusive independent schools in the UK a single-sex school: a school where only boys or girls attend (as opposed to a mixed-sex school) to sit an exam: to take an exam state school: a school paid for by public funds and available to the general public subject specialist: a teacher who has a great deal of knowledge about the subject they teach. to take a year out: to spend a year working or travelling before starting university tuition fees: the money paid for a course of study to work your way through university: to have a paid job whilst studying to support yourself financially JAMSHID SAFAROV 4 University JAMSHID SAFAROV 5 1. Types of school part of common word/phrase meaning example speech collocations the type of I think primary school for primary school, education should be primary adjective children ages primary education compulsory 5-11 worldwide. secondary school, the type of I still keep in touch secondary school for with many of my secondary adjective education children age friends from 11 and up (synonym: high secondary school. school) a school where girls and boys are mixed school, In my opinion, taught mixed-sex mixed adjective mixed schools are together education, mixed- the way forward. (antonym: gender education single-sex school) 2. School work JAMSHID SAFAROV 6  part of common word/phrase meaning example speech collocations a piece of work homework Back then, I was working given to assignment, on my assignment noun someone reading/writing last reading assignment as part of assignment of the term their studies a formal deliver/give/present She delivered a very lecture noun talk on a a lecture, attend/go interesting lecture. subject to a lecture a long piece of write a thesis, I wrote my thesis on writing complete a thesis, a effective treatment thesis noun on a thesis about/on strategies for children particular (subject) with ADHD. subject 3. Qualifications: university & college JAMSHID SAFAROV 7  part of common word/phrase meaning example speech collocations a first degree at bachelor’s a bachelor’s I have a bachelor’s noun college or degree degree in (subject) degree in university money for teaching or to apply for a study given to a I then applied for a fellowship, to be fellowship noun person research fellowship awarded a studying for an at the university. fellowship advanced degree In developing to do a doctorate countries, there the highest doctorate in (subject), to aren’t as many noun degree from a (PhD) have a doctorate, university people with a doctorate degree doctorate degrees. 4. People in education part of common word/phrase meaning example speech collocations JAMSHID SAFAROV 8  the person She was the school principal noun in charge of school principal principal for 15 years a school a person who has high school/ There are many finished college/university opportunities for graduate noun their school, graduate, a graduate university graduates college or in (subject), a nowadays. university graduate of (school) education college/university professor, visiting a teacher of He later became a professor, (history, professor noun high rank in professor at a local law, etc.) professor, a university university. professor of (history, law, etc.) 5. Benefits and drawbacks of higher education Benefits ▪ Open the door to better employment opportunities Example: It is suggested that doing master degree will open the door to better employment opportunities. ▪ Contribute to society Example: An increasing number of higher educated workers could have a good contribution to society in terms of economy Drawbacks ▪ Require a huge investment in term of time and money Example: Generally, continuing higher education will require a huge investment in term of time and money. ▪ Lose the current job Example: When you decide to continue higher education, you have to face the risk of loosing your current job. 6. Common Phrases And Idioms For IELTS Speaking Topic: Education 1. State school: a school paid for by public funds and available to general public JAMSHID SAFAROV 9 Example: Because my budget is limited, then get a scholar ship and go to state school is a great idea. 2. Private school: a school that is not supported by government money, where education must be paid for by the children’s parents Example: A private school usually offers good educational facilities compared to a public school. 3. Higher education: education, usually in a college or university, that is followed after high school or secondary school Example: Lisa moved to American with the purpose of continuing her higher education. 4. To work your way through university: to have a paid job while studying to support yourself financial Example: Peter has had to work his way through university, thus he barely has free time. 5. Tuition fees: the money paid for a course of study Example: In order to pay for the tuition fees, I have been doing many part-time jobs. 6. To keep up with your studies: to not fall behind Example: If you want to keep up with my studies at university, you have to spend more time on self-study. 7. To fall behind with your studies: to progress less quickly than other Example: Sara spent almost her time on going out rather than studying, which caused her to fall behind with her studies, thus she failed the exam. 8. To sit an exam: to take an exam Example: The time when I have to sit an exam is really stressful, because I need to stay up all night and have less time to relax. 9. To attend classes: to go to classes Example: In order to pass the final exam, it is suggested that you should attend to all of the classes. 10. Face to face classes: join in courses in classroom with colleagues and teachers. Example: When you take part in a face to face class, you will have an opportunity to interact with teachers in person, then you can respond to the teacher immediately. 11. Distance learning: a way of studying, in which you will learn, and communicate with teachers and classmates through the internet. Example: One benefit of taking distance learning course is the timetable will be flexible, which means you can study whenever and wherever you want. 12. To learn something by heart: to memorize it JAMSHID SAFAROV 10 Example: The course requires me to learn a lot of things by heart, which is quite hard for me. 13. To take a year out: to take a gap year Example: Before going to the university, I decided to take a year out to travel to some countries. 14. A graduation ceremony: an event that successful student receive his or her academic degree Example: a graduation ceremony is one of the most important day in a student life. 15. Gain/obtain knowledge Example: Taking academic course will help students to gain a great deal of knowledge. Words used to describe someone who works hard efficient ADJECTIVE JAMSHID SAFAROV 11 someone who is efficient works well and quickly and is good at organizingtheir work in the way that gets the best results productive ADJECTIVE working hard and producing or achieving a lot committed ADJECTIVE loyal to a belief, organization, or group, and willing to work hard for it hard-working ADJECTIVE a hard-working person puts a lot of effort into their work conscientious ADJECTIVE working hard and careful to do things well diligent ADJECTIVE FORMAL someone who is diligent works very hard and very carefully industrious ADJECTIVE FORMAL always working very hard JAMSHID SAFAROV 12 assiduous ADJECTIVE FORMAL hard-working and thorough tireless ADJECTIVE SHOWING APPROVAL working very hard without stopping hard at work PHRASE working with a lot of effort JAMSHID SAFAROV 13 General words for exams and taking exams assessment NOUN EDUCATION a piece of work or an exam done by a student so that teachers can judge their level or progress borderline ADJECTIVE not good enough to definitely pass an examination candidate NOUN FORMAL someone who is taking an examination JAMSHID SAFAROV 14 certificate NOUN an official document stating that you have passed an examination, successfully completed a course, or achieved the necessary qualifications to work in a particular profession crib NOUN INFORMAL a sheet of paper or piece of work containing information t hat a student uses for cheating in an examination crib sheet NOUN a sheet of paper containing information that a student uses dishonestly in an examination exam NOUN EDUCATION an important test of your knowledge, especially one that you take at school or university exam NOUN relating to an exam or exams examination NOUN JAMSHID SAFAROV 15 EDUCATIONFORMAL an exam examiner NOUN someone whose job is to test people’s knowledge or ability exam paper NOUN the list of questions that someone must answer during BRITISH an examination exam paper NOUN BRITISH the paper that you write your answers on in an examination invigilate VERB BRITISHto watch students who are taking an examination in order to make sure that they do not cheat. Someone who does this is called an invigilator. invigilator NOUN BRITISHsomeone who watches students while they are taking an exam to make sure that they do not cheat mock ADJECTIVE JAMSHID SAFAROV 16 EDUCATION a mock test, interview etc is one that you do in order to practise for a real one mock NOUN an examination that you take for practice before BRITISH an importantexamination moderate VERB to check that the marks given in EDUCATIONBRITISH an examination are fairand correct moderation NOUN the process of checking that the marks given in EDUCATIONBRITISH an examination are fair and correct moderator NOUN someone whose job is to check that the marks given in BRITISH an examination are fair and correct multiple-choice ADJECTIVE giving you several answers from which you have to choose the one that you think is correct JAMSHID SAFAROV 17 paper NOUN an examination, or the answers that EDUCATIONBRITISH a student has written proctor NOUN AMERICAN someone who invigilates examinations rubric NOUN FORMAL a set of instructions at the beginning of a document, for example at the top of an examination paper script NOUN EDUCATIONBRITISHa set of papers that a student writes their answers on in an examination set VERB to produce questions or EDUCATIONBRITISH an examination paper for studentsto answer test NOUN a set of written or spoken questions used for finding out how much someone knows about a subject. A test is less formal than an exam JAMSHID SAFAROV 18 testing NOUN the activity of giving someone or something an examination, or of checkingsomething to find out if it works through ADJECTIVE if you get through an examination or test, you succeed in passing it unseen NOUN BRITISHa piece of writing in a foreign language that you have to translatewithout having seen it before, especially as part of an examination Learning APPLY A RULE: To state a rule as it applies to a situation, object or event that is being analyzed. The statement must convey analysis of a problem situation and/or its solution, together with the name or statement of the rule that was applied. ASSESS: To stipulate the conditions by which the behavior specified in an objective may be ascertained. Such stipulations are usually in the form of written descriptions. For obvious reasons, assess is rarely used as a verb in learning objectives at the elementary school level. CLASSIFY: To place objects, words, or situations into categories according to defined criteria for each category. The criteria must be made known to the student. COMPOSE: To formulate a composition in written, spoken, musical or artistic form. JAMSHID SAFAROV 19 CONSTRUCT: To make a drawing, structure, or model that identifies a designated object or set of conditions. DEFINE: To stipulate the requirements for inclusion of an object, word, or situation in a category or class. Elements of one or both of the following must be included: (1) The characteristics of the words, objects, or situations that are included in the class or category. (2) The characteristics of the words, objects, or situations that are excluded in the class or category. To define is to set up criteria for classification. DEMONSTRATE: The student performs the operations necessary for the application of an instrument, model, device, or implement. NOTE: There is a temptation to use demonstrate in objectives such as, "the student will demonstrate his knowledge of vowel sounds." As the verb is defined, this is improper use of it. DESCRIBE: To name all of the necessary categories of objects, object properties, or event properties that are relevant to the description of a designated situation. The objective is of the form, "The student will describe this order, object, or event," and does not limit the categories that may be used in mentioning them. Specific or categorical limitations, if any, are to be given in the performance standards of each objective. When using this verb in an objective, it is helpful to include a statement to the effect of what the description, as a minimum, must reference. DIAGRAM: To construct a drawing with labels and with a specified organization or structure to demonstrate knowledge of that organization or structure. Graphic charting and mapping are types of diagramming, and these terms may be used where more exact communication of the structure of the situation and response is desired. DISTINGUISH: To identify under conditions when only two contrasting identifications are involved for each response. ESTIMATE: To assess the dimension of an object, series of objects, event or condition without applying a standard scale or measuring device. Logical techniques of estimation, such as are involved in mathematical interpolation, may be used. See MEASURE. EVALUATE: To classify objects, situations, people, conditions, etc., according to defined criteria of quality. Indication of quality must be given in the defined criteria of each class category. Evaluation differs from general classification only in this respect. IDENTIFY: To indicate the selection of an object of a class in response to its class name, by pointing, picking up, underlining, marking, or other responses. INTERPRET: To translate information from observation, charts, tables, graphs, and written material in a verifiable manner. JAMSHID SAFAROV 20 LABEL: To stipulate a verbal (oral or written) response to a given object, drawing, or composition that contains information relative to the known, but unspecified structure of these objects, drawings, or compositions. Labeling is a complex behavior that contains elements of naming and identifying. LOCATE: To stipulate the position of an object, place, or event in relation to other specified objects, places, or events. Ideational guides to location such as grids, order arrangements and time may be used to describe location. Note: Locate is not to be confused with IDENTIFY. MEASURE: To apply a standard scale or measuring device to an object, series of objects, events, or conditions, according to practices accepted by those who are skilled in the use of the device or scale. NAME: To supply the correct name, in oral or written form for an object, class of objects, persons, places, conditions, or events which are pointed out or described. ORDER: To arrange two or more objects or events in accordance with stated criteria. PREDICT: To use a rule or principle to predict an outcome or to infer some consequence. It is not necessary that the rule or principle be stated. REPRODUCE: To imitate or copy an action, construction, or object that is presented. SOLVE: To effect a solution to a given problem, in writing or orally. The problem solution must contain all the elements required for the requested solution, and may contain extraneous elements that are not required for solution. The problem must be posed in such a way that the student that the student is able to determine the type of response that is acceptable. STATE A RULE: To make a statement that conveys the meaning of the rule, theory or principle. TRANSLATE: To transcribe one symbolic form to another of the same or similar meaning BUSINESS JAMSHID SAFAROV 21 ▪ to balance the books: to not spend more money than you are earning ▪ to be self-employed: to work for yourself/to not work for an employer ▪ to cold call: to make a sales call to someone without asking them for permission first ▪ cut throat competition: when one company lowers its prices, forcing other companies to do the same, sometimes to a point where business becomes unprofitable ▪ to do market research: to do research into what potential customers would or wouldn’t buy ▪ to draw up a business plan: to write a plan for a new business ▪ to drum up business: to try to get customers ▪ to earn a living: to earn money ▪ to go bust: when a business is forced to close because it is unsuccessful ▪ cash flow: the money coming in and going out of a business ▪ to go into business with: to join another person to start or expand a business ▪ to go it alone: to start your own business ▪ to go under: (see ‘to go bust’) ▪ to have a web presence: to have a website or social media profile that showcases your business ▪ to launch a product: to start selling and promoting a new product ▪ to lay someone off: when a company ends an employee’s contract of employment JAMSHID SAFAROV 22 ▪ lifestyle business: a business that is set up to bring in a sufficient income and no more ▪ to make a profit: to earn more money than it costs to run the business ▪ niche business: a business that serves a small, particular market ▪ to raise a company profile: to make more people aware of a business ▪ to run your own business: to have a business of your own ▪ sales figures: a report of the income a company generates through sales of products or services ▪ to set up a business: to start a business ▪ stiff competition: strong competition from other companies in the same area of work ▪ to take on employees: to employ people ▪ to take out a loan: to borrow money ▪ to win a contract: when a business gets legally-binding work with an individual or company ▪ to work for yourself: (see ‘to be self-employed’) When you are officially accepted into a new job at a company, you are hired by the company. For example, "I was hired by an insurance company just two weeks after graduating from college." When you're hired, you become an employee of the company. The company becomes your employer. The other employees in the company are your colleagues or coworkers. The person above you who is responsible for your work is your boss or supervisor. You can work full-time (usually about 40 hours per week) or part-time (usually 15- 25 hours per week). A small number of companies offer flex-time, meaning the JAMSHID SAFAROV 23 employee can set his/her own schedule. In some jobs, you work shifts – meaning the hours aren’t the same every day; instead, you work a specific block of hours that the manager schedules. If you work overtime, it means you work extra hours in addition to your normal schedule. We typically use the expression go to work for arriving at work, and get off work for leaving work. For example, “I go to work at 8:30, and I get off work at 5.” Your commute is how long it takes you to arrive at work by car or public transportation. For example, “I have a 20-minute commute.” Some jobs allow you to work remotely – that means you can work from home or another place with an internet connection, and you communicate with your coworkers by phone, e- mail, and video conferencing. As an employee of the company, you earn a salary - money you receive regularly for your work. Don't make the mistake of saying "win a salary" - the correct verb is "earn." If you're good at your job, you might get a pay raise (or a raise) - an increase in your salary. You could also get a promotion - an increase in importance www.espressoenglish.net © Shayna Oliveira 2017 and authority. At the end of the year, some companies give their employees a bonus - extra money for work well done. The opposite of "hire" is fire - when your company forces you to leave your job. For example, "Peter was fired because he never came to work on time." Usually if someone is fired, it's because they did something bad. If an employee loses his or her job because of a neutral reason, like the company reducing its size, then we say the employee was laid off. For example, "Donna was laid off when her company started having financial problems." If you decide to leave your job, there are three verbs you can use: I'm going to quit my job. I'm going to leave my job. I'm going to resign. "Quit" is informal, "resign" is formal, and "leave" can be formal or informal. When an old person decides to stop working, the verb for this is retire. In most countries, people retire around age 65. If you’re older than that and you’ve stopped working, you can describe your current situation by saying, “I’m retired.” JAMSHID SAFAROV 24 hands-on experience knowledge or skill that someone gets from doing something rather than just reading about it orseeing it being done: They will participate in workshops and get hands- onexperience leading classes. acumen noun [ U ] UK /ˈæk.jə.mən/ US /əˈkjuː.mən/FORMAL skill in making correct decisions and judgments in a particular subject, such as business or politics: She has considerable business/financial acumen. a magic touch a special ability to do something very well: The film's success will no doubt please the 46-year-old director, who was rumoured to have lost his magic touch. JAMSHID SAFAROV 25 as (if) to the manner born FORMAL If you do something as (if) to the manner born, you do it very well and very naturally as if it is usual and easy for you. astute adjective UK /əˈstʃuːt/ US /əˈstuːt/ able to understand a situation quickly and see how to takeadvantage of it: an astute investor/businesswoman perspicacity noun [ U ] UK /ˌpɜː.spɪˈkæs.ə.ti/ US /ˌpɝː.spɪˈkæs.ə.t̬ i/FORMAL APPROVING the ability to understand things quickly and make accuratejudgments: a woman of exceptional perspicacity Job flexibility (expression) gives employees flexibility on how long, where and when they work. Nine-to-five work (phrase) the normal work schedule for most jobs Lucrative income (phrase)- creating high-income High-end (adj) the most sophisticated, and typically the most expensive prod uct in a line Splurge on something (phrase) to spend a lot of money on someone or s omething Dead tired (adj): exhausted All day long (phrase): during the entire day Overwhelming (adj) very intense JAMSHID SAFAROV 26  Sedentary lifestyle (phrase): a type of lifestyle with little or no physical activity Hectic (adj) busy Up to my ears in something (phrase) busy doing something Down the road (idiom) in the future Yearn for (phrase) to feel a powerful desire for something ▪ be of common sense: something are widely known Ex: The fact that “the sun rises in the east and set in the west” is of common sense. ▪ go through: study carefully about Ex: Collins went through every legal book she could find. ▪ vacancy: a job that no one is doing and is available for someone new to do. Ex: There is a vacancy for a shop assistant on Saturdays. ▪ stand out: to be much better than other similar things or people Ex: We had lots of good applicants for the job, but one stood out from the rest. ▪ take into account: to consider or remember something when judging a situation Ex: A good architect takes into account the building’s surroundings. ▪ get through: to manage to deal with a difficult situation Ex: I just have to get through the first five minutes of my speech, and then I’ll be fine. Dominant (adj) prevalent, popular Commute (v) travel some distance between one’s home and place of work on a regular basis JAMSHID SAFAROV 27  Cost-saving (adj) serving to reduce expenses, especially in business Time-consuming (adj) something that is time- consuming takes a long time to do End up (v) to be in a particular state after doing something or because of doing it When it comes to (doing) something (phrase) speaking about something Give something some thought (phrase) to think carefully about something Take something into consideration (phrase) to think carefully about something ▪ To the best of one’s recollection: something in the past they can recall ▪ resolution: a firm decision to do or not to do something. ▪ come up to: approach someone ▪ All of a sudden: Suddenly ▪ Make out: understand, hear ▪ accent: a distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class. ▪ show sb the way to…: give sb direction to somewhere ▪ necessities: something necessary for daily life: water, food,… ▪ Make the most of: to use something as much as possible ▪ take in: understand ▪ polish up: improve ▪ regardless of: without being affected or influenced by anything else that happens or exists JAMSHID SAFAROV 28  SAMPLE SPEAKING PART 3 Questions 1. Which jobs would you say are most respected in your country? Well, I have never thought about this, but I reckon that professional careers such as the fields of law, education, and medicine may be the most highly-acclaimed ones. It is mainly because of the fact that people working in these fields can easily earn lucrative income compared to others. 2. Some people say it’s better to work for yourself than be employed by a company. What’s your opinion? Well, I used to be a full time employee & felt very stressful. To be specific, most of the time, I had a hectic schedule & was up to ears in heavy workloads to meet deadlines. Therefore, although running my own business is really challenging, I do feel far more comfortable with it. 3. What changes in employment have there been in recent years in your country? As far as I know, more and more people, especially the young generations are involved in setting up their own businesses. Thus, the “start-up” community is now more alive than ever, especially tech startups. 4. What are some of the important things a candidate should find out before accepting a job? Well, this is an interesting question. If I were offered a job, I would definitely go through the company’s compensation package such as salary, allowances, maternity or paternity leave, insurance, pension plans, vacations, etc. Also, I’d need to know about my area of responsibilities so that I can make sure that I will not be overwhelmed with heavy workloads down the road. JAMSHID SAFAROV 29 Main skills and This means you can Adjectives and nouns Verbs you can use to write or talk about qualitiesemployers that describe people these skills look for with these skills communication speak effectively accurate address skills(oral and ask meaningful questions articulate articulate written) express ideas and opinions communicative author persuasively expressive communicate interpret different points of view persuasive compose consult write good English contact provide suitable feedback to convince verbal and written correspond communications draft edit explain express formulate influence interpret negotiate outline persuade present promote propose respond relate to and deal with other interpersonal skills troubleshooter counsel people supportive encourage resolve conflict guide listen mediate motivate resolve negotiate JAMSHID SAFAROV 30  perceive (feelings, emotions) support teamwork skills work with other people team player aid productively enthusiastic assist share information supportive collaborate support and represent other team co-operative contribute members constructive co-operate be open to colleagues' ideas motivated participate (in) represent shoulder your fair share of the work stand in (for) support take part (in) organisation, supervise, direct and guide other assertive administer management and people creative appoint leadership skills follow a plan through detailed thinker arrange lead a team towards goals goal-oriented assign do more than one thing at a time leading attend to details managerial authorise methodical brainstorm multitasking chair (meetings, discussions) (well-)organised consolidate responsible co-ordinate results-oriented decide (on) define delegate develop direct encourage establish execute follow through (on) follow up (on) handle (details or questions) implement (decisions) judge lead manage (other people) JAMSHID SAFAROV 31  meet (goals, deadlines) monitor motivate multitask obtain order organise oversee plan prepare prioritise share run (meetings) schedule streamline supervise verify work together work collaboratively initiative see what needs doing without dynamic decide (for yourself) being told independent found do something beyond your job pro-active initiate description quick learner manage (your own time) make decisions on your own quick thinker prioritise be spontaneous self-accountable seize (opportunities) self-aware take (the initiative) self-managing think on your feet self-motivated work on your own self-starter spontaneous adaptability learn new methods adaptable accept learn new skills adjustable adapt (to) be open to new ideas flexible adjust (to) mobile change not feel threatened by change open-minded learn be prepared to relocate willing (to adapt) relocate JAMSHID SAFAROV 32  conceptualise future needs analytical, research accurate appraise identify problems and their and planning skills analytical analyse causes resourceful calculate find solutions thoughtful check look at a situation from different clarify angles classify collate deal with information compare collect and record data compile define (needs and goals) detect determine develop diagnose evaluate examine extract (information) explore forecast identify (problems) gather (information) imagine alternatives inspect interpret investigate keep record (of) predict process research retrieve information set goals solve (problems) test numeric, computer prepare information innovative adapt process datapresent findings and technical skills numerate adjust (figures) number-literate apply computer-literate budget calculate collate JAMSHID SAFAROV 33 compile (statistics) compute construct design engineer implement install operate produce program repair simulate upgrade utilise transmit JAMSHID SAFAROV 34 Words with Translations Telecommuting Vocabulary telecommuting — дистанционная работа teleworking — дистанционная работа telecommute — работать на дому, удаленно telecommuter — сотрудник, работающий на дому с ПК freelance — внештатный workplace — рабочее место workflow — рабочий процесс work remotely — работать удаленно potential pitfall — возможные ловушки micromanage — конторлировать каждый шаг economically sound — экономически безопасное (обоснованн) JAMSHID SAFAROV 35 eco-conscious companies — компании, думающие об экологии environmentally friendly — не наносящий ущерба окружающей среде, не загрязняющий окружающую среду working environment — рабочая обстановка/среда be mindful of — учитывать, иметь в виду business requirements — бизнес-требования disabled workers — работники с ограниченными возможностями track their work hours — отслеживать свои рабочие часы commuting — ежедневные поездки на работу time-saving — экономящий время at your disposal — в вашем распоряжении convenience — удобство traffic burden on the roads — транспортные нагрузки на дорогах office workers — офисные работники technological developments — технологические разработки hard drive — жёсткий диск take regular backups — делать регулярные резервные копии firewall — защитная система removal software — удаление программного обеспечения adware — бесплатное ПО с размещенной в ней рекламой malware — вредоносное ПО anti-virus protection software — антивирусная защита программного обеспечения peripherals — внешнее оборудование precaution — меры предосторожности interconnection — взаимосвязь at stake — быть поставленным на карту misinterpret — неверно истолковывать personal aspect — личностный аспект feel vulnerable — чувствуют себя уязвимыми face to face contact — личный контакт/общение severe frustration — сильнейшее разочарование sanity — здравомыслие determine own working schedule — определить собственный рабочий график JAMSHID SAFAROV 36  benefactor — покровитель wide scope — широкий спектр employee — сотрудник employer — работодатель the world is your oyster — всё в твоих руках e-commerce — электронная торговля work-life balance — баланс между работой и личной жизнью IELTS & TOEFL Education Vocabulary Тема «Образование» — одна из наиболее популярных тем на тестах TOEFL, IELTS ▪ comprehensive school — общеобразовательная школа ▪ pupil power — ученическое самоуправление ▪ top-tier institutions — учреждения верхнего уровня ▪ MOOCs, massive open online courses — массовые открытые дистанционные курсы ▪ traditional institutions — традиционные учреждения ▪ high drop-out rates — высокий процент отчисления ▪ graduate diploma — диплом о высшем образовании ▪ professional degree — профессиональная степень ▪ correspondence course (= distance learning) – курс удаленного обучения ▪ take/set examinations – сдавать экзамены ▪ reset examinations – пересдавать экзамены ▪ job prospects — перспективы работы ▪ ultimate payoff — окончательная окупаемость ▪ financial burden — финансовый груз ▪ enormous endowments — огромные вклады (пожертвования) ▪ less affluent students — менее обеспеченные студенты ▪ recent graduates with bachelor’s degrees are among the most indebted — выпускники со степенью бакалавра среди наиболее обременённых долгами ▪ enrollment more than doubled — набор увеличился более чем в 2 раза ▪ tutorial — учебное пособие JAMSHID SAFAROV 37 ▪ to keep pace with the growing student body — идти в ногу с растущим количеством студентов ▪ state-subsidized higher education — высшее образование, субсидируемое государством ▪ to become mired in a financial morass — увязнуть в финансовом болоте ▪ sharp increases in tuition — резкое возрастание оплаты за обучение ▪ regardless of their financial circumstances — не считаясь с их финансовыми обстоятельствами ▪ talented alumni — талантливые выпускники ▪ grants and scholarships — гранты и стипендии ▪ campus tours — туры по университетскому городку ▪ admissions officers – сотрудники приёмной комиссии ▪ ever-escalating price of a college degree — всё возрастающая цена университетской степени ▪ marking criteria — критерии оценки ▪ exams can encourage surface learning — экзамены могут потворствовать поверхностному изучению ▪ a possibility of plagiarism — возможность плагиата ▪ to perform significantly better — показать существенно лучший результат ▪ students are tempted to cheat — студенты чувствуют искушение обмануть ▪ to attain proficiency in another language — достичь мастерства во владении другим языком ▪ the optimal age for language learning — оптимальный возраст для изучения языка ▪ there are cognitive benefits to early childhood bilingualism — существуют когнитивные преимущества для ранней детской билингвальности ▪ to demonstrate academic gains in other areas — показать академические достижения в других областях ▪ to have advantages in relation to their monolingual peers — обладать преимуществом по сравнению с монолингвальными одноклассниками ▪ academic achievement — академические достижения ▪ the global economy increasingly values specialists over generalists — в глобальной экономике специалистов ценят больше, чем универсалов ▪ tremendous educational value — огромная образовательная ценность ▪ the value of college connections — ценность университетских связей ▪ to broaden horizons — расширять горизонты JAMSHID SAFAROV 38 ▪ to strengthen analytic and reasoning skills — улучшать аналитические навыки и умение аргументировать JAMSHID SAFAROV 39